Cross-cultural adaptation of the CALCULATE instrument into Brazilian Portuguese: pressure injury in intensive care.

OBJECTIVE: To perform the cross-cultural adaptation of CALCULATE for Brazilian Portuguese. METHOD: A methodological study conducted from January to December 2021, divided into six stages: translation, synthesis, back-translation, expert committee with the application of the content validity index, pre-testing in 40 adult patients, and submission to the authors. The study took place in the intensive care units of a public tertiary teaching hospital in the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The original CALCULATE has eight risk assessment items and is stratified with a score of 0-3 (high risk) and 4-8 (very high risk). RESULTS: After expert evaluation, the final content validity was 0.9. They suggested words and phrases that should undergo changes regarding textual equivalences, as well as definitions of acronyms and terminologies. In the pre-test, the items were assessed as suitable for understanding; only one item required additional explanation for adequacy. CONCLUSION: The cross-cultural adaptation of CALCULATE for Brazilian Portuguese was successfully performed, revealing a good content validity index, confirming the relevance and appropriateness of its items. CALCULATE is suitable for use in intensive care units and research and teaching centers.

Cultural adaptation and evaluation of the measurement properties of the Facilitator Competency Rubric for clinical simulation facilitators.

OBJECTIVE: translate and adapt the Facilitator Competency Rubric to the Portuguese language and the Brazilian culture, and analyze the measurement properties. METHOD: methodological study that completed the steps of translation, synthesis of translations, back translation, review by a Committee of Experts composed of 7 professionals, testing of the pre-final version with 33 simulation facilitators, and submission to the author of the original instrument. For content validation, the Content Validity Index and the modified Kappa Coefficient were calculated. For reliability, Cronbach's α and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient were evaluated by 52 and 15 simulation facilitators, respectively. RESULTS: two rounds of content evaluation were carried out, resulting in changes to 19 items in the first evaluation and 3 items in the second. The overall scale achieved a Cronbach's α of 0.98 and an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient of 0.95 to 0.97. CONCLUSION: the Facilitator Competency Rubric was translated and culturally adapted to the Brazilian reality and presented content validity, reliability and stability, with safe results for use in teaching and research.

Validation of the Arabic version of the diabetes self-management questionnaire in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The number of instruments available for measuring diabetes self-management activities in Arabic countries has been limited to date. To our knowledge, no multidimensional instrument suitable for measuring diabetes self-management is currently available in Arabic. This study assessed the validation of the Arabic version of the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (A-DSMQ) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from May to August 2022 at primary healthcare centers within the Riyadh region of Saudi Arabia. Four steps were followed during the translation and adaptation of the DSMQ: forward translation, consulting an expert panel, backward translation, and pilot testing on the target population. The data were collected using a convenience sample of 154 patients with T2DM. Cronbach's α coefficient, criterion validity, and known-group validity were determined. RESULTS: Cronbach's α coefficient for internal consistency was 0.76. The A-DMSQ "sum scale" scores were negatively correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels (Pearson's r = - 0.48, p < 0.01) and body mass indices (r = - 0.29, p < 0.01) and positively correlated with Self-Rated Health Scale scores (r = 0.41, p < 0.01). Mean A-DSMQ "sum scale" scores differed significantly among groups with adequate, partially adequate, and inadequate glycemic control (F = 23.193, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the A-DSMQ is a reliable and valid tool for measuring diabetes self-management in patients with T2DM. The A-DSMQ can be used by researchers and healthcare providers interested in assessing diabetes self-management in this population. Healthcare providers should remain alert for suboptimal diabetes self-management, which may lead to significant economic costs in emergency and healthcare utilization.

