Finding your lane: experiences and beyond for adults learning to swim.

The purpose of this study was to examine experiences and impacts from participating in an adult swim instruction program. We conducted 20 semi-structured interviews with adults aged 18 + who had participated in an adult learn to swim program. Participants were interviewed through a virtual platform using a semi-structured protocol. Data were coded individually by each member of the research team for emerging thematic outcomes with final consensus among all those involved in the analysis. Participants expressed adult learn to swim programs had an effect in three areas: (a) life affordance, (b) emotional affect, and (c) interpersonal relationships. Public health experts and aquatics leaders should consider targeting programs aimed at teaching adults to learn how to swim, especially to marginalized individuals and those who did not grow up in the United States. The authors highlight how these programs can create life affordances well beyond lap swimming and even water safety.

Effect of baby swimming lessons on infants' avoidance of bodies of water.

Despite the popularity of infant swimming programs, no evidence exists to determine whether they influence infants' judgments and behavior when confronted with bodies of water. We conducted two separate studies examining if the total number of swimming sessions an infant participated in predicted whether they avoided a body of water they could enter via an edge (Study 1-Water Cliff: n = 101 infants) or a slope (Study 2-Water Slope: n = 77 infants). The results revealed a significant interaction between number of sessions and type of entry into the water. Infants who participated in 10 or more sessions were more likely to avoid falling on the edge leading into the water but entered the water significantly more if they could access it via a slope. These findings suggest that while experience in baby swimming programs can promoted more adaptive behaviors on drop-offs leading into bodies of water, sloped entries may heighten drowning risks for young children with greater familiarity with water. Because we tested the two groups of infants in different countries, further research is warranted to determine if cultural differences in child rearing practices or variations in the content and/or teaching of the swimming programs might explain these intriguing findings.

Evaluation of the First Lap learn to swim voucher programme: protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Swimming skills are an evidence-based component of drowning prevention. However, in Australia, many children miss out on learn to swim education. Voucher programmes may reduce swimming lesson cost and increase participation, especially among priority populations. The First Lap voucher programme provides two New South Wales state government-funded $100 vouchers for parents/carers of preschool children to contribute to swimming lesson costs. This evaluation aims to determine the effectiveness of the programme in meeting objectives of increasing preschool-aged children participating in learn to swim programmes and building parent/carer knowledge and awareness of the importance of preschool-aged children learning to swim. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A programme logic model was developed to explain the inputs, activities and intended outputs, and outcomes, which guided this mixed-methods evaluation design of quantitative and qualitative analysis within an impact/outcome evaluation. Baseline sociodemographic registration data will be provided by the parent/carer of each child participant and linked to swim school provider data on voucher redemption. Data will be collected on voucher use, knowledge, and attitudes to swimming lessons at registration and across two surveys. An economic evaluation will assess programme cost-effectiveness. CONCLUSION: This evaluation will determine impacts on participation rates in learn to swim programmes, particularly within priority populations. It will examine whether the programme has influenced attitudes and motivations of parents and carers toward learn to swim programmes and water safety, whether the programme has impacted or enhanced the ability of the aquatics sector to deliver learn to swim programmes and assess its cost-effectiveness.

Disparities in Adolescent Reported Drowning Prevention Strategies.

PURPOSE: Describe use of drowning prevention strategies among diverse adolescents. METHODS: We analyzed 47,051 responses to 2012-2018 Washington statewide surveys of 8th-12th grade students, regarding formal swimming lessons, comfort in deep water (a measure of perceived water competency), and life jacket use in small watercraft. Using survey-weighted Poisson regression, we measured these strategies in relation to race/ethnicity, primary language, maternal education, and urbanicity. RESULTS: 78.6% of students spoke English at home. Most students reported having had formal swimming lessons (62.2%), being comfortable in deep water (65.8%), and wearing life jackets (58.5%). Students primarily speaking Spanish (11.2%) reported formal swimming lessons (PR: 0.72; 95%CI: 0.67-0.78) and perceived water competency (PR: 0.75; 95%CI: 0.70-0.80) less often than primarily English-speaking. All prevention strategies were associated with higher maternal education. DISCUSSION: Drowning prevention strategies, access to swimming lessons, life jackets, and water competency should be promoted among low-income children and those whose primary language is not English.

