Synergism of in vitro plasmodicidal activity of phospholipase A2 isoforms isolated from panamanian Bothrops asper venom.

Bothrops asper is one of the most important snake species in Central America, mainly because of its medical importance in countries like Ecuador, Panama and Costa Rica, where this species causes a high number of snakebite accidents. Several basic phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) have been previously characterized from B. asper venom, but few studies have been carried out with its acidic isoforms. In addition, since snake venom is a rich source of bioactive substances, it is necessary to investigate the biotechnological potential of its components. In this context, this study aimed to carry out the biochemical characterization of PLA2 isoforms isolated from B. asper venom and to evaluate the antiparasitic potential of these toxins. The venom and key fractions were subjected to different chromatographic steps, obtaining nine PLA2s, four acidic ones (BaspAc-I, BaspAc-II, BaspAc-III and BaspAc-IV) and five basic ones (BaspB-I, BaspB-II, BaspB-III, BaspB-IV and BaspB-V). The isoelectric points of the acidic PLA2s were also determined, which presented values ranging between 4.5 and 5. The findings indicated the isolation of five unpublished isoforms, four Asp49-PLA, corresponding to the group of acidic isoforms, and one Lys49-PLA2-like. Acidic PLA2s catalyzed the degradation of all substrates evaluated; however, for the basic PLA2s, there was a preference for phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidic acid. The antiparasitic potential of the toxins was evaluated, and the acidic PLA2s demonstrated action against the epimastigote forms of T. cruzi and promastigote forms of L. infantum, while the basic PLA2s BaspB-II and BaspB-IV showed activity against P. falciparum. The results indicated an increase of up to 10 times in antiplasmodial activity, when the Asp49-PLA2 and Lys49-PLA2 were associated with one another, denoting synergistic action between these PLA2 isoforms. These findings correspond to the first report of synergistic antiplasmodial action for svPLA2s, demonstrating that these molecules may be important targets in the search for new antiparasitic agents.

Antileishmanial activity evaluation of a natural amide and its synthetic analogs against Leishmania (V.) braziliensis: an integrated approach in vitro and in silico.

Leishmaniasis is considered a neglected disease, which makes it an unattractive market for the pharmaceutical industry; hence, efforts in the search for biologically active substances are hampered by this lack of financial motivation. Thus, in the present study, we report the leishmanicidal activity and the possible mechanisms of action of compounds with promising activity against the species Leishmania (V.) braziliensis, the causative agent of the skin disease leishmaniasis. The natural compound 1a (piplartine) and the analog 2a were the most potent against promastigote forms with growth inhibition values for 50% of the parasite population (IC50) = 8.58 and 11.25 µM, respectively. For amastigote forms, the ICa50 values were 1.46 and 16.7 µM, respectively. In the molecular docking study, piplartine showed favorable binding energy (-7.13 kcal/mol) and with 50% inhibition of trypanothione reductase (IC50) = 91.1 µM. Preliminary investigations of the mechanism of action indicate that piplartine increased ROS levels, induced loss of cell membrane integrity, and caused accumulation of lipid bodies after 24 h of incubation at its lowest effective concentration (IC50), which was not observed for the synthetic analog 2a. The mode of action for the leishmanicidal activity of piplartine (1a) was assigned to involve affinity for the trypanothione reductase of Leishmania (V.) braziliensis TR.

Antimalarial activity of basic phospholipases A2 isolated from Paraguayan Bothrops diporus venom against Plasmodium falciparum.

