Targeting GLI1 and BAX by nanonoscapine could impede prostate adenocarcinoma progression.

Prostate cancer as a critical global health issue, requires the exploration of a novel therapeutic approach. Noscapine, an opium-derived phthalide isoquinoline alkaloid, has shown promise in cancer treatment thanks to its anti-tumorigenic properties. However, limitations such as low bioavailability and potential side effects have hindered its clinical application. This study introduces nanonoscapine as a novel medication to overcome these challenges, leveraging the advantages of improved drug delivery and efficacy achieved in nanotechnology. We monitored the effects of nanonoscapine on the androgen-sensitive human prostate adenocarcinoma cell line, LNCaP, investigating its impact on GLI1 and BAX genes' expressions, crucial regulators of cell cycle and apoptosis. Our findings, from MTT assays, flow cytometry, and gene expression analyses, have demonstrated that nanonoscapine effectively inhibits prostate cancer cell proliferation by inducing G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis. Furthermore, through bioinformatics and computational analyses, we have revealed the underlying molecular mechanisms, underscoring the therapeutic potential of nanonoscapine in enhancing patient outcomes. This study highlights the significance of nanonoscapine as an alternative or adjunct treatment to conventional chemotherapy, warranting further investigation in clinical settings.

Hepatoprotective potential of taxifolin in type 2 diabetic rats: modulation of oxidative stress and Bcl2/Bax/Caspase-3 signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global metabolic problem. Several factors including hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation play significant roles in the development of DM complications. Apoptosis is also an essential event in DM pathophysiology, -with B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2 associated X (Bax) determining apoptotic susceptibility. The present study aimed to elucidate the protective effects of two doses of taxifolin (TXF) on liver damage in diabetic rats and explore the possible mechanisms of action. METHODS AND RESULTS: DM was induced in eighteen rats through intraperitoneal injections of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin and 110 mg/kg nicotinamide. Diabetic rats received daily oral intubation of 25 and 50 mg/kg TXF for 3 months. In the untreated diabetic group, there was a significant increase in fasting and postprandial glucose levels, glycosylated hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while insulin and adiponectin levels decreased significantly. Both TXF doses mitigated hyperglycemia, regulated cytokine production, and increased insulin level. Gene expressions and protein levels of Bax, caspase 3, and cytochrome c were significantly increased, while Bcl-2 was significantly decreased in the livers of diabetic rats, effects that were significantly ameliorated after TXF treatment. The results of the TUNEL assay supported the apoptotic pathway. Additionally, TXF significantly decreased lipid peroxidation and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity in diabetic rats. Liver enzymes and histopathological changes also showed improvement. CONCLUSIONS: TXF mitigated diabetes-associated hepatic damage by reducing hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and modulating anti-/pro-apoptotic genes and proteins. A dose of 50 mg/kg TXF was more effective than 25 mg/kg and is recommended for consumption.

[Inhibitory effect and mechanism of sodium cantharidate on human tongue squamous cell carcinoma CAL27 cells].

PURPOSE: To investigate the inhibitory effect of sodium cantharidate (SCA) on human tongue squamous cell carcinoma CAL27 cells and its mechanism. METHODS: CAL27 cells were pretreated with different concentrations of SCA. Cell viability was analyzed by CCK-8 method. The migration and invasion of CAL27 cells were measured by scratch test and Transwell chamber, and the apoptosis rate was measured by flow cytometry. p53 protein and its phosphorylation sites Ser33, Ser37, Ser46, expression of BCL-2, BAX, and cleaved caspase 3 in CAL27 cells were detected by Western blot. Statistical analysis was performed with Graphpad Prism 9.0 software package. RESULTS: Compared with the blank control group, the proliferation, migration and invasion of CAL27 cells in sodium cantharidate group were significantly decreased, and the apoptosis rate was significantly increased(P＜0.01) in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of p53 protein and its phosphorylation sites Ser33, Ser37, Ser46 protein was significantly up-regulated(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). The expression of BCL-2 protein was down-regulated and the expression of BAX protein was significantly up-regulated(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). The ratio of BCL-2/BAX was significantly decreased and the expression of cleaved caspase 3 protein was significantly up-regulated(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). CONCLUSIONS: SCA can inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of human tongue squamous cell carcinoma CAL27 cells. It also down-regulates the ratio of BCL-2/BAX and up-regulates the expression of cleaved caspase 3 protein by regulating the phosphorylation of p53 protein, which induces apoptosis.

