Entomoftoromicosis por Conidiobolus coronatus en un paciente joven proveniente de área rural / Entomophthoromycosis due to Conidiobolus coronatus in a young patient from a rural area

La conidiobolomicosis es una micosis subcutánea causada por un hongo saprofito, Conidiobulus spp. perteneciente a la clase Zigomicetos, orden Entomoftorales, que habita en regiones tropicales. La manifestación clínica clásica es la deformidad progresiva de estructuras faciales y su diagnóstico se basa en cultivos de la zona afectada y el estudio histopatológico, siendo el "fenómeno de Splendore-Hoeppli" el hallazgo más característico. Dada su baja frecuencia de presentación, no existe consenso sobre la mejor opción y tiempo de tratamiento. Aquí presentamos un caso de entomoftoromicosis rinofacial causada por Conidiobolus coronatus en un paciente inmunocompetente de la región sur de Colombia.

Conidiobolomycosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by a saprophytic fungus, Conidiobulus, belonging to the class of Zygomycetes, an order of Entomophtorales that inhabits tropical regions. Its most frequent clinical manifestation is the progressive deformity of facial midline structures, and the diagnosis is based on cultures taken from the affected area and the histopathological study, being the "Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon" the most characteristic finding. Due to its low frequency of presentation, there is no consensus about the best option and treatment time. We present a case of rhinofacial entomophthoromycosis caused by Conidiobolus coronatus in an immunocompetent patient from the southern region of Colombia.

COVID-19 y rinosinusitis invasiva aguda secundaria a mucormicosis: a propósito de 2 casos en Colombia / Covid-19 and acute invasive rhinosinusitis secondary to mucormycosis: report of two cases in Colombia

Introducción: la mucormicosis es una infección micótica poco frecuente, también conocida como zigomicosis o phycomycosis, de baja prevalencia, pero con alta mortalidad, por lo regular ocasionada por estados de inmunosupresión como los que ocurren después de infecciones por COVID-19, teniendo esta asociación patológica una alta tasa de mortalidad y secuelas en la salud de los que la padecen. Presentación de los casos: son dos casos de mucormicosis rinocerebral asociados con COVID-19 y se describen el manejo y los desenlaces.

Introduction:mucormycosis is a rare fungal infection, also known as zygomycosis or phycomycosis. It features low prevalence and high mortality rate. It usually affects patients with altered immunity precipitated by COVID-19 infection. This co-infection is associated with high mortality rate and sequelae in affected patients. Case report: we present two cases of rhino-cerebral mucormycosis co-infection in COVID-19 patients, the provided treatment, and outcomes.

Conidiobolomicose em ovinos no Estado do Acre, Brasil / Conidiobolomycosis in sheep in the state of Acre, Brazil

A criação de ovinos tem expandido no mercado de carne e subprodutos no Brasil. A conidiobolomicose é uma zigomicose considerada uma doença emergente, que acomete humanos e animais. Por ser uma doença com letalidade alta e pela gravidade das lesões, ela causa perdas econômicas relevantes na ovinocultura. Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, histopatológicos e microbiológicos da conidiobolomicose em um rebanho de ovinos no município de Porto Acre (AC). Descreve-se um surto de conidiobolomicose que ocorreu entre os meses de abril e julho de 2014. A propriedade possuía 60 ovinos da raça Santa Inês e cinco desses animais adoeceram. Clinicamente os animais doentes apresentavam dificuldade respiratória, corrimento nasal seroso a mucossanguinolento e, por vezes exoftalmia. Foram retirados fragmentos da lesão circunscrita do pulmão esquerdo dos ovinos necropsiados os quais foram submetidos à análise microbiológica e histopatológica. O fungo isolado apresentou caracterização macro e micromorfológica identificados como Conidiobolus lamprauges. Pelos sinais clínicos, achados epidemiológicos, análise histopatológica e, principalmente, pelo isolamento do agente, a enfermidade dos ovinos neste estudo foi identificada como conidiobolomicose causada por Conidiobolus lamprauges.(AU)