Epidemiology of children's swimming competence and water safety.

Introduction: The main purpose of this study was to investigate children's swimming competence in primary schools of districts in Vojvodina, Serbia. Methods: Included subjects were primary school students from first to eighth grade (N = 2,778; male = 1,454, female = 1,324; age = 10.73 ± 2.1 years). We used Swimming Competence Questionnaire to acquire and analyze their swimming experience, non-fatal aquatic events, and demographics. For the statistical analysis, logistic regression and hierarchical multiple regression were used to evaluate if the factors and SC and NFAE were associated. The analyses were carried out by using SPSS® software version 24.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Results: Families with more income and education generally have children with more swimming competence, experience, knowledge, and skills related to water safety. First step in analysis revealed that gender (ß = 0.05, p < 0.01), education level (ß = 0.06, p < 0.01) age (ß = 0.171, p < 0.01), and family income (ß = 0.04, p < 0.01) were significant swimming competence (SC) predictors (R2 = 0.04). Age (OR = 1.15, p < 0.01) was the only significant predictor in Step 1 predicting non-fatal aquatic events (NFAE). In Step 2, variables associated with SC were swimming location (ΔR2 = 0.06, p < 0.01), swimming experience (ΔR2 = 0.16, p < 0.01), swimming accessibility (ΔR2 = 0.05, p < 0.01), and learning experience (ΔR2 = 0.03, p < 0.01) (total R2 = 0.26 to 0.47, p < 0.01). Only a minority of participants reported that they could not swim further than 5 meters using general stroke (37.15%). Conclusion: National education trainers programs must be prioritized with the primary strategy of transferring knowledge to swimming and water safety. Families with lower income must be included without exceptions. This is perhaps a key factor in preventing NFAE, increasing SC, and increasing water safety.

WHO Guideline on the prevention of drowning through provision of day-care and basic swimming and water safety skills

This guideline addresses: provision of day-care for children under the age of 6 years and provision of basic swimming skills and water safety training to children aged 6 years and older. Developed following GRADE methodology, approved by the WHO Guideline Review Committee and intended for use by policy-makers and practitioners, the guideline issues strong recommendations in favour of both interventions for drowning prevention.

Outsourcing Swimming Education-Experiences and Challenges.

In Norway, swimming and lifesaving education (swimming education) is an obligatory part of physical education, with explicit learning aims after grade four. After recent reports of Norwegian pupils achieving low scores in swimming abilities, the Government has outlined strategies for improving swimming education. There is a notable trend toward using external providers in delivering swimming education. This article examines the outsourcing of swimming education in Norwegian primary schools. Eighteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with school leaders, physical education teachers and swimming instructors involved in outsourcing arrangements. The outsourcing was organized through private providers, municipalities, or local swimming clubs. Data were analyzed thematically and separated into highlighted areas of outsourcing practices. The results showed that outsourcing may be a solution for schools that lack staff with swimming experience and knowledge. It also indicates that teacher courses, professional development through collaboration, and strategies for measuring quality would improve swimming education.