Malaria is a parasitic infectious disease and was responsible for 400.000 deaths in 2018. Plasmodium falciparum represents the species that causes most human deaths due to severe malaria. In addition, studies prove the resistance of P. falciparum to drugs used to treat malaria, making the search for new drugs with antiplasmodial potential necessary. In this context, the literature describes snake venoms as a rich source of molecules with microbicidal potential, including phospholipases A2 (PLA2s). In this sense, the present study aimed to isolate basic PLA2s from Paraguayan Bothrops diporus venom and evaluate their antiplasmodial potential. Basic PLA2s were obtained using two chromatographic steps. Initially, B. diporus venom was subjected to ion exchange chromatography (IEC). The electrophoretic profile of the fractions from the IEC permitted the selection of 3 basic fractions, which were subjected to reverse phase chromatography, resulting in the isolation of the PLA2s. The toxins were tested for enzymatic activity using a chromogenic substrate and finally, the antiplasmodial, cytotoxic potential and hemolytic activity of the isolated toxins were evaluated. The electrophoretic profile of the fractions from the IEC permitted the selection of 3 basic fractions, which were subjected to reverse phase chromatography, resulting in the isolation of the two enzymatically active PLA2s, BdTX-I and BdTX-II and the PLA2 homologue BdTX-III. The antiplasmodial potential was evaluated and the toxins showed IC50 values of: 2.44, 0.0153 and 0.59 µg/mL respectively, presenting PLA2 selectivity according to the selectivity index results (SI) calculated against HepG2 cells. The results show that the 3 basic phospholipases isolated in this study have a potent antiparasitic effect against the W2 strain of P. falciparum. In view of the results obtained in this work, further research are necessary to determine the mechanism of action by which these toxins cause cell death in parasites.

Fast venomic analysis of Crotalus durissus terrificus from northeastern Argentina.

The complete knowledge of the toxins that make up venoms is the base for the treatment of snake accidents victims and the selection of specimens for the preparation of venom pools for antivenom production. In this work, we used a fast and direct venomics approach to identify the toxin families in the C.d. terrificus venom, a Southern American Neotropical rattlesnake. The RP-HPLC separation profile of pooled venom from adult specimens followed by mass spectrometry analysis revealed that C.d. terrificus' venom proteome is composed of 12 protein families, which are unevenly distributed in the venom, e.g., there are few major proteins in the venom's composition phospholipase A2, serine proteinase, crotamine and L-amino acid oxidase. At the same time, the proteome analysis revealed a small set of proteins with low quantity (less than 1.5%), both enzymes (metaloprotease, phospholipase B and 5'-nucleotidase) and proteins (Bradykinin potentiating and C-type natriuretic peptides, C-type lectin convulxin and nerve growth factor). To sum up, this research is the first venomic report of C.d.terrificus venom from Argentina. This proved to be crotamine positive venom that has a lower metalloprotease content than C.d. terrificus venoms from other regions. This information could be used in the discovery of future pharmacological agents or targets in antivenom therapy.

Performance of three prognostic models in critically ill patients with cancer: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of "Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II" (APACHE-II), "Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3" (SAPS-3), and "APACHE-II Score for Critically Ill Patients with a Solid Tumor" (APACHE-IICCP) models in cancer patients admitted to ICU. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of 414 patients with an active solid tumor. Discrimination was assessed by area under receiver operating characteristic (AROC) curves and calibration by Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit C test (H-L). RESULTS: The hospital mortality rate was 32.6%. In the total cohort, discrimination for prognostic models were: APACHE-IICCP (AROC 0.98), APACHE-II (AROC 0.96), SAPS-3 for Central and South American countries (SAPS-3CSA) (AROC 0.95), and SAPS-3 (AROC 0.91). Calibration was good (p value of H-L test > 0.05) using APACHE-IICCP, APACHE-II and SAPS-3CSA models. Estimation of the probability of death was more precise with APACHE-IICCP (standardized mortality ratio, SMR = 1.03) and SAPS-3 (SMR = 1.08) models. Further analysis showed that discrimination was high with all prognostic model whether for patients with planned ICU admission (AROC APACHE-IICCP 0.97, APACHE-II 0.96, SAPS-3 0.95, SAPS-3CSA 0.95) or for patients with unplanned ICU admission (AROC APACHE-IICCP 0.97, APACHE-II 0.94, SAPS-3 0.86, SAPS-3CSA 0.95). Calibration was good for all predictive models in both subgroups (p value of H-L test > 0.05, except for APACHE-II model inpatients with planned ICU admission). CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective study, general predictive models (e.g., APACHE-II, SAPS-3) and cancer-specific models (e.g., APACHE-IICCP) are accurate in predicting hospital mortality. Other studies confirming these results are required.