PKR Mediates the Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response through Double-Stranded RNA Accumulation under Mitochondrial Stress.

Mitochondrial stress, resulting from dysfunction and proteostasis disturbances, triggers the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRMT), which activates gene encoding chaperones and proteases to restore mitochondrial function. Although ATFS-1 mediates mitochondrial stress UPRMT induction in C. elegans, the mechanisms relaying mitochondrial stress signals to the nucleus in mammals remain poorly defined. Here, we explored the role of protein kinase R (PKR), an eIF2α kinase activated by double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), in mitochondrial stress signaling. We found that UPRMT does not occur in cells lacking PKR, indicating its crucial role in this process. Mechanistically, we observed that dsRNAs accumulate within mitochondria under stress conditions, along with unprocessed mitochondrial transcripts. Furthermore, we demonstrated that accumulated mitochondrial dsRNAs in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) deficient in the Bax/Bak channels are not released into the cytosol and do not induce the UPRMT upon mitochondrial stress, suggesting a potential role of the Bax/Bak channels in mediating the mitochondrial stress response. These discoveries enhance our understanding of how cells maintain mitochondrial integrity, respond to mitochondrial dysfunction, and communicate stress signals to the nucleus through retrograde signaling. This knowledge provides valuable insights into prospective therapeutic targets for diseases associated with mitochondrial stress.

Pro-apoptotic gene BAX is a pan-cancer predictive biomarker for prognosis and immunotherapy efficacy.

BACKGROUND: Apoptosis Regulator BCL2 Associated X (BAX) is a pro-apoptotic gene. Apoptosis is one of the important components of immune response and immune regulation. However, there is no systematic pan-cancer analysis of BAX. METHODS: Original data of this study were downloaded from TCGA databases and GTEX databases. We conducted the gene expression analysis and survival analysis of BAX in 33 types of cancer via Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were further performed to examine the BAX expression in cancer cells and tissues. Moreover, the relationship between BAX and immune infiltration and gene alteration was studied by the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) and cBioPortal tools. Protein-protein interaction analysis was performed in the STRING database. Finally, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were utilized to evaluate the enrichment analysis. RESULTS: BAX was highly expressed in most cancers and was associated with poor prognosis in nine cancer types. In addition, BAX showed significant clinical relevance, and the mRNA expression of BAX was also strongly associated with drug sensitivity of many drugs. Furthermore, BAX may participate in proliferation and metastasis of many cancers and was associated with methylation. Importantly, BAX expression was positively correlated with most immune infiltrating cells. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggested that BAX can function as an oncogene and may be used as a potential predictive biomarker for prognosis and immunotherapy efficacy of human cancer, which could provide a new approach for cancer therapy.

Target analysis and identification of curcumin against vascular calcification.

To investigate the mechanism of curcumin (CUR) on vascular calcification (VC), we screen for common targets of CUR and atherosclerosis and verify the targets genes in vivo and in vitro experiments. The common targets of CUR and AS were screened and obtained using different databases. These target genes were analyzed by GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. PPI network analysis was performed and to analyze the key targets. A rat VC model was constructed and CUR was fed for three weeks. The changes of vascular structure and calcium salt deposition were observed in H&E and Von Kossa staining. Further, the expression of these target proteins was detected in the primary VSMCs of VC. The 31 common targets were obtained. GO functional enrichment analysis obtained 1284 terms and KEGG pathway enriched 66 pathways. The key genes were identified in the cytoHubba plugin. The molecular docking analysis showed that CUR bound strongly to EGFR, STAT3 and BCL2. The animal experiments showed the deposition calcium salt reduced by the CUR administration. These proteins BMP2, RUNX2, EGFR, STAT3 and BAX expression were upregulated in VC group and CUR attenuated the upregulated expression. The signal protein Akt and p65 expression increased in VC group and decreased in CUR group. We identified some common target genes of CUR and AS and identified these key genes. The anti-VC effect of CUR was associated with the inhibition of upregulation of EGFR, STAT3 and RUNX2 expression in VSMCs.