Opportunities for gender transformative approaches in a community-based drowning reduction program in Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: Community-based programs in rural low-and middle-income country settings are well-placed to conduct gender transformative activities that aid program sustainability and catalyse wider social change, such as reducing gender inequities that in turn improve health outcomes. The Anchal program is a drowning prevention intervention for children aged 1-5 years old in rural Bangladesh. It provides community crèche-based supervision delivered by local trained paid-female volunteers. We aimed to identify the influence of the Anchal program on gender norms and behaviours in the community context, and the effects these had on program delivery and men and women's outcomes. METHODS: Qualitative in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and observations were conducted with program beneficiaries and providers. Gender outcomes were analysed using FHI 360's Gender Integration Framework. RESULTS: The Anchal program was found to be a gender accommodating program as it catered for communities' gender-based roles and constraints but did not actively seek to change underlying beliefs, perceptions and norms that led to these. The program in some cases enhanced the independence and status of female community staff. This changed perceptions of communities towards acceptable levels of physical mobility and community involvement for women. Conversely, gender affected program delivery by reducing the ability of female supervisory staff to engage with male community leaders. The double burden of wage and household labour carried by local female staff also limited performance and progression. Gender-based constraints on staff performance, attrition and community engagement affected efficiency of program delivery and sustainability. CONCLUSIONS: The Anchal program both adapted to and shaped community gender norms and roles. The program has well-established relationships in the community and can be leveraged to implement gender transformative activities to improve gender-based equity. Health programs can broaden their impacts and target social determinants of health like gender equity to increase program sustainability and promote equitable health outcomes.

Validation of the Polar OH1 and M600 optical heart rate sensors during front crawl swim training.

PURPOSE: The Polar OH1 is an optical heart rate (HR) sensor which can be used on different parts of the body. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the validity of the OH1 as well as a wrist worn heart rate device (Polar M600) during swimming. METHODS: Twenty-six well-trained competitive swimmers performed a regular training session including different swimming intensities. During the training the swimmers wore a H10 HR sensor with Polar Pro strap (H10) underneath the swim suit, a Polar OH1 optical HR sensor (OH1) underneath the swimming cap at the temple, and a sports watch with optical HR sensor, Polar M600 smart watch (M600) on the wrist. RESULTS: No difference in HRmax, HRmean and HRmin between H10 and OH1 were evident. The HRmax and HRmean obtained by the M600 was significantly lower than the obtained by H10 and OH1 (p < 0.05). The ICC showed mostly excellent agreements between H10 and OH1 and poor to good agreements between H10 and M600. Bland-Altmann plot for M600 vs. H10 indicates upper and lower limits of agreement of -53.0 to 33.9 beats per minute. For OH1 vs. H10 the upper and lower limits of agreement were -26.9 to 24.7 beats per minute. CONCLUSION: The Polar OH1 optical HR sensor is a valid tool to monitor HR of different intensities during swimming whereas the Polar M600 smart watch as a wrist worn device is less accurate.

Socioeconomic differences in swimming ability among children in Malmö, southern Sweden: Initial results from a community-level intervention.

Aims: To investigate to what extent socioeconomic differences in swimming abilities persist among children in the city of Malmö, Sweden, after a community-level swimming intervention programme in public primary schools. Methods: A compulsory swimming education programme was launched in 2014 in second grade (at age 8) in all public primary schools in Malmö, Sweden. Data for the present study on sociodemographic conditions and self-reported swimming ability in fourth grade (age 10) were used for the last birth cohort unexposed (n = 1695) and the first birth cohort exposed (n = 1773) to the intervention. Results: The swimming ability was 78 and 77%, respectively, in the pre- and post-intervention cohorts. Significantly lower self-reported swimming ability was found both pre- and post-intervention among children with support activities in school, with parents born outside Europe, North America and Australia, with manual working, unemployed or studying parents and in children enrolled in schools with socioeconomic index below median. Conclusions: The findings do not suggest that sociodemographic differences in swimming ability have decreased in the first birth cohort exposed to the community-level intervention in Malmö. Striking differences in self-reported swimming ability were noted when the children reached the fourth grade both pre- and post-intervention with marked lower abilities in socially disadvantaged groups. Monitoring of swimming abilities should continue for the present, and similar interventions aimed at reducing inequalities among children. Efforts to increase water comfort at preschool age ought to be considered.

