ABSTRACT
Context: Iodine deficiency is the leading cause of preventable neurodevelopmental delay in children worldwide and a possible public health concern in Haiti. Objective: To determine the prevalence of iodine deficiency in Haitian young children and its influence by environmental factors. Design: Cross-sectional study, March through June 2015. Setting: Community churches in 3 geographical regions in Haiti. Participants: 299 healthy Haitian children aged 9 months to 6 years; one-third each enrolled in a coastal, mountainous, and urban region. Main Outcome Measures: Urinary iodide, serum thyrotropin (TSH), goiter assessment, and urinary perchlorate and thiocyanate. Results: Mean age was 3.3±1.6 years, with 51% female, median family income USD 30/week, and 16% malnutrition. Median urinary iodide levels were normal in coastal (145 µg/L, interquartile range [IQR] 97 to 241) and urban regions (187 µg/L, IQR 92 to 316), but revealed mild iodine deficiency in a mountainous region (89 µg/L, IQR 56 to 129), P < 0.0001. Grade 1 goiters were palpated in 2 children, but TSH values were normal. Urinary thiocyanate and perchlorate concentrations were not elevated. Predictors of higher urinary iodide included higher urinary thiocyanate and perchlorate, breastfeeding, and not living in a mountainous region. Conclusions: Areas of mild iodine deficiency persist in Haiti's mountainous regions. Exposure to two well-understood environmental thyroid function disruptors is limited.
Subject(s)
Deficiency Diseases/epidemiology , Endocrine Disruptors/urine , Environmental Pollutants/urine , Iodine/urine , Perchlorates/urine , Thiocyanates/urine , Thyrotropin/blood , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Deficiency Diseases/blood , Deficiency Diseases/urine , Female , Goiter/diagnosis , Goiter/epidemiology , Haiti/epidemiology , Humans , Infant , Iodine/deficiency , MaleABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between the anaerobic components of the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) and of the 30-second Wingate anaerobic test (30-WAnT). Nine male physical education students performed: a) a maximal incremental exercise test; b) a supramaximal constant workload test to determine the anaerobic components of the MAOD; and c) a 30-WAnT to measure the peak power (PP) and mean power (MP). The fast component of the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and blood lactate accumulation were measured after the supramaximal constant workload test in order to determine the contributions made by alactic (ALMET) and lactic (LAMET) metabolism. Significant correlations were found between PP and ALMET (r=0.71; P=0.033) and between MP and LAMET (r=0.72; P=0.030). The study results suggested that the anaerobic components of the MAOD and of the 30-WAnT are similarly applicable in the assessment of ALMET and LAMET during high-intensity exercise.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Environmental Pollutants/adverse effects , Nitrates/urine , Perchlorates/urine , Thiocyanates/urine , Thyroid Diseases/blood , Thyroid HormonesABSTRACT
NUm estudo de 400 indivíduos de diferentes faixas etárias (200 fumantes e 200 não fumantes) foram determinados o tiocianato plasmático (SCN-P), tiocianato urinário (SCN-U) e a carboxiemoglobina (COHb) com a finalidade de avaliar qual destes bioindicadores tem melhor correlação com o hábito de fumar. A avaliação foi realizada considerando-se o número de cigarros fumados por dia e no dia da amostragem, a marca e o tempo de uso do cigarro e o sexo do fumante. Todos os parâmetros mostraram-se significativamente mais elevados nos fumantes quando cotejados com os não-fumantes (teste t Student, p `menor ou igualï 0,01). O tiocianato urinário e a carboxiemoglobina foram os melhores relacionados ao número de cigarros consumidos por dia, sendo esta última a que apresentou também melhor correlação com o número de cigarros fumados no dia da coleta das amostras...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Carboxyhemoglobin , Smoking , Thiocyanates/urine , Tobacco Use Disorder , Spectrophotometry , Tobacco Smoke PollutionABSTRACT