Thiram exposure: Disruption of the blood-testis barrier and altered apoptosis-autophagy dynamics in testicular cells via the Bcl-2/Bax and mTOR/Atg5/p62 pathways in mice.

Thiram, a prevalent dithiocarbamate insecticide in agriculture, is widely employed as a crop insecticide and preservative. Chronic exposure to thiram has been linked to various irreversible damages, including tibial cartilage dysplasia, erythrocytotoxicity, renal issues, and immune system compromise. Limited research exists on its effects on reproductive organs. This study investigated the reproductive toxicology in mouse testes exposure to varying concentrations (0, 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg) of thiram. Our study uncovered a series of adverse effects in mice subjected to thiram exposure, including emaciation, stunted growth, decreased water intake, and postponed testicular maturation. Biochemical analysis in thiram-exposed mice showed elevated levels of LDH and AST, while ALP, TG, ALT, and urea were decreased. Histologically, thiram disrupted the testis' microarchitecture and compromised its barrier function by widening the gap between spermatogenic cells and promoting fibrosis. The expression of pro-apoptotic genes (Bax, APAF1, Cytc, and Caspase-3) was downregulated, whereas Bcl-2 expression increased in thiram-treated mice compared to controls. Conversely, the expression of Atg5 was upregulated, and mTOR and p62 expression decreased, with a trend towards lower LC3b levels. Thiram also disrupted the blood-testis barrier, significantly reducing the mRNA expression of zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin. In conclusion, chronic exposure to high thiram concentrations (120 mg/kg) caused testicular tissue damage, affecting the blood-testis barrier and modulating apoptosis and autophagy through the Bcl-2/Bax and mTOR/Atg5/p62 pathways. This study contributes to understanding the molecular basis of thiram-induced reproductive toxicity and underscores the need for further research and precautions for those chronically exposed to thiram and its environmental residuals.

[Melatonin Enhances the Effect of ABT-737 in Acute Monocytic Leukemia THP-1 Cells].

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, MEL) is a hormone synthesized by the pineal gland. Due to its oncostatic effect, it can be considered as an antitumor agent and used for combination therapy. ABT-737, a Bcl-2 inhibitor, promotes cell death after treatment with agents that induce pro-apoptotic signals. In the present study, the combined effect of MEL and ABT-737 on changes in proliferative and mitotic activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cytosolic Ca^(2+) was studied. Moreover, changes in the expression of anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 and Bax), autophagy markers (LC3A/B (I, II)), endoplasmic reticulum stress markers (chaperones BIP and PDI, CHOP) were studied under these conditions. The effect of MEL together with ABT-737 led to an increase in the level of cytosolic Ca^(2+), intracellular production of ROS and a decrease in the membrane potential of mitochondria. The content of Bcl-2 increased, while the level of Bax decreased. Activation of CHOP stimulated autophagy and led to a decrease in the synthesis of chaperones BIP and PDI. It is assumed that melatonin can enhance the effect of other chemotherapeutic agents and can be used in the treatment of tumors.