Dupla carreira: dilemas entre esporte e escola / Dual career: dilemmas between sport and school

RESUMO Este artigo analisa os modelos de conciliação das rotinas na dupla carreira, esportiva e escolar, no Programa Bolsa Atleta do Governo Federal, com estudantes-atletas contemplados pelos resultados obtidos no ano de 2011. Caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa quantitativa realizada por meio de uma entrevista estruturada aplicada a 131 atletas das modalidades de atletismo, judô e natação, sendo 64 do sexo feminino e 67 do masculino. Os resultados evidenciam que: 1) as diferentes modalidades esportivas exigem dos seus atletas tempo e dedicação distintos; 2) processo de iniciação nas três modalidades exigem diferentes formas de investimentos; 3) menor escolaridade dos pais e atletas do atletismo, assim como, classe social mais baixa. Diante dos obstáculos da dupla carreira, atletas, clube, escola e famílias passam adotar táticas de conciliação e mesmo burla dos programas de suporte à formação esportiva.

ABSTRACT This article discusses the models for the reconciliation of career, sports and school routines in the Federal Government Athletic Scholarship Program, with students-contemplators and results obtained in 2011. Characterization as a quantitative research carried out by means of a structured interview invested in 131 athletes of the modalities of athletics, judo and swimming, being 64 female and 67 male. They show the following results: 1) as different sports modalities; 2) initiation process in the temporary variables of the forms of investment; 3) lower schooling of parents and athletes in athletics, as well as lower social class. In the face of the obstacles of the dual career, athletes, clubs, schools and families are adopting tactics of conciliation and even mockery of programs to support sports training.

Jogos escolares da rede pública do estado da bahia: análise das edições 2009 a 2017 / Bahia state public schools championship: analysis of editions from 2009 to 2017

RESUMO A partir da análise documental de 210 relatórios dos Jogos Escolares da Rede Pública da Bahia (JERP), este estudo teve por objetivo descrever a evolução histórica do JERP de 2009 a 2017, considerando as modalidades comuns e inovadoras ofertadas, número de escolares, número de escolas, número de professores e recursos financeiros descentralizados. Verificamos que as modalidades inovadoras foram numericamente superiores às modalidades comuns e apresentaram maior diversificação das práticas esportivas; o número de escolares, escolas e professores na primeira etapa dos jogos (dentro das escolas) foi superior a terceira etapa (regional), além de aumentar ao longo dos anos em ambas as etapas; e que o valor financeiro descentralizado tendeu a crescer no período histórico analisado. Concluímos que o JERP se apresenta como uma oportunidade dos alunos vivenciarem diferentes modalidades esportivas, entretanto esta oportunidade é ressaltada apenas na primeira etapa. Em relação aos recursos financeiros descentralizados para o JERP, parece não haver planejamento prévio com relação a proporção destes recursos e a proporção de escolares participantes deste programa. Sugerimos maior concentração de recursos em competições locais do que estaduais, uma vez que atendem mais crianças e jovens e favorecem a valorização da diversificação de modalidades e respeito à cultura esportiva local.

ABSTRACT Based on the documentary analysis of 210 reports of the Scholars Games of the Bahia State Public System (JERP), this study aimed to describe the historical evolution of the JERP from 2009 to 2017 considering the common and innovative modalities offered, number of school children, number of schools , number of teachers and decentralized financial resources. It was verified that the innovative modalities were numerically superior to the common modalities and presented a greater diversification of the sports practices; the number of students, schools, and teachers in the games' first stage (inside of the schools) was superior to the third stage (regional), besides increase over the years in both stages; and that the decentralized financial value tended to grow in the historical period analyzed. It is concluded that the JERP presents itself as an opportunity for students to experience different sports modalities, however this opportunity is highlighted only in the first stage. Regarding the decentralized financial resources for the JERP, there seems to be no prior planning regarding the proportion of these resources and the proportion of students participating in this program. We suggest a higher concentration of resources in local rather than state competitions, since the local competitions serve more children and young people and support the modalities diversification and respect to the local sports culture.

Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Measures for Preventing Drowning in Africa: A Systematic Review.

