Fetal Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings Predict Neurodevelopment in Children with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex.

OBJECTIVE: To correlate fetal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings with epilepsy characteristics and neurodevelopment at 2 years of age in children with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) to improve prenatal counseling. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective cohort study was performed in a collaboration between centers of the EPISTOP consortium. We included children with definite TSC, fetal MRIs, and available follow-up data at 2 years of age. A pediatric neuroradiologist masked to the patient's clinical characteristics evaluated all fetal MRIs. MRIs were categorized for each of the 10 brain lobes as score 0: no (sub)cortical lesions or doubt; score 1: a single small lesion; score 2: more than one small lesion or at least one large lesion (>5 mm). Neurologic manifestations were correlated to lesion sum scores. RESULTS: Forty-one children were included. Median gestational age at MRI was 33.3 weeks; (sub)cortical lesions were detected in 97.6%. Mean lesion sum score was 4.5. At 2 years, 58.5% of patients had epilepsy and 22% had drug-resistant epilepsy. Cognitive, language, and motor development were delayed in 38%, 81%, and 50% of patients, respectively. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was diagnosed in 20.5%. Fetal MRI lesion sum scores were significantly associated with cognitive and motor development, and with ASD diagnosis, but not with epilepsy characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Fetal cerebral lesion scores correlate with neurodevelopment and ASD at 2 years in children with TSC.

First comprehensive TSC1/TSC2 mutational analysis in Mexican patients with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex reveals numerous novel pathogenic variants.

The aim of this study was to improve knowledge of the mutational spectrum causing tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) in a sample of Mexican patients, given the limited information available regarding this disease in Mexico and Latin America. Four different molecular techniques were implemented to identify from single nucleotide variants to large rearrangements in the TSC1 and TSC2 genes of 66 unrelated Mexican-descent patients that clinically fulfilled the criteria for a definitive TSC diagnosis. The mutation detection rate was 94%, TSC2 pathogenic variants (PV) prevailed over TSC1 PV (77% vs. 23%) and a recurrent mutation site (hotspot) was observed in TSC1 exon 15. Interestingly, 40% of the identified mutations had not been previously reported. The wide range of novels PV made it difficult to establish any genotype-phenotype correlation, but most of the PV conditioned neurological involvement (intellectual disability and epilepsy). Our 3D protein modeling of two variants classified as likely pathogenic demonstrated that they could alter the structure and function of the hamartin (TSC1) or tuberin (TSC2) proteins. Molecular analyses of parents and first-degree affected family members of the index cases enabled us to distinguish familial (18%) from sporadic (82%) cases and to identify one case of apparent gonadal mosaicism.

Hallazgos clínicos y epidemiológicos en la neurofibromatosis tipo 1 y el complejo esclerosis tuberosa en una serie de pacientes pediátricos / Clinical and epidemiological findings in neurofibromatosis type 1 and tuberous sclerosis complex in a series of pediatric patients

Resumen: Introducción: La neurofibromatosis tipo 1 (NF1) es una entidad genética con una incidencia de 1 entre 2,500 a 3,500 nacimientos. Por su parte, el complejo esclerosis tuberosa (CET) presenta una incidencia de 1 entre 6,000 a 10,000 nacimientos. Ambas entidades neurocutáneas cursan con un patrón de herencia autosómico dominante, expresividad variable y la morbimortalidad se encuentra asociada a complicaciones multisistémicas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue exponer las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de una serie de pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico de NF1 y CET atendidos en la Unidad de Genética Médica de la Universidad de Los Andes. Métodos: Este trabajo corresponde a una serie de casos de pacientes menores de 16 años atendidos en un período de 11 años, que cumplan con los criterios diagnósticos de NF1 y CET según los consensos para cada entidad. Resultados: Se estudiaron 89 pacientes, 73 con NF1 y 16 con CET. Presentaron dos criterios para NF1, 58 (79.45%) pacientes, y las máculas café con leche fueron las más frecuentes y presentes en todos los casos; 10 pacientes (62.50 %) presentaron dos criterios mayores para el CET, y las máculas hipocrómicas estuvieron igualmente presentes en todos los casos. Conclusiones: Este estudio muestra la forma de presentación clínica de las dos entidades neurocutáneas más frecuentes. Se discuten los criterios diagnósticos con el objeto de identificarlos a edades más tempranas y poder brindar una evaluación médica interdisciplinaria, tratamiento y un oportuno asesoramiento genético familiar.