Cytotoxicity of alkaloids isolated from Peganum harmala seeds on HCT116 human colon cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to elucidate the potential anticancer activity and mechanism of P. harmala's alkaloid extract, harmine (HAR), and harmaline (HAL) in HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells. METHODS AND RESULTS: P. harmala's alkaloid was extracted from harmala seeds. HCT-116 cells were treated with P. harmala's alkaloid extract, HAR and HAL. Cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay, apoptotic activity detected via flow cytometry and acridine orange (AO)/ethidium bromide (EB) dual staining, and cell cycle distribution analyzed with flow cytometry. The mRNA expression of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3ß) was measured by real-time PCR. Furthermore, the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, GSK3ß and p53 proteins, were determined by western blotting. The findings indicated that, P. harmala's alkaloids extract, HAR and HAL were significantly cytotoxic toward HCT116 cells after 24 and 48 h of treatment. We showed that P. harmala's alkaloid extract induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2 phase in the HCT116 cell line. Downregulation of GSK3ß and Bcl-2 and upregulation of Bax and p53 were observed. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study indicate that the P. harmala's alkaloid extract has anticancer activity and may be further investigated to develop future anticancer chemotherapeutic agents.

Hepatoprotective effects of zingerone on sodium arsenite-induced hepatotoxicity in rats: Modulating the levels of caspase-3/Bax/Bcl-2, NLRP3/NF-κB/TNF-α and ATF6/IRE1/PERK/GRP78 signaling pathways.

OBJECTIVE: Long-term exposure to arsenic has been linked to several illnesses, including hypertension, diabetes, hepatic and renal diseases and cardiovascular malfunction. The aim of the current investigation was to determine whether zingerone (ZN) could shield rats against the hepatotoxicity that sodium arsenite (SA) causes. METHODS: The following five groups of thirty-five male Sprague Dawley rats were created: I) Control; received normal saline, II) ZN; received ZN, III) SA; received SA, IV) SA + ZN 25; received 10 mg/kg body weight SA + 25 mg/kg body weight ZN, and V) SA + ZN 50; received 10 mg/kg body weight SA + 50 mg/kg body weight ZN. The experiment lasted 14 days, and the rats were sacrificed on the 15th day. While oxidative stress parameters were studied by spectrophotometric method, apoptosis, inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress parameters were measured by RT-PCR method. RESULTS: The SA disrupted the histological architecture and integrity of the liver and enhanced oxidative damage by lowering antioxidant enzyme activity, such as those of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) level and increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the liver tissue. Additionally, SA increased the mRNA transcript levels of Bcl2 associated x (Bax), caspases (-3, -6, -9), apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 (Apaf-1), p53, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14), MAPK15, receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) and nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) in the liver tissue. Also produced endoplasmic reticulum stress by raising the mRNA transcript levels of activating transcription factor 6 (ATF-6), protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), and glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP-78). These factors together led to inflammation, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. On the other hand, liver tissue treated with ZN at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg showed significant improvement in oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the study's data suggest that administering ZN may be able to lessen the liver damage caused by SA toxicity.

Blue light irradiation suppresses oral squamous cell carcinoma through induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.

The therapeutic potential of blue light photobiomodulation in cancer treatment, particularly in inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting cell death, has attracted significant interest. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent form of oral cancer, necessitating innovative treatment approaches to improve patient outcomes. In this study, we investigated the effects of 420 nm blue LED light on OSCC and explored the underlying mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that 420 nm blue light effectively reduced OSCC cell viability and migration, and induced G2/M arrest. Moreover, we observed that 420 nm blue light triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in OSCC cells, leading to activation of the CHOP signal pathway and alterations in the levels of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins, ultimately promoting cell apoptosis. Additionally, blue light suppressed mitochondrial gene expression, likely due to its damage to mitochondrial DNA. This study highlights the distinct impact of 420 nm blue light on OSCC cells, providing valuable insights into its potential application as a clinical treatment for oral cancer.

Zinc ions regulate mitochondrial quality control in neurons under oxidative stress and reduce PANoptosis in spinal cord injury models via the Lgals3-Bax pathway.