: Background: Drowning is a leading cause of unintentional injury related mortality worldwide, and accounts for roughly 320,000 deaths yearly. Over 90% of these deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries with inadequate prevention measures. The highest rates of drowning are observed in Africa. The aim of this review is to describe the epidemiology of drowning and identify the risk factors and strategies for prevention of drowning in Africa. Methods: A review of multiple databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus and Emcare) was conducted from inception of the databases to the 1st of April 2019 to identify studies investigating drowning in Africa. The preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) was utilised. Results: Forty-two articles from 15 countries were included. Twelve articles explored drowning, while in 30 articles, drowning was reported as part of a wider study. The data sources were coronial, central registry, hospital record, sea rescue and self-generated data. Measures used to describe drowning were proportions and rates. There was a huge variation in the proportion and incidence rate of drowning reported by the studies included in the review. The potential risk factors for drowning included young age, male gender, ethnicity, alcohol, access to bodies of water, age and carrying capacity of the boat, weather and summer season. No study evaluated prevention strategies, however, strategies proposed were education, increased supervision and community awareness. Conclusions: There is a need to address the high rate of drowning in Africa. Good epidemiological studies across all African countries are needed to describe the patterns of drowning and understand risk factors. Further research is needed to investigate the risk factors and to evaluate prevention strategies.

S.A.F.E.R. Near Water: An Intervention Targeting Parent Beliefs About Children's Water Safety.

OBJECTIVE: The current study aimed to develop, implement, and evaluate the S.A.F.E.R. Near Water program, an evidence-based and theory-driven intervention targeting parent beliefs relevant to keeping children safe around water. METHODS: A nonrandomized trial was conducted. Parents with children aged two through five years who were enrolled in lessons either at a public or private swim organization in Ontario, Canada were recruited and nonrandomly assigned to either an Intervention (N = 92) or Control (N = 150) condition. All parents completed the same questionnaire measures two times over the course of their child's swim lesson session period, once at the beginning (preintervention) and again at the end (postintervention; approximately 9-15 weeks later). Questionnaires assessed parents' perceptions related to supervision, child drowning risk, water safety, and optimism bias. Parents in the Intervention condition participated in S.A.F.E.R. Near Water, an educational water safety program comprising in-person seminars, informational handouts, and posters. RESULTS: The S.A.F.E.R. Near Water program was associated with increased knowledge in targeted areas and effectively communicated most of the intended messages. A series of primary regression analyses revealed that parents receiving S.A.F.E.R. Near Water demonstrated improvements in: beliefs about the value of supervision; judgments about children's swim skills and drowning risk; and perceptions related to swim lessons and children's supervision needs (sr2 range: 0.22-0.38). CONCLUSION: These findings provide support for the feasibility and usefulness of a multifaceted, parent-focused, educational program delivered alongside children's swim programming to promote closer adult supervision of children around water.

Prevention of Drowning.

Drowning is a leading cause of injury-related death in children. In 2017, drowning claimed the lives of almost 1000 US children younger than 20 years. A number of strategies are available to prevent these tragedies. As educators and advocates, pediatricians can play an important role in the prevention of drowning.

The role of the European Swimming Federations in the protection of athletes' health and the promotion of health in the general population / El papel de las federaciones europeas de natación en la protección de la salud de atletas y de la promoción de la salud en la población general / O papel das federações europeias de natação na proteção da saúde dos atletas e na promoção da saúde da população em geral

Objective: To determine the profile of the medical personnel, priorities and activities/researches of the European National Swimming Federations respect to the protection of their athletes' health and their role in the promotion of health in the general population. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive survey was circulated among the 51 European National Swimming Federations requesting information regarding the profile of the medical personnel of the federations, the importance they place on the health of their athletes, the promotion of health in their societies and about the activities/research programmes that they engage in to promote health. Results: The results show that 58.9% of the European National Swimming Federations have doctors and 64.1% have physiotherapists. For 51.2% of federations the top priority is the performance of their elite athletes and only 10.2% of them have as a priority to improve the health of the general population. Conclusions: Overall, European National Swimming Federations have appropriate medical personal within their federation or National teams. However, they have reported that health promotion is not a top priority for them. There is a need to improve their general health promotion programmes. Plans and strategies could be implemented in order to promote health in the general population