Sheep farming has expanded in the meat and by-products market in Brazil. Conidiobolomycosis is a zygomycosis considered an emerging disease, which affects humans and animals. Because it is a disease with high lethality and the severity of injuries, it causes significant economic losses in sheep farming. This work aims to describe the epidemiological, clinical, histopathological and microbiological aspects of conidiobolomycosis in a flock of sheep in Porto Acre city (Acre state of North Brazil). An outbreak of conidiobolomycosis occurred between April and July 2014. The property had 60 Santa Inês sheep and five of these animals became ill. Clinically, the sick animals had breathing difficulties, a serous to mucous-bloody runny nose and, at times, exophthalmos. Fragments of the circumscribed lesion of the left lung were removed from the necropsied sheep and submitted to microbiological and histopathological analysis. The isolated fungus showed macro and micromorphological characterization identified as Conidiobolus lamprauges. Due to clinical signs, epidemiological findings, histopathological analysis and, mainly, the isolation of the agent, the disease of the sheep in this study was identified as conidiobolomycosis caused by Conidiobolus lamprauges.(AU)

Conidiobolomycosis in ovine in Southeast Bahia - Brazil

Background: Conidiobolomycosis is a highly lethal, granulomatous disease that primarily affects the respiratory systemof sheep. The etiological agents are fungi of the genus Conidiobolus, including Conidiobolus coronatus, C. incongruus,and C. lamprageus. In Northeast Brazil, this disease is particularly important considering the significant impact sheepand goats have on the regional economy. The present report describes the occurrence of conidiobolomycosis in two sheepfrom the same property in the Itabuna-BA region that were referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the State University ofSanta Cruz, Bahia, Brazil.Case: The primary complaint in both animals was bilateral bloody nasal discharge over a period of approximately 15 daysand frequent coughing. On physical examination, the animals exhibited “goosebumps” and opaque hair, with a body scoreof 1 (scale, 1-5), mild dehydration (7%), apathy, frequent cough with putrid odor, bilateral serosanguinolent nasal discharge,craniofacial asymmetry, expiratory dyspnea, enlargement of the retropharyngeal lymph nodes, audible pulmonary rales,and pain on percussion of the pulmonary field. A therapeutic support protocol was established to stabilize the animals untilthe results of complete blood count, radiography, and microbiological evaluation of nasal content were available. Definitive diagnosis of disease was made by direct positive mycological examination, that revealed the presence of wide rarelyseptate hyphae, and isolation and cultivation of the fungus Conidiobolus sp., with microculture on slides and staining withlactophenol blue cotton. Due to disease diagnosis and the severity of injuries observed, the prognoses of both animals wereconsidered to be unfavorable and led to euthanasia and necropsy. At necropsy, the most...(AU)

Conidiobolomycosis in ovine in Southeast Bahia - Brazil

Background: Conidiobolomycosis is a highly lethal, granulomatous disease that primarily affects the respiratory systemof sheep. The etiological agents are fungi of the genus Conidiobolus, including Conidiobolus coronatus, C. incongruus,and C. lamprageus. In Northeast Brazil, this disease is particularly important considering the significant impact sheepand goats have on the regional economy. The present report describes the occurrence of conidiobolomycosis in two sheepfrom the same property in the Itabuna-BA region that were referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the State University ofSanta Cruz, Bahia, Brazil.Case: The primary complaint in both animals was bilateral bloody nasal discharge over a period of approximately 15 daysand frequent coughing. On physical examination, the animals exhibited “goosebumps” and opaque hair, with a body scoreof 1 (scale, 1-5), mild dehydration (7%), apathy, frequent cough with putrid odor, bilateral serosanguinolent nasal discharge,craniofacial asymmetry, expiratory dyspnea, enlargement of the retropharyngeal lymph nodes, audible pulmonary rales,and pain on percussion of the pulmonary field. A therapeutic support protocol was established to stabilize the animals untilthe results of complete blood count, radiography, and microbiological evaluation of nasal content were available. Definitive diagnosis of disease was made by direct positive mycological examination, that revealed the presence of wide rarelyseptate hyphae, and isolation and cultivation of the fungus Conidiobolus sp., with microculture on slides and staining withlactophenol blue cotton. Due to disease diagnosis and the severity of injuries observed, the prognoses of both animals wereconsidered to be unfavorable and led to euthanasia and necropsy. At necropsy, the most...