Abstract: Background: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic entity with an incidence of 1 in 2,500 to 3,500 births. Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) has an incidence between 1 in 6,000 to 10,000 births. Both neurocutaneous entities present an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, variable expressivity and their morbidity and mortality is associated with multisystemic complications. The aim of this study was to present the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of a series of pediatric patients diagnosed with NF1 and TSC, who were treated in the Medical Genetics Unit of the Universidad of Los Andes. Methods: This work corresponds to a series of cases of patients under 16 years of age served in a period of 11 years, who met the diagnostic criteria of NF1 and CET according to the consensus for each entity. Results: We studied 89 patients, 73 with NF1 and 16 with TSC. 58 (79.45%) of the patients presented two criteria for NF1, with café-au-lait macules being the most frequent and present in all cases. 10 (62.50%) of the patients presented two major criteria for TSC; hypochromic macules were equally present in all cases. Conclusions: This study shows the clinical presentation of the two most frequent neurocutaneous entities. Diagnostic criteria are discussed in order to perform them at younger ages and to provide an interdisciplinary medical evaluation, treatment and timely family genetic counseling.

[Hallazgos clínicos y epidemiológicos en la neurofibromatosis tipo 1 y el complejo esclerosis tuberosa en una serie de pacientes pediátricos]. / Clinical and epidemiological findings in neurofibromatosis type 1 and tuberous sclerosis complex in a series of pediatric patients.

Introducción: La neurofibromatosis tipo 1 (NF1) es una entidad genética con una incidencia de 1 entre 2,500 a 3,500 nacimientos. Por su parte, el complejo esclerosis tuberosa (CET) presenta una incidencia de 1 entre 6,000 a 10,000 nacimientos. Ambas entidades neurocutáneas cursan con un patrón de herencia autosómico dominante, expresividad variable y la morbimortalidad se encuentra asociada a complicaciones multisistémicas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue exponer las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de una serie de pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico de NF1 y CET atendidos en la Unidad de Genética Médica de la Universidad de Los Andes. Métodos: Este trabajo corresponde a una serie de casos de pacientes menores de 16 años atendidos en un período de 11 años, que cumplan con los criterios diagnósticos de NF1 y CET según los consensos para cada entidad. Resultados: Se estudiaron 89 pacientes, 73 con NF1 y 16 con CET. Presentaron dos criterios para NF1, 58 (79.45%) pacientes, y las máculas café con leche fueron las más frecuentes y presentes en todos los casos; 10 pacientes (62.50 %) presentaron dos criterios mayores para el CET, y las máculas hipocrómicas estuvieron igualmente presentes en todos los casos. Conclusiones: Este estudio muestra la forma de presentación clínica de las dos entidades neurocutáneas más frecuentes. Se discuten los criterios diagnósticos con el objeto de identificarlos a edades más tempranas y poder brindar una evaluación médica interdisciplinaria, tratamiento y un oportuno asesoramiento genético familiar. Background: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic entity with an incidence of 1 in 2,500 to 3,500 births. Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) has an incidence between 1 in 6,000 to 10,000 births. Both neurocutaneous entities present an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, variable expressivity and their morbidity and mortality is associated with multisystemic complications. The aim of this study was to present the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of a series of pediatric patients diagnosed with NF1 and TSC, who were treated in the Medical Genetics Unit of the Universidad of Los Andes. Methods: This work corresponds to a series of cases of patients under 16 years of age served in a period of 11 years, who met the diagnostic criteria of NF1 and CET according to the consensus for each entity. Results: We studied 89 patients, 73 with NF1 and 16 with TSC. 58 (79.45%) of the patients presented two criteria for NF1, with café-au-lait macules being the most frequent and present in all cases. 10 (62.50%) of the patients presented two major criteria for TSC; hypochromic macules were equally present in all cases. Conclusions: This study shows the clinical presentation of the two most frequent neurocutaneous entities. Diagnostic criteria are discussed in order to perform them at younger ages and to provide an interdisciplinary medical evaluation, treatment and timely family genetic counseling.

[Characterisation of the paediatric population of Costa Rica with tuberous sclerosis and a description of the behaviour of the associated epilepsy]. / Caracterizacion de la población pediátrica costarricense con esclerosis tuberosa y descripcion del comportamiento de la epilepsia asociada.