Objetivo: Determinar el perfil del personal médico, las prioridades y las actividades/investigaciones de las federaciones nacionales de natación europeas respecto a la protección de la salud de sus atletas y su papel en la promoción de la salud en la población general. Método: Un estudio descriptivo transversal se distribuyó entre las 51 federaciones nacionales de natación europeas solicitando información en relación con el perfil del personal médico de las federaciones, la importancia que estas daban a la salud de sus atletas, la promoción de la salud en sus sociedades y sobre los programas de actividades/investigación que dedican a la promoción de la salud. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que el 58.9% de las federaciones nacionales de natación europeas tienen médicos y el 64.1% tienen fisioterapeutas. Para el 51.2% de las federaciones la principal prioridad es el rendimiento de sus deportistas de élite y solo el 10.2% de ellas tienen como prioridad mejorar la salud de la población general. Conclusiones: En general, las federaciones nacionales de natación europeas tienen personal médico adecuado dentro de sus federaciones o de sus equipos nacionales. Sin embargo, han informado que la promoción de la salud no es una prioridad para ellas. Hay una necesidad de mejorar sus programas de promoción de la salud general. Planes y estrategias podrían ser implementados con el fin de promover la salud en la población general

Objetivo: Determinar o perfil da equipe médica, as prioridades e as atividades/pesquisas das federações nacionais de natação europeias a respeito da proteção da saúde dos seus atletas e seu papel na promoção da saúde na população em geral. Método: Um estudo descritivo transversal foi distribuído entre as 51 federações nacionais de natação europeias, solicitando informações sobre o perfil da equipe médica das federações, a importância que davam para a saúde de seus atletas, a promoção da saúde em suas sociedades e sobre os programas de atividades/pesquisas dedicados à promoção da saúde. Resultados: Os resultados mostram que 58.9% das federações nacionais de natação europeu têm uma equipe médica e 64.1% têm fisioterapeutas. Para 51.2% das federações, a principal prioridade é o desempenho de seus atletas e apenas 10.2% têm como prioridade melhorar a saúde da população em geral. Conclusões: Em geral, as federações nacionais de natação europeias têm uma equipe médica adequada dentro de suas federações ou equipes nacionais. No entanto, relataram que a promoção da saúde não é uma prioridade para elas. Há uma necessidade de melhorar os seus programas de promoção da saúde em geral. Planos e estratégias poderiam ser implementadas, a fim de promover a saúde da população em geral

Validación del inventario evolutivo acuático idea de 6 a 12 Meses / Validation of the Inventory of evolutionary aquatic development iead (idea) in 6 to 12 moth old babies

Son escasos los instrumentos que evalúen el desarrollo global del niño en el medio acuático. El objetivo de este estudio fue crear, diseñar y validar un "Inventario del desarrollo evolutivo acuático (IDEA)" para bebés de 6 a 12 meses. La validación se llevó a cabo a través de dos estudios. En el primer estudio participaron 211 bebés, de los cuales 110 eran niños y 101 niñas, mientras que el segundo estudio estuvo compuesto por un total de 831 bebés (448 niños y 383 niñas) de 6 a 12 meses. Se diseñó una escala compuesta por 14 ítems agrupados en cuatro áreas teóricas (social, cognitiva, lenguaje y acuática). Tanto la consistencia interna como las evidencias de validez permiten concluir que la escala puede ser una herramienta eficaz y puede ser utilizada con ciertas garantías en contextos educativos y de investigación