Spinal cord injury is a serious traumatic nervous system disorder characterized by extensive neuronal apoptosis. Oxidative stress, a key factor in neuronal apoptosis, leads to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, making mitochondrial quality control within cells crucial. Previous studies have demonstrated zinc's anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties in protecting mitochondria during spinal cord injury treatment, yet the precise mechanisms remain elusive. Single-cell sequencing analysis has identified Lgals3 and Bax as core genes in apoptosis. This study aimed to investigate whether zinc ions protect intracellular mitochondria by inhibiting the apoptotic proteins Lgals3 and Bax. We elucidated zinc ions' key role in mitigating mitochondrial quality control dysfunction triggered by oxidative stress and confirmed this was achieved by targeting the Lgals3-Bax pathway. Zinc's inhibitory effect on this pathway not only preserved mitochondrial integrity but also significantly reduced PANoptosis after spinal cord injury. Under oxidative stress, zinc ion regulation of mitochondrial quality control reveals an organelle-targeted therapeutic strategy, offering a novel approach for more precise treatment of spinal cord injury.

Adenovirus-mediated expression of MOAP-1, Bax and RASSF1A antagonizes chemo-drug resistance of human breast cancer cells expressing cancer stem cell markers.

Cancer is one of the major leading causes of mortality globally and chemo-drug-resistant cancers pose significant challenges to cancer treatment by reducing patient survival rates and increasing treatment costs. Although the mechanisms of chemoresistance vary among different types of cancer, cancer cells are known to share several hallmarks, such as their resistance to apoptosis as well as the ability of cancer stem cells to produce metastatic daughter cells that are resistant to chemotherapy. To address the issue of chemo-drug resistance in cancer cells, a tetracistronic expression construct, Ad-MBR-GFP, encoding adenovirus-mediated expression of MOAP-1, Bax, RASSSF1A, and GFP, was generated to investigate its potential activity in reducing or inhibiting the chemo-drug resistant activity of the human breast cancer cells, MCF-7-CR and MDA-MB-231. When infected by Ad-MBR-GFP, the cancer cells exhibited round cell morphology and nuclei condensation with positive staining for annexin-V. Furthermore, our results showed that both MCF-7-CR and MDA-MB-231 cells stained positively for CD 44 and negatively for CD 24 (CD44+/CD24-) with high levels of endogenous ALDH activity whereas SNU-1581 breast cancer cells were identified as CD 44-/CD 24- cells with relatively low levels of endogenous ALDH activity and high sensitivity toward chemo-drugs, suggesting that both CD 44 and ALDH activity contribute to chemo-drug resistance. Moreover, both MCF-7-CR and MDA-MB-231 cells showed strong chemo-drug sensitivity to cisplatin when the cells were infected by Ad-MBR-GFP, leading to 9-fold and 2-fold reduction in the IC 50 values when compared to cisplatin treatment alone, respectively. The data were further supported by 3D (soft agar) and spheroid cell models of MCF-7-CR and MDA-MB-231 cells which showed a 2-fold reduction of a number of cell colonies and spheroid size when treated with both Ad-MBR-GFP and cisplatin, and compared to control. Other than chemo-sensitivity, Ad-MBR-GFP-infected cancer cells retarded cell migration. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the mechanism of action of Ad-MBR-GFP involved cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis. Taken together, our investigation showed that Ad-MBR-GFP mediated chemo-drug sensitization in the infected cancer cells involved the activation of apoptosis signaling, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of DNA synthesis, suggesting that Ad-MBR-GFP is potentially efficacious for the treatment of chemo-drug resistant cancers.

Platelet microparticles influence gene expression and modulate biological activities of chronic myeloid leukemia cells (K562).