Fast venomic analysis of Crotalus durissus terrificus from northeastern Argentina

The complete knowledge of the toxins that make up venoms is the base for the treatment of snake accidents victims and the selection of specimens for the preparation of venom pools for antivenom production. In this work, we used a fast and direct venomics approach to identify the toxin families in the C.d. terrificus venom, a Southern American Neotropical rattlesnake. The RP-HPLC separation profile of pooled venom from adult specimens followed by mass spectrometry analysis revealed that C.d. terrificus’ venom proteome is composed of 12 protein families, which are unevenly distributed in the venom, e.g., there are few major proteins in the venom's composition phospholipase A2, serine proteinase, crotamine and L-amino acid oxidase. At the same time, the proteome analysis revealed a small set of proteins with low quantity (less than 1.5%), both enzymes (metaloprotease, phospholipase B and 5′-nucleotidase) and proteins (Bradykinin potentiating and C-type natriuretic peptides, C-type lectin convulxin and nerve growth factor). To sum up, this research is the first venomic report of C.d.terrificus venom from Argentina. This proved to be crotamine positive venom that has a lower metalloprotease content than C.d. terrificus venoms from other regions. This information could be used in the discovery of future pharmacological agents or targets in antivenom therapy.

Isolation, Biochemical Characterization and Antiparasitic Activity of BmatTX-IV, A Basic Lys49-Phospholipase A2 from the Venom of Bothrops mattogrossensis from Paraguay.

BACKGROUND: Functional and structural diversity of proteins of snake venoms is coupled with a wide repertoire of pharmacological effects. Snake venoms are targets of studies linked to searching molecules with biotechnological potential. METHODS: A homologue phospholipase A2 (BmatTX-IV) was obtained using two chromatographic techniques. Mass spectrometry and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis were used to determine the molecular mass and isoelectric point, respectively. By means of Edman degradation chemistry, it was possible to obtain the partial sequence of amino acids that comprise the isolated toxin. Trypanocidal, leishmanicidal and cytoxic activity against Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania infantum and murine fibrobasts was determinated. RESULTS: Combination of both chromatographic steps used in this study demonstrated efficacy to obtain the PLA2-Lys49. BmatTX-IV showed molecular mass and isoelectric point of 13.55 kDa and 9.3, respectively. Amino acid sequence of N-terminal region (51 residues) shows the presence of Lys49 residue at position 49, a distinctive trait of enzymatically inactive PLA2. Bothrops mattogrossensis snake venom showed IC50 values of 11.9 µg/mL against Leishmania infantum promastigotes and of 13.8 µg/mL against Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes, respectively. On the other hand, the venom showed a high cytotoxic activity (IC50 value of 16.7 µg/mL) against murine fibroblasts, whereas the BmatTX-IV showed IC50 value of 81.2 µg/mL. CONCLUSION: Physicochemical and biological characterization of snake venoms components is critically important, since these complex mixtures provide a source of molecules with antiparasitic potential, making further studies necessary to identify and characterize components with higher efficacy and selectivity.

Snake Venom, A Natural Library of New Potential Therapeutic Molecules: Challenges and Current Perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Research involving snake venom has gradually surpassed the simple discovery of new molecules using purification and structural characterization processes, and extended to the identification of their molecular targets and the evaluation of their therapeutic potential. Nevertheless, this only became possible due to constant progress in experimental biology and protein purification approaches. OBJECTIVE: This review aims to discuss the main components of snake venoms that have been investigated for biotechnological purposes, and to discover how these promising biomolecules were obtained with the satisfactory degree of purity that have enabled such studies. Advances in purification technologies of various snake venom molecules have allowed for important discoveries of proteins and peptides with different biomedical and biotechnological applications. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: It is believed that significant experimental and computational advances will arise in similar proportions in the coming years that will allow researchers to map the molecular regions responsible for their pharmacological actions, their respective mechanisms of action and their cell targets.

Anti-platelet aggregation activity of two novel acidic Asp49-phospholipases A2 from Bothrops brazili snake venom.

Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) are important enzymes present in snake venoms and are related to a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects, however the toxic potential and therapeutic effects of acidic isoforms have not been fully explored and understood. Due to this, the present study describes the isolation and biochemical characterization of two new acidic Asp49-PLA2s from Bothrops brazili snake venom, named Braziliase-I and Braziliase-II. The venom was fractionated in three chromatographic steps: ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction and reversed phase. The isoelectric point (pI) of the isolated PLA2s was determined by two-dimensional electrophoresis, and 5.2 and 5.3 pIs for Braziliase-I and II were observed, respectively. The molecular mass was determined with values ​​of 13,894 and 13,869Da for Braziliase-I and II, respectively. Amino acid sequence by Edman degradation and mass spectrometry completed 87% and 74% of the sequences, respectively for Braziliase-I and II. Molecular modeling of isolated PLA2s using acid PLA2BthA-I-PLA2 from B. jararacussu template showed high quality. Both acidic PLA2s showed no significant myotoxic activity, however they induced significant oedematogenic activity. Braziliase-I and II (100µg/mL) showed 31.5% and 33.2% of cytotoxicity on Trypanosoma cruzi and 26.2% and 19.2% on Leishmania infantum, respectively. Braziliase-I and II (10µg) inhibited 96.98% and 87.98% of platelet aggregation induced by ADP and 66.94% and 49% induced by collagen, respectively. The acidic PLA2s biochemical and structural characterization can lead to a better understanding of its pharmacological effects and functional roles in snakebites pathophysiology, as well as its possible biotechnological applications as research probes and drug leads.

BmajPLA2-II, a basic Lys49-phospholipase A2 homologue from Bothrops marajoensis snake venom with parasiticidal potential.

Snake venoms contain various proteins, especially phospholipases A2 (PLA2s), which present potential applications in diverse areas of health and medicine. In this study, a new basic PLA2 from Bothrops marajoensis with parasiticidal activity was purified and characterized biochemically and biologically. B. marajoensis venom was fractionated through cation exchange followed by reverse phase chromatographies. The isolated toxin, BmajPLA2-II, was structurally characterized with MALDI-TOF (Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight) mass spectrometry, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), followed by two-dimensional electrophoresis, partial amino acid sequencing, an enzymatic activity assay, circular dichroism, and dynamic light scattering assays. These structural characterization tests presented BmajPLA2-II as a basic Lys49 PLA2 homologue, compatible with other basic snake venom PLA2s (svPLA2), with a tendency to form aggregations. The in vitro anti-parasitic potential of B. marajoensis venom and of BmajPLA2-II was evaluated against Leishmania infantum promastigotes and Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes, showing significant activity at a concentration of 100µg/mL. The venom and BmajPLA2-II presented IC50 of 0.14±0.08 and 6.41±0.64µg/mL, respectively, against intraerythrocytic forms of Plasmodium falciparum with CC50 cytotoxicity values against HepG2 cells of 43.64±7.94 and >150µg/mL, respectively. The biotechnological potential of these substances in relation to leishmaniasis, Chagas disease and malaria should be more deeply investigated.

The Paraguayan Rhinella toad venom: Implications in the traditional medicine and proliferation of breast cancer cells.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Toads belonging to genus Rhinella are used in Paraguayan traditional medicine to treat cancer and skin infections. AIM OF THE STUDY: The objective of the study was to determine the composition of venoms obtained from three different Paraguayan Rhinella species, to establish the constituents of a preparation sold in the capital city of Paraguay to treat cancer as containing the toad as ingredient, to establish the effect of the most active Rhinella schneideri venom on the cell cycle using human breast cancer cells and to assess the antiprotozoal activity of the venoms. METHODS: The venom obtained from the toads parotid glands was analyzed by HPLC-MS-MS. The preparation sold in the capital city of Paraguay to treat cancer that is advertised as made using the toad was analyzed by HPLC-MS-MS. The effect of the R. schneideri venom and the preparation was investigated on human breast cancer cells. The antiprotozoal activity was evaluated on Leishmania braziliensis, L. infantum and murine macrophages. RESULTS: From the venoms of R. ornata, R. schneideri and R. scitula, some 40 compounds were identified by spectroscopic and spectrometric means. Several minor constituents are reported for the first time. The preparation sold as made from the toad did not contained bufadienolides or compounds that can be associated with the toad but plant compounds, mainly phenolics and flavonoids. The venom showed activity on human breast cancer cells and modified the cell cycle proliferation. The antiprotozoal effect was higher for the R. schneideri venom and can be related to the composition and relative ratio of constituents compared with R. ornata and R. scitula. CONCLUSIONS: The preparation sold in the capital city of Paraguay as containing the toad venom, used popularly to treat cancer did not contain the toad venom constituents. Consistent with this, this preparation was inactive on proliferation of human breast cancer cells. In contrast, the toad venoms of Rhinella species altered the cell cycle progression, affecting the proliferation of malignant cells. The findings suggest that care should be taken with the providers of the preparation and that the crude drug present a strong activity towards human breast cancer cell lines. The antiprotozoal effect of the R. schneideri venom was moderate while the venom of R. ornata was devoid of activity and that of R. scitula was active at very high concentration.