Conidiobolomycosis, cryptococcosis, and aspergillosis in sheep and goats: a review.

We review herein infections by Conidiobolus spp., Cryptococcus spp., and Aspergillus spp. in sheep and goats. Conidiobolus spp. are common causes of rhinitis in sheep and are less frequent in goats, in which Conidiobolus spp. also cause skin lesions. Cryptococcus spp. cause rhinitis, meningitis, encephalitis, and pneumonia in goats, and are rarely observed in sheep. Aspergillus spp. may cause rhinitis in goats, and pneumonia and mastitis in sheep and goats. Gross and microscopic lesions caused by these 3 fungal infections may be similar to each other. The diagnosis of these diseases must be based on gross and microscopic lesions, coupled with detection of the agent by immunohistochemical, molecular, and/or culture-based methods.

Zigomicosis y síndrome hemofagocítico en un paciente inmunocompetente: informe de caso / Zygomycosis and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in an immunocompetent patient: a case report

Introducción: la zigomicosis es una infección fúngica poco frecuente, con alta tasa de mortalidad y de mal pronóstico. Afecta principalmente a pacientes inmunocomprometidos. La asociación con el síndrome hemofagocítico es extremadamente inusual, más aún en pacientes inmunocompetentes, con pocos ejemplos registrados en la literatura. Caso clínico: se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino inmunocompetente de 40 años con diagnóstico de mucormicosis y síndrome hemofagocítico que evoluciona desfavorablemente, con fallo multiorgánico, a pesar de los esfuerzos médicos. Conclusión: la asociación de mucormicosis con síndrome hemofagocítico en un paciente inmunocompetente es extremadamente rara; existen pocos casos informados en Latinoamérica. Debemos tener presente esta asociación, ya que requiere un tratamiento agresivo y soporte vital avanzado. (AU)

Introduction: zygomycosis is a rare fungal infection that carries with high mortality rates. This poor prognosis, rapidly progressive infection mainly affects immunocompromised patients. The association with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is extremely unusual, even more in immunocompetent patients, with few cases reported. Case: we present the case of an immunocompetent male patient who was diagnosed with zygomycosis and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Despite medical efforts he developed multiorganic failure. Conclusion: the association of mucormycosis with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in an immunocompetent patient is exceptional with few cases reported in Latin America. We must always suspect this association considering they require aggressive treatment and advanced life support. (AU)

Colonic basidiobolomycosis with liver involvement masquerading as gastrointestinal lymphoma: a case report and literature review.

Basidiobolomycosis is an unusual fungal skin infection that rarely involves the gastrointestinal tract. This study reported a 5-year-old boy with gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis that had been misdiagnosed as gastrointestinal lymphoma. He was treated by surgical resection and a combination of posaconazole and amphotericin B deoxycholate with an acceptable response and no recurrence.

Colonic basidiobolomycosis with liver involvement masquerading as gastrointestinal lymphoma: a case report and literature review

Abstract Basidiobolomycosis is an unusual fungal skin infection that rarely involves the gastrointestinal tract. This study reported a 5-year-old boy with gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis that had been misdiagnosed as gastrointestinal lymphoma. He was treated by surgical resection and a combination of posaconazole and amphotericin B deoxycholate with an acceptable response and no recurrence.

Conidiobolus macrosporus (Entomophthorales), a mosquito pathogen in Central Brazil.