BACKGROUND: The current understanding emphasizes the intricate interplay between the Leukemic cell and its environment. Platelet-derived microparticles play a crucial role in facilitating intercellular communication and contribute to the complex landscape of cancer pathology. This study aimed to investigate the influence of platelet-derived microparticles on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the expression of key genes, including P53, P21, Cyclin D1, Bax, and Bcl-2, within the context of a chronic myeloid leukemia cell line (K562). METHODS AND RESULTS: Platelet-derived microparticles were obtained through centrifugation at various speeds, and their concentration was quantified using the BCA assay. To determine the size and immunophenotypic characteristics of the PMPs, both the DLS technique and flow cytometry were employed. Cell proliferation was assessed using the MTT assay and hemocytometer, and cell cycle analysis was conducted through DNA content evaluation. Real-time PCR was utilized for gene expression analysis of Bax, Bcl-2, Cyclin D1, P53, and P21. Flow cytometry was employed to examine cell apoptosis. The findings revealed that platelet-derived microparticles have the ability to decrease proliferation of the K562 cell line, while not exerting an impact on apoptosis and cell cycle progression. Analysis through real-time PCR indicated an upregulation in the gene expression of P53, P21, and Bcl-2, accompanied by a downregulation in Bax and Cyclin D1. CONCLUSION: This investigation sheds light on the intricate relationship between chronic myeloid leukemia and its microenvironment, particularly the involvement of platelet-derived microparticles. The study underscores the potential of platelet-derived microparticles to influence cell behavior and gene expression, providing a deeper understanding of their role in CML and its therapeutic implications.

Morinda citrifolia protective effects on paclitaxel-induced testis parenchyma toxicity: An experimental study.

The current study aimed to investigate the sensitivity of male testis parenchyma cells to chemotherapy agents and the protective effects and mechanisms of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) administration against structural and functional changes before and after chemotherapy (Paclitaxel (PTX)). For this purpose, rats were randomly assigned into four groups (Control = G1, PTX 5 mg/kg = G2; PTX + Noni 10 mg/kg = G3, PTX + Noni 20 mg/kg = G4). PTX was injected intraperitoneally for 4 consecutive weeks, at a dose of 5 mg/kg to all groups except the control group. Then noni was administrated in 10 (G3) and 20 (G4) mg/kg groups orally (gavage) for 14 days. Biochemical analyses, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and immunohistochemical analyses were performed. According to our results, Total Oxidative Stress (TOS) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly increased in the PTX group (P < 0.01). Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) levels were decreased (P < 0.01). The changes in the rats treated with PTX + Noni 20 mg/kg were noteworthy. The increased levels of IL1-ß (Interleukin 1 beta) and TNFα (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) with PTX were down-regulated after treatment with PTX + Noni 20 mg/kg (P < 0.01) (9 % and 5 % respectively). In addition, Noni restored the testicular histopathological structure by reducing caspase-3 expression and significantly (61 %) suppressed oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis (by regulating the Bax (bcl-2-like protein 4)/Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma gene-2) ratio). In conclusion, Noni reduced cellular apoptosis and drastically changed Caspase 8 and Bax/Bcl-2 levels. Furthermore, it considerably decreases oxidative damage and can be used in testicular degeneration.

Evaluation of the cytotoxic activities of the essential oil from Pistacia atlantica Desf. oleoresin on human gastric cancer cell lines.