Tumor triquilemal proliferante. Presentación de un caso / Trichilemmal proliferating tumor. Case report

Introducción: el Tumor Triquilemal Proliferante es un tumor con diferenciación hacia estructuras pilosas, generalmente se presenta como un nódulo solitario en el cuero cabelludo en mujeres de edad avanzada. es considerado benigno pero con un comportamiento incierto dada su agresividad local y tendencia a la recidiva. Su característica histológica principal es la presencia de queratinización triquilemal. Objetivo: hacer una caracterización clínica e histopatológica de esta entidad. Presentación del caso: se presenta un caso de un Tumor Triquilemal Proliferante en el cuero cabelludo de una mujer de 66 años como un nódulo solitario. Se explican los resultados del estudio y la importancia de su diagnóstico preciso dada la posibilidad de su confusión con otras lesiones cutáneas como el quiste epidérmico. Conclusiones: el Tumor Triquilemal Proliferante es una entidad a tener en cuenta en el diagnóstico diferencial de lesiones tumorales en el cuero cabelludo con características distintivas específicas.

Introduction: proliferating trichilemmal tumor is tumor with follicular isthmus, that usually presents as a solitary nodule on the scalp of elderly women. It is considered a benign neoplasm but with an uncertain behavior because of its local aggressiveness and recidivant tendency. Its main histological characteristic is the presence of trichilemmal keratinization. Objective: to make a clinical and histopathological characterization of this condition. Case presentation: we describe a case of a Proliferating trichilemmal tumor on the scalp of a 66-year-old female, presenting as a solitary nodule. Results of the anatomo-pathological study are presented emphasizing in the importance of its precise diagnosis because the possibility of confusion with other cutaneous conditions like epidermal cyst. Conclusions: proliferating trichilemmal tumor is an entity to keep in mind in the differential diagnosis of tumoral lesions of the scalp with distinctive and specific characteristics.

Acquired ichthyosis as a paraneoplastic syndrome in Hodgkin's disease.

An 80-year-old man was admitted to hospital with low-grade fever, weight loss, asthenia and anorexia. Physical examination revealed generalised ichthyosis with palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. CT scan showed retroperitoneal and inguinal lymph node enlargement. An inguinal lymph node biopsy revealed Hodgkin's disease (nodular-sclerosing subtype). The patient received chemotherapy, showing a clear improvement of both skin lesions and lymph nodes.

Primary health care strategies for the prevention of end-stage renal disease in Cuba.

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a major health problem in the world, including Cuba. There is an increasing trend in both the incidence and prevalence of ESRD. Global projections consistently show an increase of patients in maintenance dialysis, and also an epidemic trend in diabetes mellitus and hypertension, two diseases that are leading causes of ESRD in most countries. A new paradigm is necessary to handle this major health problem, such as a public health model that integrates health promotion and disease prevention. In 1996, the Ministry of Public Health of Cuba launched a national program for the prevention of chronic renal failure (CRF). The progressive implementation of this program follows several steps: the analysis of the resources and health situation in the country; epidemiological research to define the burden of CRF; continuing education for nephrologists, family doctors, and other health professionals; and reorientation of primary health care toward increased nephrology services, intervention, and surveillance. The main outcomes of the program have been: a rational redistribution of nephrology services in corresponding health areas of primary health care; nephrologists being brought closer to the community; an improvement in the knowledge and ability of family doctors and nephrologists in the prevention of chronic renal disease; an increase in the number of patients with CRF (serum creatinine > or = 133 micromol/L or > or = 1.5 mg/dL, or a glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min) who are registered in primary health care every year, from a prevalence of 0.59 per 1,000 inhabitants at the beginning of the program in 1996 to 0.92 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2002, with a mean prevalence growth of 9.2% per year; a significant reduction (0.1%) in the incidence of viral hepatitis B in dialysis patients after the implementation of vaccination against viral hepatitis B in CRF patients who are registered in primary health care; and the implementation of CRF surveillance in primary health care, which provides periodic information on CRF burden, patterns, and trends to assist evidence-based public-health decision making, and measures the impact of interventions in the population. Primary health care is an essential tool, and the community is an appropriate social space for health promotion and the prevention of CRF and ESRD.

