Pancreas transplantation: review.

Pancreas transplant (PTx) is the only treatment that establishes normal glucose levels for patients diagnosed with diabetes types 1 and 2. The paper aims to review and analyze graft survival, patient survival, and the impact on diabetic complications. We describe that the graft survival was 82-98% at 1 year, 90% at 5 years, and 75-54% at 10 years for simultaneous pancreas-kidney recipient; 71% pancreas after kidney (PAK), and 62% PTx alone at 1 year. Patient survival: At 1 year for recipients was 96.9% simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPK); for PAK transplantation recipients, 96.3%; and for PTx alone recipients, 98.3%. In general, the pancreas transplantation improves and reverses diabetic complications. Finally, the pancreatic transplant is a morbid procedure and emerges as a significant alternative in diabetes management, directly competing with conventional insulin therapies. Results so far suggest that the most effective transplant model is the SPK. While more patients could benefit from this procedure, surgical complications and the need for immunosuppression pose significant challenges.

El trasplante de páncreas es el único tratamiento que estabiliza los niveles normales de glucosa en los pacientes diagnosticados con diabetes tipo 1 o tipo 2. En esta revisión se analizan la supervivencia del injerto, la supervivencia del paciente y el impacto en las complicaciones diabéticas. Se describe la supervivencia del injerto: 82-98% al año para los receptores de trasplante simultáneo de páncreas y riñón, 71% para trasplante páncreas después de riñón y 62% para trasplante de páncreas solitario al año. Supervivencia de los pacientes a 1 año: 96.9% para los receptores de trasplante simultáneo de páncreas y riñón, 96.3% para los receptores de trasplante de páncreas después de riñón y 98.3% para los receptores de páncreas solitario. En general, el trasplante de páncreas mejora y revierte las complicaciones diabéticas. Finalmente, el trasplante de páncreas, un procedimiento mórbido, surge como una alternativa significativa en el manejo de la diabetes, compitiendo directamente con las terapias convencionales de insulina. Hasta ahora, los resultados indican que el modelo de trasplante más efectivo es el simultáneo de páncreas y riñón. Aunque más pacientes podrían beneficiarse de este procedimiento, las complicaciones quirúrgicas y la necesidad de inmunosupresión plantean desafíos significativos.

Structure and composition of microbial communities in the water column from Southern Gulf of Mexico and detection of putative hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms.

This study assessed the bacterioplankton community and its relationship with environmental variables, including total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration, in the Yucatan shelf area of the Southern Gulf of Mexico. Beta diversity analyses based on 16S rRNA sequences indicated variations in the bacterioplankton community structure among sampling sites. PERMANOVA indicated that these variations could be mainly related to changes in depth (5 to 180 m), dissolved oxygen concentration (2.06 to 5.93 mg L-1), and chlorophyll-a concentration (0.184 to 7.65 mg m3). Moreover, SIMPER and one-way ANOVA analyses showed that the shifts in the relative abundances of Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus were related to changes in microbial community composition and chlorophyll-a values. Despite the low TPH content measured in the studied sites (0.01 to 0.86 µL L-1), putative hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria such as Alteromonas, Acinetobacter, Balneola, Erythrobacter, Oleibacter, Roseibacillus, and the MWH-UniP1 aquatic group were detected. The relatively high copy number of the alkB gene detected in the water column by qPCR and the enrichment of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria obtained during lab crude oil tests exhibited the potential of bacterioplankton communities from the Yucatan shelf to respond to potential hydrocarbon impacts in this important area of the Gulf Mexico.