Psychometric properties of the Knowledge and Attitudes to Mental Health Scales in a Dutch sample (KAMHS-NL): A comprehensive mental health literacy measure in adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Mental health literacy (MHL) is crucial for early recognition of and coping with mental health problems, and for the use and acceptance of mental health services, leading to better health outcomes, especially in adolescence. The prevalence of mental health problems among adolescents is seen as a major public health concern and MHL is an important factor in facilitating positive mental health outcomes. However, the availability of valid measurement instruments for assessing the multifaceted nature of MHL is limited, hindering the ability to make meaningful comparisons across studies. The Knowledge and Attitudes to Mental Health Scales (KAMHS) is a promising comprehensive instrument for measuring adolescents' mental health literacy but its psychometric properties have not been explored in any other contexts than the Welsh. The aim of this study was to translate the KAMHS into Dutch, adapt it in this context, and evaluate its psychometric properties. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study with Dutch adolescents between the ages 11-16. We translated the KAHMS and assessed its content validity using cognitive interviewing with n = 16 adolescents. Next, n = 406 adolescents were asked to fill in the translated KAMHS-NL and reference scales, on mental health (SDQ and WHO-5), resilience (BRS), and mental health help-seeking behaviors. We assessed construct validity based on a priori hypotheses regarding convergent and divergent correlations between subscales of KAMHS-NL and the reference scales. Finally, we assessed structural validity via confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling. RESULTS: The KAMHS-NL showed good content validity and satisfactory construct validity. In total, 28 of the 48 hypotheses regarding convergent and divergent correlations between the KAMHS and reference scales were confirmed. Contrary to our expectations, weak, but significant associations were found between MHL and resilience. The KAMHS showed an acceptable to good internal consistency (McDonald's omega ranging from 0.62 to 0.84). Finally, we could generally confirm the postulated structure of the KAMHS-NL in the Dutch sample with a 5-factor solution (RMSEA = 0.033; CFI = 0.96). CONCLUSIONS: The Dutch version of the KAMHS is a valid measure for detecting differences in MHL levels in adolescents. The KAMHS is a promising instrument for assessing MHL in adolescents in a multifaceted manner in other countries which may facilitate rigorous global MHL research. The instrument therefore deserves further validation research in other settings and comparisons across various cultural contexts.

Urdu translation and cross-cultural validation of the stroke self-efficacy questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: The Stroke Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (SSEQ) measures the self-confidence of the individual in functional activities after a stroke. The SSEQ is a self-report scale with 13 items that assess self-efficacy after a stroke in several functional domains. OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to translate the Stroke Self-Efficacy Questionnaire into Urdu Language and to find out the validity and reliability of Urdu SSEQ among stroke patients. METHODS: The cross-cultural validation study design was used. Following COSMIN guidelines, forward and backward translation protocols were adopted. After pilot testing on 10 stroke patients, the final Urdu version was drafted. A sample of 110 stroke patients was used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the SSEQ-U. Content and Concurrent validity were determined. The intraclass correlation coefficient and Cronbach's alpha were used to measure internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 25. RESULTS: The final version was drafted after application on 10 stroke patients. Content validity was analyzed by a content validity index ranging from 0.87 to 1. The internal consistency was calculated by Cronbach's alpha (α > 0.80). Test-retest reliability was determined by the Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC2,1=0.956). Concurrent validity was determined by correlations with other scales by using the Spearman correlation coefficient; moderate to strong correlations (positive and negative) were found with the Functional Independence Measure (r = 0.76), Beck Depression Inventory (r=-0.54), Short Form of 12-item Scale (r = 0.68) and Fall Efficacy Scale (r = 0.82) with p < 0.05. CONCLUSION: The Urdu version was linguistically acceptable and accurate for stroke survivors for determining self-efficacy. It showed good content and concurrent validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability.

Psychometric properties of the arabic translation of the Physical Appearance Comparison Scale-Revised (PACS-R) in adults.

BACKGROUND: Physical comparison may be a factor in body dissatisfaction and related issues, like eating disorders and depression. The Physical Appearance Comparison Scale-Revised (PACS-R) is a scale developed to assess the frequency of physical comparison. Because there is no validated scale for body comparison in Arabic, this study aims to address this gap by validating the PACS-R in the Arabic language. METHODS: The PACS-R was translated to Arabic following a conventional forward-backward translation procedure, and was administered to a sample of 359 Lebanese adults along with The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES) for convergent validity. The factor structure was studied by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and composite reliability was assessed using McDonald's omega and Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: Results suggested a one-factor structure of the Arabic PACS-R, with good internal consistency (McDonald's ω = 0.97 / Cronbach α = 0.97). Measurement invariance was established across sex groups, with no significant difference being reported between males and females in terms of PACS-R scores (15.42 ± 10.64 vs. 13.16 ± 11.88; t(357) = 1.84; p = .066). Finally, adequate convergent validity was tested and found to be adequate, with PACS-R scores found to be correlated negatively with self-esteem and positively with psychological distress. CONCLUSION: The present findings preliminarily establish the Arabic PACS-R as an effective instrument for researchers and practitioners aiming to explore the physical comparison among Arabic-speaking populations, thus contributing to research and clinical work in the Arabic community.