Se analizó una muestra de cien individuos voluntarios, cincuenta fumadores y cincuenta no fumadores, a los cuales se les determinó la concentración de tiocianato en saliva y orina; con el fin de verificar si este parámetro es adecuado para discriminar entre fumadores y no fumadores de tabaco. Se empleó un método colorimétrico sencillo, de bajo costo; el cual se basa en la reacción del tiocianato con Fe+3 formando un producto coloreado con máxima absorbancia a 460 nm. El método presenta coeficientes de variación día a día de 1,8 y 9,8 por ciento para concentraciones de tiocianato de 2.564 y 40 µmol/L respectivamente. El intervalo analítico es de 0 a 3.000 µmol/L y se obtuvo una recuperación promedio de 99 por ciento. Los promedios de la concentración de tiocianato en orina fueron de 3,8 y 96,6 230mol/L y en saliva de 646 y 2.521 µmol/L para no fumadores y fumadores respectivamente, estas diferencias son significativas (p < 0,0001). Los niveles de decisión, para diferenciar personas fumadoras de no fumadoras, son de 25 y 1.500 230mol/l, para muestras de orina y saliva respectivamente. Usando estos valores se obtuvo una eficiencia diagnóstica del 91 por ciento en orina y 89 por ciento en saliva
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Smoking , Thiocyanates , Colorimetry , Biomarkers/urine , Sensitivity and Specificity , Thiocyanates/chemistry , Thiocyanates/urineABSTRACT
Se analizó una muestra de cien individuos voluntarios, cincuenta fumadores y cincuenta no fumadores, a los cuales se les determinó la concentración de tiocianato en saliva y orina; con el fin de verificar si este parámetro es adecuado para discriminar entre fumadores y no fumadores de tabaco. Se empleó un método colorimétrico sencillo, de bajo costo; el cual se basa en la reacción del tiocianato con Fe+3 formando un producto coloreado con máxima absorbancia a 460 nm. El método presenta coeficientes de variación día a día de 1,8 y 9,8 por ciento para concentraciones de tiocianato de 2.564 y 40 Amol/L respectivamente. El intervalo analítico es de 0 a 3.000 Amol/L y se obtuvo una recuperación promedio de 99 por ciento. Los promedios de la concentración de tiocianato en orina fueron de 3,8 y 96,6 230mol/L y en saliva de 646 y 2.521 Amol/L para no fumadores y fumadores respectivamente, estas diferencias son significativas (p < 0,0001). Los niveles de decisión, para diferenciar personas fumadoras de no fumadoras, son de 25 y 1.500 230mol/l, para muestras de orina y saliva respectivamente. Usando estos valores se obtuvo una eficiencia diagnóstica del 91 por ciento en orina y 89 por ciento en saliva (AU)
Subject(s)
Comparative Study , Humans , Male , Female , Tobacco Use Disorder , Thiocyanates/diagnosis , Thiocyanates/urine , Thiocyanates/chemistry , Sensitivity and Specificity , Colorimetry/methods , Biomarkers/urineABSTRACT
Para possibilitar a interpretacao de resultados de bioindicadores da exposicao as substancias quimicas faz-se necessario conhecer seus valores de referencia, determinados em individuos nao-expostos ocupacionalmente aos xenobioticos que os afetam. Neste trabalho foram determinados os valores de referencia do tiocianato plasmatico e do tiocianato urinario em 193 voluntarios saudaveis, nao-fumantes e nao-expostos ocupacionalmente ao cianeto e/ou as substancias liberadoras deste ion no organismo. Os valores medios mais ou menos intervalo de confianca 95 por cento obtidos foram, respectivamente para o tiocianato plasmatico e urinario, de 2,04 mais menos 0,22 mg/L e 1,3 mais menos 0,11 mg/g creatinina. A analise de possiveis fatores que pudessem afetar os teores dos bioindicadores pesquisados mostrou que o sexo, a idade, o consumo de bebidas alcoolicas ou nao, nao os afetam. entretanto, a ingestao de mandioca cozida eleva significativamente seus niveis, especialmente, os do tiocianato plasmatico
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Male , Female , Reference Values , Thiocyanates/blood , Thiocyanates/urine , Chromatography , SpectrophotometryABSTRACT
We studied if consumption of boiled fresh roots from sweet cassava varieties grown in Cuba resulted in exposure to cyanogenic glycosides and their final breakdown product, cyanide. When adult, nonsmoking subjects consumed 1-4 kg cassava over 2 days, their urinary levels of the main cyanide metabolite, thiocyanate, only increased from a mean +/- SEM of 12 +/- 2 to 22 +/- 2 mumol/l, indicating a negligible cyanide exposure. Their mean urinary linamarin, the main cyanogenic glucoside in cassava, increased from 2 +/- 1 to 68 +/- 16 mumol/l. In a second experiment 5 subjects consumed one meal of 0.5 kg boiled cassava that contained 105 mumol linamarin and 8 mumol hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Quantitative urine collections prior to and after intake showed that 28% of linamarin was excreted during the following 24 hours, whereas a modest increase of urinary thiocyanate (SCN) only corresponded to the small amount of free HCN ingested. These results indicate that the dominant cyanogen in boiled cassava is glycosides that pass through the human body without causing cyanide exposure. It remains to be studied whether humans occasionally possess intestinal or tissue beta-glucosidases that can hydrolyse cyanogenic glycosides from cassava.