PODER ANTIBACTERIAL DE MIELES DE Tetragonisca angustula, VALORADA POR CONCENTRACIÓN MÍNIMA INHIBITORIA / Antibacterial Power Of Honeys From Tetragonisca angustula Assessed By Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

Mediante pruebas in vitro se determinó la capacidad antibacteriana, de 37 mieles de la especie Tetragonisca angustula de siete regiones de Colombia, con la técnica de Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI) frente a tres especies de bacterias Gram positivas y tres Gram negativas. La técnica CMI se evaluó en microdiluciones (v/v) al 90%, 45%, 22,5%, 12,3%, 5,6% de miel, contra las cepas Gram negativas Salmonella enterica sp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, ATCC 14028; Escherichia coli, ATCC 31617 y Klebsiella pneumoniae sp. pneumoniae, ATCC 700603 y Gram positivas Bacillus subtilis sp. spizizenii, ATCC 6633; Staphylococcus aureus sp. aureus Rosenbach, ATCC 6538 y Micrococcus luteus Kocuria rhizophila, ATCC 9341. Las muestras de miel correspondieron a los departamentos de Antioquia, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Santander, Tolima y Valle del Cauca. Las mieles analizadas por prueba binomial presentaron efecto bactericida contra todas las cepas bacterianas del ensayo con mayor efectividad para E. coli, M. luteus y S. enterica, con una probabilidad de p(x)=1 a una dilución de 90%; al ser diluidas el mayor efecto se evidenció frente a M. luteus donde aún en dilución 5,6% presentaban probabilidades de p(x)=0,62 de actividad inhibitoria por parte de las mieles. En dilución de miel al 90%, el efecto fue solo cercano a p(x)=0,5 para K. pneumoniae, B. subtilis y S. aureus. La región de Antioquia, la cual hace parte de las mieles con mayor número de muestras dentro del ensayo, exhibe la mayor acción bactericida.

The in vitro antibacterial capacity was determined for 37 honeys of Tetragonisca angustula from seven regions of Colombia, by minimum inhibitory concentration (CMI) against three positive Gram bacteria and three negative Gram bacteria. The CMI technique was evaluated by microdilutions (v/v) to 90%, 45%, 22.5%, 12.3%, 5.6% of honey against the negative Gram bacteria, Salmonella enterica sp. enteric serovar Typhimurium, ATCC 1402; Escherichia coli, 31617 ATCC and Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, ATCC 700603 and to positive Gram bacteria, Bacillus subtilis sp. spizizenii, ATCC 6633; Staphylococcus aureus sp. aureus Rosenbach, 6538 ATCC and Micrococcus luteus Kocuria rhizophila, ATCC 9341. The honey samples corresponded to Colombia regions: Antioquia, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Santander, Tolima and Valle del Cauca. The honeys analyzed by binomial test showed bactericidal effect against the tested bacteria; the greater effectiveness was detected in E. coli, M. luteus and S. enterica, with probability or p(x)=1 in a 90% dilution; for followed up dilutions, the effect was still demonstrated against M. luteus in a 5.6% dilution with an inhibition activity from honeys at p(x)=0.62. In a 90% dilution, the effect was only closed to p(x)=0.5, for K. pneumoniae, B. subtilis and S. aureus. The region of Antioquia, exhibits honeys with superior bactericidal action between the sampling areas.

Factores de riesgo relacionados con complicaciones durante el embarazo en adolescentes de 15 a 19 años: Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso Cuenca, Junio 2006 - Septiembre 2007 / Risk factors related to complications during pregnancy in adolescents 15 to 19 Vicente Corral Moscoso Hospital

Se procedió a identificar a las pacientes adolescentes que ingresaron en trabajo de parto, que cumplían los criterios de inclusión obteniéndose su consentimiento y el de sus familiares, se realizó la toma de las muestras de sangre y orina; se procedió posteriormente a la toma de datos y su registro en la encuesta. Posteriormente se clasificó cada paciente de acuerdo a caso o control según corresponda, para finalmente realizar el análisis estadístico, los factores de riesgo se encuentran presentes tanto en las pacientes que corresponden a casos (96%) como en controles (87%), mostrando relación estadísticamente significativa con la aparición de complicaciones durante el embarazo, el parto y en el recién nacido (OR: 3.58, IC: 1.12-11.41). En el análisis por grupos de factores de riesgo, encontramos una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el grupo de factores de riesgo sociales (OR: 2.25. IC: 1.13-4.46). La complicación más frecuente fue infección de vías urinarias durante el embarazo (37%) y la anemia identificada durante el trabajo de parto (46%). El 21% de recién nacidos presentaron bajo peso al nacer.