Perfil socio económico del médico del Hospital Nacional de Itauguá

Estúdiase la situación socio-económica de médicos del Hospital Nacional de Itauguá. Se basa en los datos obtenidos de una investigación...

Efectos e interacciones recíprocas de la profundidad de la retención dental, la localización anatómica y la celularidad epitelial en el saco pericoronario de los dientes retenidos / Effects and reciprocal interactions of the depth of dental retention, anatomical location and epithelial cellularity in the pericoronal sac of impacted teeth

La investigación se realizó con el propósito de conocer si se producen modificaciones significativas de la concentración celular epitelial en las diferentes profundidades óseas en que puede manifestarse la retención dental. Se estudiaron 55 sacos pericoronarios extraídos de pacientes menores de 20 años. Las medidas de las profundidades de retención dental se realizaron mediante sondas parodontales milimetradas, y se estimaron como profundidades las menores distancias perpendiculares desde los puntos más prominentes de las cúspides dentales más profundas a los planos horizontales superficiales óseos. Se estimó como nivel No 1 de profundidad cuando la distancia era menor de 3 milímetros y nivel No. 2 cuando ésta era de 3 o más milímetros. Otras variables analizadas fueron las localizaciones anatómicas maxilares y madibulares en que se encontraban los dientes retenidos. La variable celularidad se definió como la existencia o ausencia de células epiteliales. Las evaluaciones estadísticas se realizaron utilizando la técnica de "Estimación de un modelo de ajuste logarítmico lineal para tablas de contingencia". El proceso matemático de los datos fue realizado en una microcomputadora NED y se realizó de acuerdo con el estadígrafo G* de la distribución chi-cuadrado. Se obtuvieron 17 posibles combinaciones de las variables, analizándose los efectos de las 3 variables por separado y sus interacciones recíproca. Los resultados de este análisis determinaron que se rechaza la posibilidad de interacción entre profundidad y localización anatómica, y entre la profundidad y la celularidad, y que es posible aceptar la existencia de una fuerte interacción entre la localización anatómica y la celularidad epitelial

Mortalidad intraparto: enero de 1978 a diciembre de 1983 / Intrapartum mortality: january 1978-december 1983

Se realiza un estudio de 148 muertes intraparto ocurridas. Se utilizan en este estudio los criterios de mortalidad intraparto de la investigación de mortalidad inglesa, 1958 y de la investigación perinatal cubana, 1973, que definen como mortalidad intraparto a las defunciones que ocurren en fetos recién nacidos como consecuencia de anoxia intraparto y trauma y excluyen las defunciones intraparto por otras causas como malformaciones congénitas, isoinmunización y otras específicas. Se realiza, en 1973 en nuestro país, una investigación nacional de mortalidad perinatal, con el objetivo de describir las características de la morbimortalidad, relacionarla con factores biológicos y sociales capaces de afectarla y evaluar la calidad de la atención médica ofrecida a la población. Se informa que para la elaboración y ejecución de esa encuesta sirvió de modelo la realizada en Inglaterra en 1958 y publicada en 1963 con el título de Perinatal Problems

Análisis de las lesiones faciales por traumatismos en niños que motivaron la hospitalización en un período de 2 años / Analysis of facial lesions in children due to traumatisms causing hospitalization during a 2 year period

Se realiza un análisis retrospectivo en 119 pacientes ingresados por traumatismo facial durante los años l981-1982. Se encuentra que el grupo de edad más afectado fue el de 9 a ll años, el sexo masculino constituyó el 73,9% de los pacientes. La principal causa de lesión fueron las caídas con 56 y la lesión más frecuente resultó la fractura nasal con 76. Se plantea que el tratamiento conservador constituyó el más utilizado en las fracturas mandibulares