Numerous herbal products have been the subject of research regarding their potential role in cancer prevention or adjuvant therapy. Pistacia atlantica and its main phytochemicals have garnered significant attention for their potential anti-cancer effects. The study aimed to assess the growth inhibitory effects of P. atlantica essential oil (PAEO) on MKN-45 and AGS cells. This study quantified the volatile compounds in PAEO using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Subsequently, MKN-45 and AGS cells were treated with varying concentrations of PAEO (5%, 2.5%, 1.25%, 0.625%, 0.3125%, 0.156%, 0.0781%, 0.0391%, 0.0195%) for 24 h. Cell viability was evaluated through the MTT assay. The impact of PAEO on gene expression was investigated by quantifying the mRNA levels of Bax and Bcl2 in the various experimental groups using quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Additionally, flow cytometry was utilized to evaluate apoptosis in the treated cells. The analysis of PAEO revealed that α-pinene was the predominant monoterpene, constituting 87.9% of the oil composition. The cytotoxic effects of PAEO were evaluated, and it was found that the oil significantly reduced the viability of MKN-45 and AGS cells. The IC50 for MKN-45 cells was determined to be 1.94 × 10-3% after 24 h of treatment, while for AGS cells the IC50 was 2.8 × 10-3% after 24 h. Additionally, the research revealed that PAEO triggered a notable rise in apoptotic cells in both AGS and MKN-45 cell lines. Moreover, at the molecular level, the findings indicated an increase in Bax expression and a decrease in Bcl2 mRNA expression, providing further evidence of the induction of apoptosis in both MKN-45 and AGS cell lines following PAEO treatment. The findings of this study offer evidence supporting the cytotoxic effects of PAEO on gastric cancer cell lines by promoting apoptosis. The findings suggest that PAEO may offer potential as a therapeutic candidate in managing and treating gastric cancer.

Dermaseptin B2 bioactive gene's potential for anticancer and anti-proliferative effect is linked to the regulation of the BAX/BBC3/AKT pathway.

Dermaseptin B2 (DrsB2) is an antimicrobial peptide with anticancer and angiostatic properties. We aimed to assess the in vitro inhibitory effect of pDNA/DrsB2 on the growth of breast cancer cells and its impact on the expression of genes involved in the BAX/BBC3/AKT pathway. The nucleic acid sequence of DrsB2 was artificially synthesized and inserted into the pcDNA3.1( +) Mammalian Expression Plasmid. PCR testing and enzyme digesting procedures evaluated the accuracy of cloning. The vectors were introduced into cells using LipofectamineTM2000 transfection reagent. The breast cancer cells were assessed by flow cytometry, MTT assessment, soft agar colony method, and wound healing investigation. The gene's transcription was evaluated using real-time PCR with a significance level of P < 0.05. The recombinant plasmid harboring the pDNA/DrsB2 vector was effectively produced, and the gene sequence showed absolute homogeneity (100% similarity) with the DrsB2 gene. The transfection effectiveness of MCF-7 and MCF-10A cells was 79% and 68%, respectively. The findings are measured using the growth inhibition 50% (GI50) metric, which indicates the concentration of pDNA/DrsB2 that stops 50% of cell growth. The proportions of early apoptosis, late apoptosis, necrosis, and viable MCF-7 cells in the pDNA/DrsB2 group were 40.50%, 2.31%, 1.69%, and 55.50%, respectively. The results showed a 100% increase in gene expression in programmed cell death following treatment with pDNA/DrsB2 (**P < 0.01). To summarize, the results described in this work offer new possibilities for treating cancer by targeting malignancies via pDNA/DrsB2 and activating the BAX/BBC3/AKT signaling pathways.

Apoptotic effect of 5-fluorouracil-doxorubicin combination on colorectal cancer cell monolayers and spheroids.

BACKGROUND: Drug combination studies help to improve new treatment approaches for colon cancer. Tumor spheroids (3D) are better models than traditional 2-dimensional cultures (2D) to evaluate cellular responses to chemotherapy drugs. The cultivation of cancer cells in 2D and 3D cultures affects the apoptotic process, which is a major factor influencing the response of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. In this study, the antiproliferative effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and doxorubicin (DOX) were investigated separately and in combination using 2D and 3D cell culture models on two different colon cancer cell lines, HT-29 (apoptosis-resistant cells) and Caco-2 2 (apoptosis-susceptible cells). METHODS: The effect of the drugs on the proliferation of both colon cancer cells was determined by performing an MTT assay in 2D culture. The apoptotic effect of 5-FU and DOX, both as single agents and in combination, was assessed in 2D and 3D cultures through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. The expression of apoptotic genes, such as caspases, p53, Bax, and Bcl-2, was quantified. RESULTS: It was found that the mRNA expression of proapoptotic genes was significantly upregulated, whereas the mRNA expression of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 gene was significantly downregulated in both colon cancer models treated with 5-FU, DOX, and 5-FU + DOX. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that the 5-FU + DOX combination therapy induces apoptosis and renders 5-FU and DOX more effective at lower concentrations compared to their alone use. This study reveals promising results in reducing the potential side effects of treatment by enabling the use of lower drug doses.