The persian version of the fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire among iranian post-surgery patients: a translation and psychometrics.

INTRODUCTION: Fear-avoidance beliefs (FAB) play a crucial role in the treatment outcomes of post-surgery patients. These beliefs can lead to activity avoidance, increased pain, and decreased quality of life. Therefore, accurately measuring these beliefs in Iranian patients is of significant importance. The Fear-Avoidance Belief Questionnaire (FABQ) is a patient-reported questionnaire that evaluates individuals' FAB. Since the validity and reliability of the Persian version of FABQ (FABQ-P) have not been assessed based on the Iranian population and sociocultural contexts, the current study has been implemented to determine the reliability and validity of the FABQ-P among Iranian post-operative patients by translation and psychometric properties. METHODS: This methodological study conducted in 2023, a sample of 400 patients who had undergone surgery were selected using a convenience sampling method. The scale used in the study was translated and its psychometric properties were evaluated through network analysis and assessments of construct validity (including exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis), convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Additionally, the study assessed the internal consistency of the scale. RESULTS: The MLEFA results with Promax and Kaiser Normalization rotation yielded two factors explaining 57.91% of the variance, encompassing 13 items. Also, the model was approved by CFA. Convergent and discriminant validity have been confirmed through the following criteria: Average Variance Extracted (AVE) exceeding 0.5, Composite Reliability (CR) surpassing 0.7, and Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio of Correlations (HTMT) equating to 0.597. As for reliability, Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability (CR), and MaxR for all constructs were greater than 0.7, demonstrating good internal consistency. CONCLUSION: As demonstrated by the results, the FABQ-P has a satisfactory level of reliability along with authentic validity according to the sociocultural contexts of Iranian post-operative patients.

Validation of the Self Awareness Outcome Questionnaire (SAOQ) in the Italian framework.

Background: Self-awareness is the process of understanding yourself and is an essential concept for personal growth and individual advancement. It refers to the ability to recognize and comprehend one's thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and personality traits. Being self-aware allows improvement in the management of emotions, interpersonal relationships, and making conscious decisions that reflect on values and objectives. However, measuring self-awareness can be a challenge. Finding a reliable and valid method to assess this complex aspect of self can be crucial for quantifying the level and monitoring its progress over time. Methods: The Self Awareness Outcome Questionnaire (SAOQ) has been identified as a suitable tool for this purpose. This study aims to ensure that the scale, initially developed in English, maintains its accuracy and sensitivity even after being translated into Italian. Differences between test and re-test were assessed. The significance of Cronbach's alpha was estimated. Results: The results show no significant differences between groups. Conclusions: The Italian version of the SAOQ gives us the possibility to further analyze research on self-awareness.

Revealing the translator's style: A corpus-based study of english translations of Mencius.

Based on the self-built English translation corpus of Mencius, this study conducts a lexical, syntactical and textual comparative analysis of Mencius English translations by James Legge (1861), Leonard A.Lyall (1932) and D.C.Lau (1970) through adopting a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods and employing Tokenizer, Tree Tagger, WordSmith8.0, AntConc and Readability Analyzer software. By analyzing representative translation examples and the para-text of each translation, this study explores the relationship among the historical background, translator's cultural identity and translation motivation. The results reveal that the translator's style is closely related to the translation strategy determined by the translation purpose rooted in translator's cultural identity in different historical and social backgrounds.The study findings will bring a new perspective for the translator's cultural identity research, contribute to the translator's style study and deepen the understanding of the English translation and overseas dissemination of Mencius with the help of corpus technology.