INTRODUCTION: Tuberous sclerosis (TS) is a pathology with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance that is due to a disorder affecting cell differentiation and proliferation that produces hamartomas in different organs. Its variable forms affect the central nervous system, the kidneys, the skin and other organs. No studies have been conducted on its prevalence and behaviour in the paediatric population of Costa Rica. AIMS: To characterise the paediatric population with TS in Costa Rica and to describe the behaviour of its epilepsy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study analyses prevalence based on a review of the clinical records of all the patients under 18 years of age diagnosed with TS treated at the National Children's Hospital over the period 2000-2010. RESULTS; During the period under study a total of 37 patients were included for a prevalence of 3.09 per 100,000 live births (95% confidence interval = 1.88-4.31). No significant differences were observed according to sex. The mean age at diagnosis was 14 months. The most frequent major criteria were hypomelanotic macules (97.3%), facial angiofibromas (56%) and cortical tuberomas (54.1%). Thirty-five patients presented convulsions (95%). The treatments that achieved a reduction in the number of seizures of at least 50% were vigabatrine (16.2%) and epilepsy surgery (16.2%). CONCLUSIONS; All patients with epilepsy should be submitted to a thorough examination of the skin, since skin lesions are a very frequent finding in TS. Epilepsy in TS is pharmacoresistant in a large number of patients, and vigabatrine must be considered as first-line pharmacological treatment.

TITLE: Caracterizacion de la poblacion pediatrica costarricense con esclerosis tuberosa y descripcion del comportamiento de la epilepsia asociada.Introduccion. La esclerosis tuberosa (ET) es una patologia autosomica dominante debida a un trastorno en la diferenciacion y proliferacion celular que produce hamartomas en diferentes organos. Afecta de forma variable el sistema nervioso central, los riñones, la piel y otros organos. No existen estudios de su prevalencia ni de su comportamiento en la poblacion pediatrica de Costa Rica. Objetivos. Caracterizar la poblacion pediatrica costarricense con ET y describir el comportamiento de su epilepsia. Pacientes y metodos. Estudio de prevalencias basado en la revision de expedientes clinicos de todos los pacientes menores de 18 años con diagnostico de ET seguidos en el Hospital Nacional de Niños durante el periodo 2000-2010. Resultados. Durante el periodo de estudio se incluyeron 37 pacientes para una prevalencia de 3,09 por 100.000 nacidos vivos (intervalo de confianza al 95% = 1,88-4,31). No se presentaron diferencias significativas por sexo. La mediana de edad al diagnostico fue de 14 meses. Los criterios mayores mas frecuentes fueron manchas hipomelanoticas (97,3%), angiofibromas faciales (56%) y tuberomas corticales (54,1%). Treinta y cinco pacientes presentaron convulsiones (95%). Los tratamientos que lograron reduccion de al menos un 50% de las crisis convulsivas fueron la vigabatrina (16,2%) y la cirugia de epilepsia (16,2%). Conclusiones. En todo paciente con epilepsia debe realizarse una valoracion minuciosa de la piel, ya que las lesiones en la piel son un hallazgo muy frecuente en la ET. La epilepsia en la ET es farmacorresistente en un elevado numero de pacientes y la vigabatrina debe valorarse como tratamiento farmacologico de primera linea.

Presentación de caso radiológico: Esclerosis tuberosa / Radiologic case presentation. Tuberous sclerosis

Se presenta un caso de una mujer de 27 años, quien acude al Cuerpo de Guardia con dolor abdominal moderado de reciente comienzo. Al examen físico, se constata una masa abdominal que ocupaba ambos flancos. Luego de los estudios clínicos e imagenológicos, se comprobó la presencia de angiomiolipomas renales bilaterales, nódulos subependimarios y lesiones en piel por lo que se diagnosticó esclerosis tuberosa. La esclerosis tuberosa es una enfermedad neurocutánea caracterizada por cambios hamartomatosos en los pulmones, cerebro, riñones, piel, corazón y otros órganos. Para el diagnóstico se aplican criterios basados en el hallazgo de manifestaciones mayores y menores. En esto, la Imagenología tiene un importante papel(AU)