We identify the adolescents that completed the inclusion criteria during labor, being obtained their consent or their relatives. It proceeded to take blood and urine samples. After that, we proceeded to the taking of data and their registration in the survey. Later, each patient was classified according to case or control. Finally, it proceeded to do the statistical analysis, the risk factors are present so much in the patients that correspond to cases (96%) like in controls (87%), showing relationship significant statistically with the appearance of complications during pregnancy, labor, and on new born (OR: 3.58, IC: 1.12-11.41). In the groups analysis of risk, we found a difference significant statistically in the group of social risk factors (OR: 2.25. IC: 1.13-4.46). The most frequent complication was urine infection during pregnancy (37%) and the anemia during labor (46%). Low-birth-weigth infant was 21%.

Influencias de la actividad humana sobre la costa de la ciudad de Comodoro Rivadavia, prov. de Chubut, Argentina

Se analizan las variaciones inducidas por la actividades humanas en la costa de la ciudad de Comodoro Rivadavia, prov. de Chubut. Comparando las fotografías aéreas de la zona portuaria de la ciudad, surge un ritmo de erosión de 1,2 m/año para el intervalo 1983-1995. El artículo analiza las causas de esta erosión y concluye que la principal causante, es la falta de provisión de sedimentos

Influencias de la actividad humana sobre la costa de la ciudad de Comodoro Rivadavia, prov. de Chubut, Argentina

Se analizan las variaciones inducidas por la actividades humanas en la costa de la ciudad de Comodoro Rivadavia, prov. de Chubut. Comparando las fotografías aéreas de la zona portuaria de la ciudad, surge un ritmo de erosión de 1,2 m/año para el intervalo 1983-1995. El artículo analiza las causas de esta erosión y concluye que la principal causante, es la falta de provisión de sedimentos

First Report of Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne javanica on Chrysanthemum in Colombia.

Severe plant stunting, chlorosis, and extensive root galling were observed on chrysanthemum (Dendrathema grandiflora cv. Yellow Vero) in a commercial cut-flower production facility in Rionegro, Antioquia, northwestern Colombia. Examination of the root samples from selected infected plants revealed the presence of abundant root-knot nematodes. Juveniles, males, and females were extracted for species identification using morphological characteristics. Identification was confirmed by perineal patterns and esterase phenotype analysis of females. All methods of identification were consistent with typical Meloidogyne javanica. No other root-knot nematode species were found on this farm, but the presence of other Meloidogyne species in the region is possible. Root-knot nematodes have been reported to cause economic losses in cut-flower plantations in Colombia (1), but there are no reports of the species involved. M. javanica has an extensive host range and wide distribution. The identification and distribution of M. javanica in chrysanthemum production is relevant because nematode-fungus interactions may depend on the nematode species involved. Only M. javanica, and not M. hapla or M. incognita, has been found to increase the severity of Fusarium wilt on chrysanthemum (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. javanica on chrysanthemum in Colombia. References: (1) G. Arbeláez. Acta Hortic. 482:91, 1999. (2) A. W. Johnson and R. H. Littrell. J. Nematol. 1:122. 1969.

Brote de encefalitis de St. Louis en la provincia de Córdoba

La encefalitis de Saint Louis (ESL) es una enfermedad viral transmitida al humano por mosquitos del género culex spp. El agente causal es un arbovirus miembro de la familia flaviviridae. En Argentina es una infección de distribución amplia con una prevalencia serológica del 10-68%. Está demostrada su circulación en aves. Entre los meses de enero y abril de 2005 se presentaron en la provincia de Córdoba 48 casos de ESL. En nuestra experiencia asistimos 9 casos de esta encefalitis.

Brote de encefalitis de St. Louis en la provincia de Córdoba

La encefalitis de Saint Louis (ESL) es una enfermedad viral transmitida al humano por mosquitos del género culex spp. El agente causal es un arbovirus miembro de la familia flaviviridae. En Argentina es una infección de distribución amplia con una prevalencia serológica del 10-68%. Está demostrada su circulación en aves. Entre los meses de enero y abril de 2005 se presentaron en la provincia de Córdoba 48 casos de ESL. En nuestra experiencia asistimos 9 casos de esta encefalitis.(AU)

[Studying the levels of endotoxemia in meningococcal sepsis. Its relations to pregnancy and antibiotic treatment]. / Estudio de los niveles de endotoxemia en las sepsis meningococias. Su relación con la gravedad del proceso y el tratamiento antibiótico.