Translation to Portuguese and cross-cultural adaptation of the epilepsy transition readiness checklist for use in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: Planning for the child and adolescent to have a safe handling in the epilepsy transition process is essential. In this work, the authors translated the "Readiness Checklists" and applied them to a group of patients and their respective caregivers in the transition process to assess the possibility of using them as a monitoring and instructional instrument. METHODS: The "Readiness Checklists" were applied to thirty adolescents with epilepsy and their caregivers. The original English version of this instrument underwent a process of translation and cultural adaptation by a translator with knowledge of English and epilepsy. Subsequently, it was carried out the back-translation and the Portuguese version was compared to the original, analyzing discrepancies, thus obtaining the final version for the Brazilian population. RESULTS: Participants were able to answer the questions. In four questions there was an association between the teenagers' educational level and the response pattern to the questionnaires. The authors found a strong positive correlation between the responses of adolescents and caregivers (RhoSpearman = 0.837; p < 0.001). The application of the questionnaire by the health team was feasible for all interviewed patients and their respective caregivers. CONCLUSION: The translation and application of the "Readiness Checklists" is feasible in Portuguese. Patients with lower educational levels felt less prepared for the transition than patients with higher educational levels, independently of age. Adolescents and caregivers showed similar perceptions regarding patients' abilities. The lists can be very useful tools to assess and plan the follow-up of the population of patients with epilepsy in the process of transition.

Brazilian-Portuguese Version of My Strengths My Health System: A Methodological Study.

My Strengths My Health (MSMH) is a simplified version of the Omaha System developed for the use of patients and their caregivers. Its main objective is to enable a whole-person assessment with the participation of the patients in understanding the concepts that comprise their care plan. Since 2021, we joined a worldwide initiative to translate MSMH to other languages and this paper reports the Brazilian experience in 3 stages, developed from January 2022 to December 2023: translation and back translation of terms, its validation by freshman nursing students and its adoption by patients at an outpatient facility. Among the results, we highlight the patients' comments on the perceived ease of use of the system. MSMH adoption by caregivers and populations of different cultures and languages can amplify the comprehension of biological, psychological, social, spiritual and environmental determinants of health worldwide specially if issues on digital health literacy are considered.

Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Chinese version of the HLS-EU-Q47.

The development of health literacy in China is relatively slow, and there are fewer health literacy scales, which is difficult to measure. Therefore, this study aims to promote the development of health literacy in China through the translation and application of the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q47). The scale was translated into Chinese, back-translated, culturally adapted and finally subjected to psychometric evaluation. A multi-stage stratified sampling method was used to select 2504 residents to test the reliability and validity of a questionnaire on health literacy. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to evaluate the validity of the results, and the back consistency was calculated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The EFA revealed that health care, disease prevention and health promotion explained 78.68% of the total variance in health literacy. The scale and its subscales demonstrated strong internal consistency, with high Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranging from 0.947 to 0.983. CFA confirmed the three-factor model's goodness-of-fit for the Chinese population. The dimensions of healthcare, disease prevention and health promotion showed high convergent validity with an average variance extracted values ranging from 0.52 to 0.60 and composite reliability values ranging from 0.94 to 0.96. The reliable and valid Chinese version of the HLS-EU-Q47 (HLS19-Q47-CN) developed and evaluated in this study is an important tool for assessing health literacy levels in the Chinese population. Furthermore, as this tool has global applicability, it has the potential to assess health literacy levels across different countries, enabling practical international comparisons.

Validity of the Brazilian online version of the Sexual Desire Inventory 2.