Comparative evaluation of hesperetin-loaded graphene oxide nanosheets (Hsp-GO) as a drug delivery system for colon cancer: synthesis and anticancer efficiency assessment.

BACKGROUND: Graphene oxide nanosheets (GONS) are recognized for their role in enhancing drug delivery and effectiveness in cancer treatment. With colon cancer being a prevalent global issue and the significant side effects associated with chemotherapy, the primary treatment for colon cancer alongside surgery, there is a critical need for novel therapeutic strategies to support patients in combating this disease. Hesperetin (HSP), a natural compound found in specific fruits, exhibits anti-cancer properties. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of GONS on the LS174t colon cancer cell line. METHODS: In this study, an anti-cancer nano-drug was synthesized by creating a hesperetin-graphene oxide nanocomposite (Hsp-GO), which was subsequently evaluated for its efficacy through in vitro cell toxicity assays. Three systems were investigated: HSP, GONS, and HSP-loaded GONS, to determine their cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic impacts on the LS174t colon cancer cell line, along with assessing the expression of BAX and BCL2. The morphology and properties of both GO and Hsp-GO were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). RESULTS: The Hsp-GO nanocomposite displayed potent cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects on LS174t colon cancer cells, outperforming individual treatments with HSP or GONS. Cell viability assays showed a significant decrease in cell viability with Hsp-GO treatment. Analysis of BAX and BCL2 expression revealed elevated BAX and reduced BCL2 levels in Hsp-GO treated cells, indicating enhanced apoptotic activity. Morphological analysis confirmed successful Hsp-GO synthesis, while structural integrity was supported by X-ray diffraction and FTIR analyses. CONCLUSIONS: These study highlight the potential of Hsp-GO as a promising anti-cancer nano-drug for colon cancer therapy.

Assessment of the in Vitro Effects of Folate Core-Shell Conjugated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as a Potential Agent for Acute Leukemia Treatment.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: There is a growing need to comprehend the potential outcomes of nanoparticles (NPs) on human well-being, including their potential for detecting and treating leukemia. This study examined the role of iron folate core-shell and iron oxide nanoparticles in inducing apoptosis and altering the expression of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated X-protein (Bax), and Caspase-3 genes in leukemia cells. METHODS: The obtained iron oxide and iron folate core-shell nanoparticles were analyzed using a variety of analytical techniques, including ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Additionally, FTIR and UV-Vis were used to characterize doxorubicin. The MTT test was utilized to investigate the cytotoxicity of iron oxide and iron folate core-shell nanoparticles. The expression of the apoptotic signaling proteins Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-3 was evaluated using the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method. Additionally, flow cytometry was performed to gauge the degrees of necrosis and apoptosis. RESULTS: UV-Visible spectroscopy analysis showed that the generated iron oxide and iron folate core-shell NPs had a distinctive absorption curve in the 250-300 nm wavelength range. The XRD peaks were also discovered to index the spherical form with a size of less than 50 nm, which validated the crystal structure. The FTIR analysis determined the bonds and functional groups at wavenumbers between 400 and 4000 cm-1. A viable leukemia treatment approach is a nanocomposite consisting of iron and an iron folate core-shell necessary for inhibiting and activating cancer cell death. The nearly resistant apoptosis in the CCRF-CEM cells may have resulted from upregulating Bax and Casepase-3 while downregulating Bcl-2 expression. CONCLUSIONS: Our study documents the successful synthetization and characterization of iron oxide, which has excellent anticancer activities. A metal oxide conjugation with the nanoparticles' core-shell enhanced the effect against acute leukemia.