Subject(s)
Cyanides/pharmacokinetics , Glycosides/toxicity , Manihot , Nitriles/urine , Plant Roots/metabolism , Adult , Creatinine/urine , Cuba , Cyanides/toxicity , Cyanides/urine , Eating , Female , Glycosides/pharmacokinetics , Humans , Hydrolysis , Intestines/enzymology , Male , Middle Aged , Nitriles/pharmacokinetics , Nitriles/toxicity , Plant Extracts/pharmacokinetics , Plant Extracts/toxicity , Smoking/urine , Sulfates/urine , Thiocyanates/urine , beta-Glucosidase/metabolismABSTRACT
One hundred and twenty-two workers (16 from a coke production plant, 106 from a graphite electrode manufacturing plant) agreed to participate in this study designed to evaluate the relationship between the exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS) and the urinary excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HOP), the main metabolite of pyrene. The results show that the concentration of pyrene in air is highly correlated with total PAHS amount (r = 0.083, p < 0.001), with a the correlation coefficient between 1-HOP and total PAHS of r = 0.72 (p < 0.001). The biological half life of the 1-HOP was determined (18 hrs) and the non interference of smoking habits in relation to 1-HOP urinary was established, concluding that 1-HOP is a suitable bioindicator of the occupational exposure to PAHS.
Subject(s)
Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Polycyclic Compounds/adverse effects , Pyrenes/analysis , Air Pollutants, Occupational/adverse effects , Air Pollutants, Occupational/analysis , Biomarkers/urine , Coke , Graphite , Half-Life , Humans , Mexico , Occupational Exposure/analysis , Polycyclic Compounds/analysis , Pyrenes/pharmacokinetics , Smoking/urine , Thiocyanates/urineABSTRACT
Utilizou-se o reativo de Pettigrew e Fell para a padronizaçäo de método colorimétrico de doseamento de tiocianato na urina. Os pigmentos e as proteínas normalmente presentes na urina foram removidos pela eluiçäo da amostra em coluna contendo silicagel G 60 e florisil. O eluato é tratado com bromo e a reaçäo final é obtida com o reagente piridina -1,4 - fenilenodiamina, sendo a absorbância do corante formado determinada no comprimento da onda correspondente ao ponto isosbéstico da reaçäo (520 nm). A curva de calibraçäo é linear até 16 mg/l
Subject(s)
Thiocyanates/urine , Colorimetry , Thiocyanates/analysisABSTRACT
A validade da determinaçäo de tiocianatos urinários como indicador de exposiçäo a cianetos
Subject(s)
Thiocyanates/urine , Environmental Monitoring , Cyanides , Occupational Exposure , Accident PreventionABSTRACT
E proposto um metodo cromatografico de troca ionica para a separacao de tiocianato presente em amostras de urina. O procedimento colorimetrico da sintese de Konig para a obtencao de complexos coloridos com piridina e p-PDA foi usada. O metodo analitico mostrou ser preciso, sensivel e pode ser usado para detectar doses internas de cianeto em individuos ou grupos de individuos em casos de tabagismo, exposicao ocupacional e ingestao excessiva de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) ou outros vegetais ricos em glicosideos cianogenicos
Subject(s)
Chromatography, Ion Exchange/methods , Spectrophotometry , Thiocyanates/urineABSTRACT
Estudo sobre a utilizaçäo de compostos à base de cianetos por trabalhadores de galvanoplastias da Zona Norte de Säo Paulo-SP, realizado a partir de dosagens de tiocianato urinário em quatro grupos de trabalhadores pelo Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador da Zona Norte.
Subject(s)
Cyanides , Electroplating , Thiocyanates/urine , Occupational Groups , Brazil , Occupational Exposure , Occupational Health ProgramABSTRACT
1. The effect of acute cyanide administration to mice in a lethal and a non-lethal dose and the anti-cyanide effect of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) and thiosulphate were investigated. 2. The poisoning action was determined by measuring cytochrome oxidase, rhodanese and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activity. 3. The toxic metabolizing degree was investigated by measuring plasma and urine thiocyanate levels. 4. The state of the sulfane sulfur pool was investigated by determining cyanide labile-sulfur levels. 5. These results support the belief that rhodanese plays a fundamental role in the detoxification process only when high levels of cyanide are administered.