A 27 year old woman was given to the emergency department with mild, acute onset of right side abdominal pain. Clinical examination revealed firm masses bilaterally occupying almost the entire abdomen. Because the presence of bilateral angiomyolipomas, subependymal tuberous and adenoma sebaceum of the skin the patient was diagnosed as having a case of tuberous sclerosis . TS is a neurocutaneous disease characterized by hamartomatous changes in the lungs, brain, kidneys, skin, heart and others organs. The diagnostic criteria consisted of a set of major and minor diagnostic features. The imagenology plays a very important role(AU)

Esclerosis tuberosa: a propósito de un caso con compromiso multisistémico y evolución fatal / Tuberous sclerosis: case report with multisystemic involvement and fatal outcome

Presentamos una paciente de 45 años, con lesiones cutaneas características de esclerosis tuberosa: maculas hipopigmentadas en el tronco, angiofibromas solitarios en la cara, un angiofibroma en placa en la frente y un nevo conectivo en la espalda. También presenta compromiso neurológico: epilepsia, calcificaciones periventriculares y nódulos subependimarios sin déficit cognitivo, compromiso pulmonar: linfangiomiomatosis, alteraciones oftalmológicas: hamartomas retinianos, y manifestaciones renales: angiomiolipomas y quistes renales múltiples. Destacamos el importante compromiso multisistémico de este caso y la rareza de la linfangiomiomatosis, motivo por el cual el pronóstico de la enfermedad empeora. A pesar de ello, y en contra de lo esperado, la paciente sobrevive hasta los 45 años y finalmente fallece por complicaciones propias de su patología de base (AU)

Fetal rhabdomyoma: prenatal diagnosis, clinical outcome, and incidence of associated tuberous sclerosis complex.

OBJECTIVES: We reviewed our institution's experience with fetal cardiac rhabdomyoma to document the clinical outcome and incidence of associated tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and compared our findings with those of patients diagnosed with cardiac rhabdomyoma after birth. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed the medical records of all cases diagnosed prenatally and postnatally with cardiac rhabdomyoma between January 1990 and June 2002. RESULTS: Twenty fetuses with cardiac rhabdomyoma were diagnosed at 28.4+/-6.0 weeks' gestational age. Of 19 continued pregnancies, there was one spontaneous intrauterine death, and 18 were delivered at term. Although none had prenatal hemodynamic complications, after birth seven had cardiac symptoms requiring medical (n=4) or surgical intervention (n=3). On follow-up, 15 of 19 with available outcome had TSC (79%), including six with neurodevelopmental disease. Over the same period, 26 patients were diagnosed with cardiac rhabdomyoma postnatally. Most (77%) were referred for cardiac assessment after findings suggesting TSC. On follow-up, TSC was confirmed in 25 (96%), including 22 with neurodevelopmental disease. The incidence of cardiac symptoms and TSC was not statistically different between the prenatal and postnatal diagnosis groups. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac rhabdomyomas are benign from the cardiovascular standpoint in most affected fetuses. As observed in postnatally diagnosed cardiac rhabdomyoma, TSC is diagnosed in most cases of fetal cardiac rhabdomyoma.

Epidemiologia genética e clínica da esclerose tuberosa / Genetic and clinical epidemiology of tuberous sclerosis

O presente trabalho aborda aspectos epidemiológicos e genéticos da Esclerose Tuberosa, uma doença multissistêmica e complexa, caracterizada tradicionalmente por Angiofibromas faciais(anteriormente confundido com Adenoma Sebáceo)Epilepsia e Retardo Mental. A etiopatogenia da doença só recentemente começou a ser elucidada. A ocorrência varia de 1/10.000 a 1/50.000 em todas as populações e grupos étnicos. A proporção sexual é 1,0.A herança é compatível com o medelo autossômico dominante com penetrância incompleta, embora tenha sido estimado que cerca de 85 por cento dos casos resultam de mutações novas. A Esclerose Tuberosa está ligada a pelo menos dois Ioci, o TSC1 no cromossomo 9 (9q34.3) e o TSC2 no cromossomo 16 (16p13.3). O gene TSC2 codifica uma proteína, a tuberina, que funciona como um supressor de tumor. A tríade clássica da Esclerose Tuberosa é confirmada em apenas um terço dos casos, no restante a doença pode apresentar uma ampla variedade de sinais e sintomas, principalmente manifestações cutâneas, hamartomas e tumores de vários órgãos e tecidos