OBJECTIVE: The Sexual Desire Inventory 2 is a self-report instrument for assessing sexual desire in men and women. In Brazil, there is no validated sexual desire self-report for the adult population. The aim of this study was to determine the evidence of validity for the content and construct of the Brazilian online version of the Sexual Desire Inventory 2. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with Brazilian men and women. The sample size was calculated using the criterion of more than 20 participants per item. The invitation to participate in the study was conducted online by the platform Survey Monkey®. The Sexual Desire Inventory 2 was evaluated for content, construct, reliability, and invariance. RESULTS: A total of 818 female and male adults participated in the study. The two-dimensional factorial solution represented 71% of the total variance explained by the model, and the factorial loads of the model were ≥0.40; commonalities presented values ≥0.23. Reliability was measured by the coefficients of Cronbach's alpha with a total score of 0.87, McDonald's of 0.87, Omega, and greatest lower bound with a total score of 0.95. The metric invariance was tested for the sex variables ΔCFI (comparative fit index) and ΔRMSEA (root mean square error of approximation) with a total score of 0.01. CONCLUSION: The analyses indicate evidence of robust validity in the Brazilian online version of the Sexual Desire Inventory 2.

Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the MISSCARE Survey-Ped into Brazilian Portuguese.

OBJECTIVES: to translate and cross-culturally adapt the MISSCARE Survey-Ped for use in Brazil. METHODS: a methodological study proposed by translation, synthesis of translations, back-translation, assessment by a committee of experts and pre-testing with the target population. RESULTS: two direct translations of the instrument were carried out, followed by a consensual version between them. This synthetic version was back-translated and analyzed by a committee of five experts in pediatric nursing and patient safety, obtaining a Content Validity Index (CVI) of 0.95 and Cronbach's alpha of 0.804. The final version was sent for pre-testing with 254 Brazilian pediatric nurses, with 44 (17.3%) analyzing the instrument for understanding (CVI 0.866; Content Validity Ratio (CVR) 0.773), relevance (CVI 0.931; CVR 0.864) and relevance (CVI 0.977; CVR 0.955). CONCLUSIONS: the MISSCARE Survey-Ped Brasil was considered suitable for application in pediatric nurses' clinical practice in the country.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and psychometric validation of the Malay version of the Assessment of Quality of Life-6 Dimensions (Malay-AQoL-6D) instrument among Malaysians living with chronic heart failure.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to translate and culturally adapt the Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL)-6D into Malay (Malay-AQoL-6D), and assesses the instrument's acceptability, reliability, and validity among Malaysians living with chronic heart failure (HF). METHODS: The translation and cross-cultural adaptation process adhered to international guidelines. The Malay-AQoL-6D underwent content and face validity assessments via expert review, and pretesting among healthy individuals and patients with chronic conditions. Subsequent psychometric validation utilised clinico-sociodemographic data and paired AQoL-6D and EQ-5D-5L data from a health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) survey involving Malay-speaking patients with HF, which encompassed assessments of Malay-AQoL-6D acceptability, internal consistency and test-retest reliability, as well as its construct, concurrent, convergent and divergent, and known-group validity. RESULTS: The Malay-AQoL-6D was deemed acceptable among clinicians and local patients, achieving a 90.8% completion rate among 314 patients surveyed. The instrument demonstrated strong content validity (item-level content validity index [CVI]: 0.83-1.00, average CVI: 0.98), internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha: 0.72-0.89; MacDonald's omega: 0.82-0.90, excluding the Senses dimension), and test-retest reliability (average intraclass correlation coefficients: 0.79-0.95). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the instrument's two-level, six-factor structure (Satorra-Bentler [SB]-scaled χ2(df: 164): 283.67, p-value < 0.001; root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA]: 0.051; comparative fix index [CFI]: 0.945, Tucker-Lewis index [TLI]: 0.937; standardised root mean-squared error [SRMR]: 0.058). The Malay-AQoL-6D's concurrent validity was evident through its good agreement with EQ-5D-5L. Multiple hypothesis tests further affirmed its construct and known-group validity. The Malay-AQoL-6D's psychometric properties remained consistent across different missing data techniques. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that Malay-AQoL-6D could be a culturally acceptable, reliable, and valid HRQoL measure for quantifying HRQoL among the local HF population. Future studies are necessary to further validate the instrument against other measures and confirm the instrument's test-retest reliability and responsiveness, which are possible with the availability of the Malay-AQoL-6D.

Translation and psychometric analysis of urdu version of modified polycystic ovary syndrome health related quality of life questionnaire (MPCOSQ-U).