There are very few instruments that evaluate children’s overall development in an aquatic environment. This study aimed to create, design and validate an "Inventory of evolutionary aquatic development" IEAD (IDEA) for 6 to 12 month old babies. Two studies were used to carry out the validation: the first study involved 211 babies (110 boys and 101 girls), while the second study involved 831 babies (448 boys and 383 girls). A scale was comprised of 14 items grouped into four theoretical areas (social, cognitive, language and aquatics). Internal consistency as well as evidence of validity led to the conclusion that the resulting scale could be an effective tool and could be used with certain guarantees in educational and research contexts

Histórias e memórias das mulheres na travessia a nado mar grande - Salvador: ousadias no mar aberto / Stories and memories of women at the crossing by swimming mar grande Salvador: darings in open seas / Historias y memorias de las mujeres en la travesia a nado mar grande Salvador: audacia en el mar abierto

O presente artigo visa refletir sobre memórias e histórias das primeiras participações femini-nas de natação na Travessia Mar Grande ­ Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, objetivando dar visibilida-de à historia das mulheres em competições de águas abertas no Brasil nos anos 1950 e sua relação com a educação à época. A pesquisa histórica privilegiou a pesquisa documental e a pesquisa oral temática, tendo como instrumentos jornais e entrevistas como fontes primárias. Das considerações, destacamos a participação das mulheres desde as primeiras provas dessa travessia, o que sugere uma perspectiva educacional diferenciada para determinadas mulheres da sociedade baiana ainda na primeira metade do século XX e uma nuance de alteração de posturas e ações.

The article aims at reflecting on stories and memories of the first female swimmer?s participa-tions in the Mar Grande - Salvador, BA Crossing, with the objective of giving visibility to the stories of women in open sea competitions in Brazil in the fifties and its relation with the edu-cation at that time. Historic research favoring documental and oral thematic research. Con-temporary newspapers and interviews where our primary sources. Key considerations were the participation of women since the first competitions of this Crossing, which suggests a dif-ferentiated educational perspective for certain women of Bahia?s society still in the first half of the 20th century and a nuanced change in postures and actions following the daringness of engaging in the open sea Crossing.

Objetiva reflexionar sobre historias y memorias de las primeras participaciones femeninas de natación en la Travesia Mar Grande - Salvador/BA, a dar visibilidad a la historia de las muje-res en competencias de aguas abiertas en Brasil en 1950 y su relación con la educación. Inves-tigación histórica que privilegia la documental y oral temática. Periódicos de la época y entre-vistas fueron nuestras fuentes primarias. De las consideraciones, la participación de las muje-res desde las primeras pruebas de esa Travesia, sugiere una perspectiva educacional diferen-ciada para determinadas mujeres de la sociedad bahiana aún en la primera mitad del siglo XX y un matiz del cambio de posturas y acciones a partir de la audacia femenina de tirarse al agua en la Travesia a nado en mar aberto.

Instructing children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Examining swim instructors' knowledge building experiences.

BACKGROUND: Although there has been a notable increase in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnoses over the past twenty years, children with ASD continue to be underrepresented in physical activity opportunities. Swimming lessons have been suggested as an ideal form of physical activity for this population, but studies exploring instructors' experiences gaining knowledge specific for instructing these swimmers remains limited. Research in this area is warranted, as drowning is a leading injury cause of death for persons with ASD. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this brief report was to examine swim instructors' preferred knowledge sources for building their individual swimming lessons, catered to swimmers with ASD. Moreover, this study aimed to provide context specific insights for instructors and instructor educators to increase new and future instructors' preparedness for meeting the needs of this population. METHODS: Three recreational swim instructors were recruited for this qualitative study. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, observations, and semi-structured interviews. Analysis was completed using Braun & Clarke's guide for thematic analysis. RESULTS: The results indicated that swim instructors' sources for building knowledge included: learning from peers/mentors, receiving support from parents/caregivers, and participating in additional certification programs or training. CONCLUSION: With a more extensive understanding of instructors' knowledge building experiences, instructor educators may integrate this knowledge into future development programs to prepare a greater number of trained individuals to facilitate physical activities for children with ASD.