The most frequent cause of toxic shock in our area is meningococcal sepsis. It is currently assumed that endotoxin produce by this bacteria, a lipopolysaccharide with toxic properties, is able to trigger shock and DIC by stimulating both arachidonic acid pathways, among other actions. Previous studies in our laboratory demonstrated significant differences (p +/- 0.001) in the amounts of endotoxins released in vitro by strains from patients and healthy carriers and statistically related criteria of severity with mortality in 256 patients in our center over the last 10 years. In the present study we attempted to establish whether plasma levels of endotoxin were correlated with the severity of the disease. We studied 32 patients with meningococcal sepsis, dividing the subjects into two groups: those in whom six or more criteria of severity were present, and those in whom less than six criteria were found. Blood levels of endotoxin were determined upon admission and after the administration of antibiotics (penicillin and chloramphenicol) using the limulus test with a chromogenic substrate (Coatest, Endotoxin, Kabivitrum, Sweden). Levels of endotoxins were significantly higher in patients with more than six criteria of severity both upon admission (0.6 +/- 0.03) ng/ml) and 4 h. afterward (0.74 +/- 0.006 ng/ml) in comparison to children in whom the clinical picture was less serious (0.27 +/- 0.18 ng/ml and 0.27 +/- 0.18 ng/ml and 0.27 +/- 0.16 ng/ml7 t = 5.8 y t = 5.6 respectively. Endotoxin levels were highest in patients presenting shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation in the hypocoagulability phase and more than 8 criteria.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[PGE and PGF2-alpha levels in the umbilical cord vessels. Relationship to acid-base equilibrium in the umbilical artery]. / Niveles de PGE y PGF2-alfa en los vasos del cordón umbilical. Su relación con el equilibrio ácido-base de la arteria umbilical.

To asses the possible role of prostaglandins in the fetoplacental circulation during delivery PGE and PGF2-alfa plasma levels were measured in the umbilical vessels of term newborns. The levels of PGF2-alfa in blood from the umbilical vein are significantly higher and more variable than in the umbilical artery; 83.38 +/- 78.05 pg/ml versus 43.28 +/- 5.32 pg/ml. PGE levels are also higher in the vein 114.73 +/- 25.16 pg/ml than in the artery 83.63 +/- 9.22 pg/ml. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between the arterial pH and PGE in the umbilical vein these results support the idea that the plasmatic umbilical prostaglandins are synthetized by the placenta the variability in the values obtained in venous umbilical blood may reflect the different times of ligation of the umbilical cord. A decrease in fetal pH may be the stimulus for the prostaglandin synthesis by the placenta.

[Osmolarity and arginine-vasopressin in children born after acute fetal-neonatal distress]. / Control osmolar y arginina vasopresina en niños nacidos después de un sufrimiento fetoneonatal agudo.

A study of urinary osmolarities and plasmatic level of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) 48 hours after birth in a group of 70 newborns (30 of which are normal and 40 of which have acute perinatal hypoxia), selected according to previously established criteria is carried out. An evolutionary study of urinary osmolarities of newborns with acute perinatal hypoxia, osmolar index and its relation to plasmatic levels of AVP during the first week of life is also considered. AVP 48 hours after birth was blatantly more elevated among those newborns who had shown acidosis at birth (p less than 0.001) which correlated significantly with urinary osmolarity, although it showed low figures (p less than 0.05). This same correlation (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.05) appears with osmolar index and urinary osmolarity on successive days, but it is important to point out that vasopressin decreased to base values at the end of the first week of life while osmolarities in urine increased. Conclusions are: 1) AVP is higher after 48 hours of life among those newborns with acute perinatal hypoxia and decreases progressively during the first week of life, being comparable to values obtained from normally born children 48 hours after birth at the eight day of life. 2) Renal response to this hormone is slight during the first days of life.