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome is a metabolic disorder prevalent among females of reproductive age. The symptoms of PCOS profoundly affect the quality of life of these females. Outcome measures specific to PCOS are crucial to the management of these patients. The MCPOSQ is a validated tool to measure the health-related quality of life specific to PCOS. The purpose of this study was to translate the modified polycystic ovary syndrome quality of life questionnaire (MPCOSQ) and to determine the reliability and validity of the modified polycystic ovary syndrome quality of life questionnaire Urdu version (MPCOSQ-U). METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Islamabad/Rawalpindi. The MPCOSQ was translated to Urdu and validated by expert gynaecologists. The MPCOSQ-U and SF-36 were administered to one hundred eighty females with PCOS. The MPCOSQ-U was evaluated for internal consistency, test-retest reliability, factor analysis, face validity, content validity and construct validity. RESULTS: The average age (years) of the females was 25.27(1.83). The MPCOSQ-U showed excellent test-retest reliability and internal consistency (ICC2,1=0.95, Cronbach's α = 0.97). The content validity index (CVI) was 0.92. There was a statistically significant but weak positive correlation between MPCOSQ-U and SF-36 (r = .186, p = .012). CONCLUSION: The Urdu version of the modified version of the polycystic ovarian syndrome quality of life questionnaire is a validated and reliable tool to assess the quality of life of Pakistani females with PCOS. This is an important step to cover the language barrier, which influences the outcome assessment in PCOS.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the caregiver self-efficacy in contributing to patient self-care scale in China.

BACKGROUND: Caregiver self-efficacy is crucial in improving patient outcomes and caregiver well-being, but there is a lack of suitable scales to assess this concept within the context of Chinese culture. This study aimed to cross-culturally translate the Caregiver Self-Efficacy in Contributing to Patient Self-Care (CSE-CSC) Scale and evaluate its psychometric properties using classical test theory and item response theory. METHODS: The CSE-CSC scale was adapted using Brislin's translation model after obtaining authorization from the original author. A multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the psychometric properties of this scale. Classical test theory was used to evaluate reliability (internal consistency, test-retest reliability), validity (content validity, structural validity, convergent validity), and floor and ceiling effects. Item response theory was employed to assess the fit of the rating scale model, reliability, item difficulties, and measurement invariance. RESULTS: The translation and cultural adaptation process was completed. Classical test theory demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.935) and test-retest reliability (ICC from 0.784 to 0.829, p<0.001). The I-CVI and K* of each item ranged from 0.875 to 1.00 and 0.871 to 1.00. The first-order 2-factor model fit well (χ2/df = 3.71, RMSEA = 0.082, SRMR = 0.032, CFI = 0.973, TLI = 0.60). Convergent validity showed that the CSE-CSC scores had a strong positive correlation with three separate scales of the CC-SC-CII. There was no floor and ceiling effect in this scale. Rasch analysis showed that the CSE-CSC scale demonstrated a good fit to the rating scale model and exhibited excellent reliability (person/item separation index>2, person/item reliability coefficients>0.8). The Wright map showed that item difficulty matched the respondents' measured abilities. The analysis of differential item functioning (DIF) showed that all items were comparable in gender. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated that the CSE-CSC scale had good reliability, validity, difficulty degree, and measurement invariance. The CSE-CSC scale can be used to measure caregiver self-efficacy of Chinese patients with multiple chronic conditions.

Dutch Translation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Person-Centered Primary Care Measure.

PURPOSE: Person-centered care is foundational to good quality primary care and has positive effects on health outcomes and patient satisfaction. The Person-Centered Primary Care Measure (PCPCM) is a recently developed, patient-reported survey able to assess person-centeredness and has demonstrated strong validity and reliability. Little is known, however, about the feasibility of the PCPCM in non-English-speaking settings. We aimed to translate the questionnaire into Dutch, psychometrically evaluate the translated version, and ensure its feasibility for patients in Dutch primary care. METHODS: We translated the PCPCM into Dutch using forward-backward translations. We conducted psychometric evaluations to ensure its feasibility among Dutch-speaking primary care patients, with special attention to low literacy populations. Next, we assessed structural validity, convergent validity using the Quality of Care Through the Patient's Eyes (QUOTE) questionnaire, and internal consistency in a cross-sectional study in primary care. RESULTS: Translation and adaptation for low literacy populations required 4 iterations. In 4 general practices, 205 patients completed the survey. Confirmatory factor analyses could not confirm the 1-factor solution. The 3-factor solution was found to be a more optimal fit: comprehensiveness of care, personal relation, and contextual care. Internal reliability was high (Cronbach's α were 0.82, 0.73, and 0.86, respectively). We found a strong correlation between the total PCPCM and QUOTE scores (Spearman's ρ = 0.65, P <.001), indicating good convergent validity. CONCLUSION: The Dutch version of the PCPCM has acceptable validity and reliability for measuring person-centeredness in primary care among Dutch-speaking populations including those with low literacy.