A new fungal pathogen of Culicinae (Diptera: Culicidae) adults, Conidiobolus macrosporus (Entomophthorales: Ancylistaceae), was detected and isolated during a survey of mosquito pathogens close to the city of Aruanã, Goiás State, in December 2014. The morphological characteristics of C. macrosporus are presented, and reasons for some uncertainty about this identification are discussed. The pathogenicity and high virulence of this fungus for Aedes aegypti were confirmed in laboratory conditions. Mortality of adults exposed to conidia was observed within 24h of exposure to the pathogen, and increased to 100% as quickly as 3days after inoculation (with the highest conidial concentration tested, 8.3×10(4)conidia/cm(2)). Repeated attempts to obtain genomic sequence data failed despite confirmations that the DNA extraction methods were themselves successful.

Zoophthora radicans (Entomophthorales), a fungal pathogen of Bagrada hilaris and Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae and Triozidae): Prevalence, pathogenicity, and interplay of environmental influence, morphology, and sequence data on fungal identification.

The exotic bagrada bug or painted bug, Bagrada hilaris, and the native potato/tomato psyllid, Bactericera (=Paratrioza) cockerelli, are key pests of horticulture in western North America. In 2014-2015, adult and juvenile B. hilaris and B. cockerelli killed by fungi in the genus Zoophthora were detected near Saltillo, northeastern Mexico. We report the field prevalence and observations of Zoophthora on these hosts. The morphology and growth characteristics of field-collected specimens and pure in vitro cultures, as well as molecular markers (ITS1 and ITS4) were analyzed to identify these Zoophthora populations. Although there were morphological spore differences detected among field collections from both insect hosts, the fungi causing these mycoses can be identified as the same species (Zoophthora radicans), according to morphometric data from in vitro cultures (where differences observed in field material were attenuated) and sequence data (96-99% identity for ITS1 and 4). These results underscore the plasticity of field collections and in vitro cultures, and the relevance of comprehensive morphological and molecular analysis from cultures under standard conditions. Dose-response bioassays were conducted with one Z. radicans strain against bagrada bug nymphs. Exposure to conidial showers from cultures induced 30-90% mortality. This is the first report of a natural enemy of bagrada bug in Mexico, and the first published report of entomophthoralean fungi naturally attacking bagrada bugs and potato psyllids. Z. radicans should be further investigated as a tool in the biological control of hemipterans.

Fine-scale spatial genetic structure of a fungal parasite of coffee scale insects.

The entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium lecanii persists in a highly dynamic network of habitat patches (i.e., a metapopulation) formed by its primary host, the green coffee scale Coccus viridis. Lecanicillium lecanii is an important biological control of both C. viridis and the coffee rust, Hemileia vastatrix. Successfully managing this biocontrol agent will depend on an increased understanding of the characteristics of its dispersal, as migration between occupied and unoccupied patches is essential for the persistence of this metapopulation. In the present study, we employ a population genetics approach, and show that in our study system, a coffee farm in the Soconusco region of southern Mexico, L. lecanii is characterized by clear spatial genetic structure among plots within the farm but a lack of apparent structure at smaller scales. This is consistent with dispersal dominated by highly localized transport, such as by insects or rain splash, and less dependence on longer distance dispersal such as wind transport. The study site was dominated by a few multi-locus microsatellite genotypes, and their identities and large-scale locations persist across both study years, suggesting that local epizootics (outbreaks) are initiated each wet season by residual propagules from the previous wet season, and not by long-distance transport of propagules from other sites. The index of association, a measure of linkage disequilibrium, indicates that epizootics are primarily driven by asexual, clonal reproduction, which is consistent with the apparent lack of a teleomorph in the study site and the presence of only a single mating type across the site (MAT-1-2-1). Although the same predominant clonal genotypes were found across years, a drastic difference in genotypic diversity was witnessed across two sites between the two years, suggesting that interclonal selection was occurring. In light of the dispersal limitation of L. lecanii, spatial structure may be an essential axis of management to ensure the persistence of L. lecanii and preserve the ecosystem services provided by this versatile biocontrol agent in this and similar coffee farms.

Survival Without Neurological Impairment of a Patient With Rhino-Orbito-Cerebral Zygomycosis.