Adaptation of the Barriers, Attitudes, Confidence, and Knowledge Scale (M-BACK-Tr) into Turkish culture to assess the metabolic health of psychiatric professionals and investigation of Its psychometric characteristics.

AIM: The aim was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the "Barriers, Attitudes, Confidence, and Knowledge Scale for Assessing Metabolic Health" (M-Back-Tr) to determine the barriers, attitudes, confidence, and knowledge status of psychiatry professionals in the assessing of metabolic syndrome. METHODS: This methodological study was conducted with 304 psychiatric nurses who were working in public and private healthcare institutions between March and June 2023. Translation and back-translation were made into the Turkish language during the adaptation process and it was found that there was no semantic shift between the versions. While the validity of M-Back-Tr was tested with content validity, construct validity, and convergent validity, its internal reliability and Split-Half Test Reliability were examined for reliability. RESULTS: The structure of M-Back-Tr, which consists of 4 dimensions (i.e., Barriers, Attitudes, Confidence, Knowledge) and 16 items, was confirmed in Turkish culture. This structure can explain 73 % of the variance in the related concept. The minimum score that can be taken from each sub-dimension is 4 and the maximum is 20. The Cronbach α value of the sub-dimensions of the scale was found to be between 0.79 and 0.91. CONCLUSION: The study findings showed that the M-Back-Tr is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used in Turkish culture.

Chinese version of the Tendency to Avoid Physical Activity and Sport (TAPAS) scale: testing unidimensionality, measurement invariance, concurrent validity, and known-group validity among Taiwanese youths.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Psychosocial factors affect individuals' desire for physical activity. A newly developed instrument (Tendency to Avoid Physical Activity and Sport; TAPAS) has been designed to assess the avoidance of physical activity. Considering cultural differences could be decisive factors, the present study aimed to translate and validate the TAPAS into Chinese (Mandarin) for Taiwanese youths, and further cultural comparisons are expected. METHODS: Standard translation procedure (i.e., forward translation, back translation, and reconciliation) was used to translate the English TAPAS into the Chinese TAPAS. Following translation, 608 youths (mean [SD] age 29.10 [6.36] years; 333 [54.8%] women) participated in the study via a snowballing sampling method with an online survey. All participants completed the Chinese TAPAS and additional instruments assessing weight stigma and psychological distress. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine the factor structure of the Chinese TAPAS and multigroup CFA to examine measurement invariance across gender (men vs. women) and weight status (overweight vs. non-overweight). Pearson correlations were used to examine the concurrent validity; independent t-tests between gender groups and weight status groups were used to examine the known-group validity. RESULTS: Consistent with the English version, the Chinese TAPAS was found to have a one-factor structure evidenced by CFA results. The structure was invariant across gender and weight status groups evidenced by multigroup CFA results. Concurrent validity was supported by significant associations with the related constructs assessed (r = 0.326 to 0.676; p < 0.001). Known-group validity was supported by the significant differences in TAPAS total scores between gender and weight status groups (p = 0.004 and < 0.001; Cohen's d = 0.24 and 0.48). CONCLUSION: The Chinese version of the TAPAS is a valid and reliable instrument assessing individuals' avoidance of physical activity and sports due to underlying psychosocial issues among Taiwanese youths. It is anticipated to be applied within a large Asian population, as well as cross-cultural comparisons, for further explorations in health, behavioral and epidemiological research and practice.