Rhinocerebral zygomycosis is a rare condition characterized by infection initially in the nose and paranasal sinuses with atypical symptoms consistent with sinusitis. Once established in the nasal sinuses, the infection can easily spread to the orbital region and brain. In the localized form of the infection, the mortality rate is approximately 10%, which increases in the occurrence of orbital involvement and survival in patients of cerebral dissemination is extremely rare. The present paper reports a patient of nasal zygomycosis with orbital and cerebral dissemination in an otherwise healthy patient who survived after 14 months of hospitalization with no neurological impairment. A review of the literature addressing aspects related to diagnosis, treatment, and complications of this fungal infection is also presented.

Epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic aspects of sheep conidiobolomycosis in Brazil / Aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e de diagnóstico da conidiobolomicose ovina no Brasil

Conidiobolomycosis is an emerging disease caused by fungi of the cosmopolitan genus Conidiobolus . Particular strains of Conidiobolus coronatus, Conidiobolus incongruus and Conidiobolus lamprauges , mainly from tropical or sub-tropical origin, cause the mycosis in humans and animals, domestic or wild. Lesions are usually granulomatous and necrotic in character, presenting two clinical forms: rhinofacial and nasopharyngeal. This review includes the main features of the disease in sheep, with an emphasis on the epidemiology, clinical aspects, and diagnosis of infections caused by Conidiobolus spp. in Brazil. In this country, the disease is endemic in the Northeast and Midwest, affecting predominantly woolless sheep breeds and occasioning death in the majority of the studied cases. The species responsible for infections of sheep are C. coronatus and C. lamprauges and the predominant clinical presentation is nasopharyngeal. These fungal infections are very important, since they compromise the health status of the sheep flock and cause serious economic losses to the sheep industry. Thus, research is needed to investigate faster tools for diagnosis and effective methods for the control and treatment of conidiobolomycosis.(AU)

Conidiobolomicose é uma enfermidade emergente causada por fungos cosmopolitas do gênero Conidiobolus . Isolados de Conidiobolus coronatus, Conidiobolus incongruus e Conidiobolus lamprauges, principalmente de origem tropical e subtropical, afetam humanos, animais domésticos e silvestres. As lesões da conidiobolomicose normalmente são de caráter granulomatoso e necrótico, apresentando-se sob duas formas clínicas: rinofacial e nasofaríngea. O presente artigo tem como objetivo revisar as principais características da doença em ovinos, particularizando a epidemiologia, assim como os aspectos clínicos e o diagnóstico das infecções causadas por Conidiobolus spp. no Brasil. Neste País, a enfermidade é endêmica nas regiões nordeste e centro-oeste, afetando ovinos predominantemente de raças deslanadas, ocasionando a morte na grande maioria dos casos estudados. As espécies do fungo responsáveis pelas infecções em ovinos são C. coronatus e C. lamprauges e a forma clínica predominante é a nasofaríngea. Tais infecções fúngicas são muito importantes, uma vez que comprometem o status sanitário do rebanho ovino e acarretam sérios prejuízos econômicos à ovinocultura. Dessa forma, pesquisas são necessárias para investigar ferramentas rápidas de diagnóstico e métodos eficazes de controle e tratamento da conidiobolomicose.(AU)

Proteínas imunorreativas de Conidiobolus lamprauges isoladas de ovinos infectados naturalmente / Immunoreactive proteins of Conidiobolus lamprauges isolated from naturally infected sheep

O estudo de conidiobolomicose ovina tem sido realizado nos seus aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos, patológicos e moleculares. Informações, entretanto, sobre a resposta imune do hospedeiro na infecção por Conidiobolus lamprauges são inexistentes. Este estudo teve por objetivo a identificação de proteínas imunorreativas que possam desempenhar papel importante na resposta imune de ovinos naturalmente infectados por C. lamprauges. Para a caracterização protéica e imunológica foi utilizada a cepa de C. lamprauges (FIOCRUZ-INCQS 40316) isolada de ovino com sinais clínicos de conidiobolomicose no Estado do MT e cinco amostras de soro de ovinos infectados naturalmente pelo fungo. A presença de anticorpos IgG foi observada em todos os animais doentes com títulos reagentes em diluições de até 1:1.600. Na técnica do immunoblot, o perfil antigênico frente aos soros ovinos com a doença apresentou doze bandas reativas, com massas moleculares variando de 35 a 198 kDa. Dentre estas, a proteína de 198 kDa foi reativa em 3 soros de ovinos e a de 53 kDa apresentou a maior intensidade comparativamente com outras bandas, sendo provavelmente imunodominante. Amostras de soro de animais sadios não apresentaram reatividade demostrando a especificidade da técnica. A presença de proteínas antigênicas de C. lamprauges e IgG específicos em soros de ovinos observados no presente trabalho poderá auxiliar no desenvolvimento de métodos de diagnóstico precoces e na utilização de proteínas candidatas a vacinas para o controle e prevenção da infecção em animais e humanos.(AU)

The study of sheep conidiobolomycosis has been carried out in its clinical, epidemiological, pathological and molecular aspects. Information, however, about the host immune response in infection Conidiobolus lamprauges is absent. This study aimed to identify immunoreactive proteins that may play an important role in the immune response of sheep naturally infected by C. lamprauges. For protein and immunological characterization, C. lamprauges (strain FIOCRUZ-INCQS 40316) isolated from a sheep with clinical signs of conidiobolomycosis in the MT state and five sera samples of naturally infected sheep were used. The presence of IgG antibody was observed in all patients with reagent titers in dilutions up to 1:1600. In immunoblot technique, the antigenic profile against infected sheep sera showed twelve reactive bands with molecular weights ranging from 35 to 198 kDa. Among them, the 198 kDa protein was reactive against sera from three sheep and the 53 kDa showed increased intensity compared to other bands probably being immunodominant. Healthy animal serum samples showed no reactivity demonstrating the specificity of the technique. The presence of antigenic proteins of C. lamprauges and specific IgG in sheep sera observed in this study may assist in the development of early diagnostic methods and the use of protein as candidate vaccines for the control and prevention of infection in animals and human.(AU)

Trombosis de seno cavernoso causada por zigomicosis invasiva fulminante: A propósito de un caso / Cavernous sinus Thrombosis caused by fulminant invasive zygomycosis: A case report

Zygomycosis is an opportunistic fungal infection caused by fungi of the Mucorales order. It’s potentially lethal infection which generally affects diabetic or inmunocomprised patients. Cavernous sinus thrombosis is uncommon complication. We report the case of a 67 year old woman with invasive zycomycosis who present cranial nerves dysfunction (III, IV, VI, V1 and V2 branches of the trigeminal nerve), proptosis and retroorbital pain as initial manifestation. Brain magnetic resonance imaging evidence early indirect signs. Biopsy of the cavernous sinus revealed Rhizopus as the offending agent. A high index of suspicion is needed to correctly diagnose this condition for its optimal management.

La zigomicosis es una infección oportunista y potencialmente letal producida por hongos del orden Mucorales. Afecta a pacientes diabéticos e inmunocomprometidos. La trombosis del seno cavernoso es una complicación poco frecuente. Presentamos el caso de una paciente mujer de 67 años diagnosticada de zigomicosis invasiva que debutó con compromiso de pares craneales (III, IV, VI además de las ramas V1 y V2 del nervio trigémino), proptosis y dolor retroorbitario derecho. La resonancia magnética craneal, en fase aguda, mostró signos indirectos característicos. La biopsia de seno cavernoso confirmó la presencia de Rhizopus. Se precisa un alto índice de sospecha clínica que favorezca una intervención terapéutica precoz y agresiva.

Aspectos epidemiológicos da conidiobolomicose em ovinos na região semiárida do Nordeste do Brasil / Epidemiological aspects of conidiobolomycosis in sheep in the Northeastern Brazilian semiarid region

Com o objetivo de determinar aspectos epidemiológicos da conidiobolomicose dos ovinos, foi realizado um estudo caso-controle em 27 propriedades (16 com casos e 11 controles) nos estados da Paraíba e do Rio Grande do Norte. Das 16 propriedades com casos, em nove (56,3%), ocorreu apenas um foco e em sete (43,8%) aconteceram dois, totalizando 23 focos no período do estudo. Em 20 focos, foi diagnosticada somente conidiobolomicose e, em três, além de casos de conidiobolomicose, ocorreram casos de pitiose rinofacial. Nos focos de conidiobolomicose, a morbidade variou de 0,7% a 73,3% e a letalidade foi de 100%. Treze focos (56,5%) aconteceram no período chuvoso (janeiro a maio), seis (26,1%) ocorreram no período seco (junho a dezembro) e, em quatro, não foi determinada a época de ocorrência. Em todas as propriedades com casos, os animais tinham acesso a açudes, durante todo o ano ou por períodos de 2-8 meses. Na análise univariada dos fatores de risco referentes aos focos de conidiobolomicose, as variáveis associadas foram: pastejo dos animais às margens dos açudes; período de pastejo às margens dos açudes; presença de matéria vegetal constituída por plantas aquáticas; pressão de pastejo; e raça, afetando predominantemente a raça Santa Inês. Conclui-se que a associação de fatores como pastejo constante em áreas úmidas com matéria vegetal decomposta e solo rico em matéria orgânica expõe os animais à infecção por Conidiobolus spp. e predispõe à ocorrência de focos. A implantação de pastagens para corte, nas margens dos açudes, pode ser uma medida eficaz de controle da conidiobolomicose.(AU)

With the objective to determine the epidemiological aspects of conidiobolomycosis and rhinofacial pythiosis in sheep, a case-control study was conducted in 27 farms (16 cases and 11 controls) in the states of Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte. In nine (56.3%) farms only one outbreak was observed and in seven, two outbreaks occurred, totaling 23 outbreaks. In 20 farms only cases of conidiobolomycosis occurred and in three farms cases of conidiobolomicosis occurred together with cases of pythiosis. In conidiobolomycosis, morbidity ranged from 0.7% to 73.3% and lethality rate was 100%. Thirteen outbreaks (56.3%) occurred in the rainy season (January to May), six (26.1%) in the dry season (June to December) and in four it was not informed. In all farms with cases, sheep had access to ponds for the whole year or for periods of 2-8 months. In the univariate analysis of risk, the variables associated with the occurrence of conidiobolomycosis were: animal grazing on the borders of the ponds; presence of vegetable matter consisting mainly of aquatic plants in the pond borders; period of grazing on the pond borders; high grazing pressure; and predominant breed of sheep, being the Santa Inês breed the most affected. It was concluded that the combination of factors such as continuous grazing in wetlands with decomposed vegetable matter and soil rich in organic matter exposes the animals to Conidiobolus spp. and predisposes to the occurrence of conidiobolomycosis. The establishment of pastures for cutting at the borders of the ponds can be an effective measure to control conidiobolomycosis.(AU)

Zigomicose rino facial: relato de caso / Rhino facial zygomycosis: case report

A zigomicose é uma doença invasiva, que acomete tanto imunocompetentes como imunocomprometidos, dependendo do tipo da cepa. O diagnóstico é clínico e histopatológico, e o tratamento é baseado em antifúngico e em limpeza cirúrgica. O presente relato de caso é sobre um menino com zigomicose rinofacial invasiva com tratamento final bem-sucedido, após terapias antifúngicas e limpezas cirúrgicas.

Zygomycosis is an invasive disease that affects both immunocompetent and immunocompromised, depending on the type of strain. This disease diagnosis is clinical and histopathological, and its treatment is based on antifungal therapy and surgical cleaning. This paper reports a case of a boy with invasive zygomycosis rinofacial who final treatment was successful after underwent antifungal and surgical therapies.