[Determination of five veterinary drug residues in milk by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap mass spectrometry based on modified chitosan membrane purification].

Milk is an important consumer product with high nutritional value. The presence of veterinary drug residues in milk owing to the indiscriminate use of veterinary drugs may affect consumer health. In the mass spectrometric analysis of trace compounds, chromatographic co-eluting components easily interfere with the mass spectral signals obtained, affecting the accuracy of qualitative and quantitative analyses. Matrix purification is a promising method to reduce the matrix effect. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer with numerous active functional groups such as amino, acetyl, and hydroxyl groups; these groups can adsorb lipids through hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Chitosan also has the advantages of low production cost, stable chemical properties, and convenient modification. Novel chitosan-based materials are promising candidates for lipid purification. In this study, a chitosan membrane was modified with trimethoxyoctadecylsilane (C18-CSM). C18-CSM was prepared through one-step hydrolysis and used as a dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) adsorbent to purify the matrix during milk pretreatment. We combined C18-CSM with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/Exactive Orbitrap MS) to develop an effective method for the extraction and determination of ofloxacin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, diazepam, and metronidazole in milk. C18-CSM was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and water contact angle testing. The results indicated that the material has a rough surface and uniformly dense cross-section. The water contact angle of C18-CSM was 104°, indicating its good hydrophobicity. The pretreatment conditions (extraction solvent, dosage of NaCl, extraction frequency, and dosage of C18-CSM) that influenced the recoveries of the five veterinary drugs were investigated in detail. The optimal conditions were established as follows: 5% formic acid in acetonitrile, 1 g NaCl, extraction 1 time, 20 mg C18-CSM. Separation was performed on a Hypersil GOLD VANQUISH column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.9 µm). The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile, and was flowed at a rate of 0.3 mL/min. The sample injection volume was 1 µL, and the column temperature was maintained at 25 ℃. Mass spectrometric analysis was performed in positive electrospray ionization mode. To verify the necessity of the purification material, the matrix effect was investigated using the matrix-matched standard curve method. The use of C18-CSM reduced the matrix effects of the five necessity drugs from the range of -22%-8.8% to the range of -13%-3.6%, indicating that C18-CSM is a highly efficient DSPE material. Under optimal conditions, the developed method showed good linearities within the range of 0.5-100 µg/L, with correlation coefficients (r2)≥0.9970. The limits of detection(LODs) and quantification (LOQs) were 0.2 µg/L and 0.5 µg/L, respectively. To assess the accuracy and precision of the method, we prepared milk samples with three spiked levels (low, medium, and high). The recoveries of the five veterinary drugs were ranged from 79.5% to 115%, and the intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations were 7.0%-13% (n=6) and 1.3%-11% (n=3), respectively. This study provides a simple, accurate, and reliable method for the rapid and simultaneous determination of the five veterinary drug residues in milk.

Emerging connectivity of programmed cell death pathways and pulmonary vascular remodelling during pulmonary hypertension.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic progressive vascular disease characterized by abnormal pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressure. The major structural alteration during PH is pulmonary vascular remodelling, which is mainly caused by the imbalance between proliferation and apoptosis of pulmonary vascular cells. Previously, it was thought that apoptosis was the only type of programmed cell death (PCD). Soon afterward, other types of PCD have been identified, including autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis and necroptosis. In this review, we summarize the role of the above five forms of PCD in mediating pulmonary vascular remodelling, and discuss their guiding significance for PH treatment. The current review could provide a better understanding of the correlation between PCD and pulmonary vascular remodelling, contributing to identify new PCD-associated drug targets for PH.

Blocking CTLA-4 promotes pressure overload-induced heart failure via activating Th17 cells.

Targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) with specific antibody offers long-term benefits for cancer immunotherapy but can cause severe adverse effects in the heart. This study aimed to investigate the role of anti-CTLA-4 antibody in pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) was used to induce cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure in mice. Two weeks after the TAC treatment, mice received anti-CTLA-4 antibody injection twice a week at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. The administration of anti-CTLA-4 antibody exacerbated TAC-induced decline in cardiac function, intensifying myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. Further investigation revealed that anti-CTLA-4 antibody significantly elevated systemic inflammatory factors levels and facilitated the differentiation of T helper 17 (Th17) cells in the peripheral blood of TAC-treated mice. Importantly, anti-CTLA-4 mediated differentiation of Th17 cells and hypertrophic phenotype in TAC mice were dramatically alleviated by the inhibition of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) by an anti-IL-17A antibody. Furthermore, the C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) antagonist AMD3100, also reversed anti-CTLA-4-mediated cardiotoxicity in TAC mice. Overall, these results suggest that the administration of anti-CTLA-4 antibody exacerbates pressure overload-induced heart failure by activating and promoting the differentiation of Th17 cells. Targeting the CXCR4/Th17/IL-17A axis could be a potential therapeutic strategy for mitigating immune checkpoint inhibitors-induced cardiotoxicity.

Empirical analysis of trade costs and their impact on carbon emissions in RCEP countries.

Global economic integration and environmental issues have attracted widespread attention in recent years. As one of the world's most significant free trade agreements, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) significantly impacts trade and the environment. However, research on the relationship between trade costs and carbon emissions still needs to be completed. This study explores the relationship between trade costs and carbon emissions within the framework of the Trade Benefit Theory, which posits that trade liberalization and openness generate economic benefits through increased efficiency, technological advancement, and economic growth. This study analyzes panel data from 12 RCEP countries from 2001 to 2014, employing static and dynamic panel models to examine the relationship between trade costs and carbon emissions. The analysis utilizes mixed regression, fixed (random) effects models, and the systematic GMM method. The results indicate that decreases in trade costs are associated with reduced environmental pollution, aligning with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, which posits an N-shaped relationship between trade costs and carbon emissions. Implementing RCEP facilitates a decrease in trade-related pollution, suggesting that reducing trade costs can help mitigate environmental pollution. Furthermore, the observed N-shaped EKC for trade costs and carbon emissions highlights the potential of RCEP to reduce the impact of trade-related pollution.

A Deep-Learning-Based Algorithm for Landslide Detection over Wide Areas Using InSAR Images Considering Topographic Features.

The joint action of human activities and environmental changes contributes to the frequent occurrence of landslide, causing major hazards. Using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique enables the detailed detection of surface deformation, facilitating early landslide detection. The growing availability of SAR data and the development of artificial intelligence have spurred the integration of deep learning methods with InSAR for intelligent geological identification. However, existing studies using deep learning methods to detect landslides in InSAR deformation often rely on single InSAR data, which leads to the presence of other types of geological hazards in the identification results and limits the accuracy of landslide identification. Landslides are affected by many factors, especially topographic features. To enhance the accuracy of landslide identification, this study improves the existing geological hazard detection model and proposes a multi-source data fusion network termed MSFD-Net. MSFD-Net employs a pseudo-Siamese network without weight sharing, enabling the extraction of texture features from the wrapped deformation data and topographic features from topographic data, which are then fused in higher-level feature layers. We conducted comparative experiments on different networks and ablation experiments, and the results show that the proposed method achieved the best performance. We applied our method to the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River in eastern Qinghai Province, China, and obtained deformation rates using Sentinel-1 SAR data from 2018 to 2020 in the region, ultimately identifying 254 landslides. Quantitative evaluations reveal that most detected landslides in the study area occurred at an elevation of 2500-3700 m with slope angles of 10-30°. The proposed landslide detection algorithm holds significant promise for quickly and accurately detecting wide-area landslides, facilitating timely preventive and control measures.

Error Correction of the RapidEye Sub-Pixel Correlation: A Case Study of the 2019 Ridgecrest Earthquake Sequence.

The optical image sub-pixel correlation (SPC) technique is an important method for monitoring large-scale surface deformation. RapidEye images, distinguished by their short revisit period and high spatial resolution, are crucial data sources for monitoring surface deformation. However, few studies have comprehensively analyzed the error sources and correction methods of the deformation field obtained from RapidEye images. We used RapidEye images without surface deformation to analyze potential errors in the offset fields. We found that the errors in RapidEye offset fields primarily consist of decorrelation noise, orbit error, and attitude jitter distortions. To mitigate decorrelation noise, the careful selection of offset pairs coupled with spatial filtering is essential. Orbit error can be effectively mitigated by the polynomial fitting method. To address attitude jitter distortions, we introduced a linear fitting approach that incorporated the coherence of attitude jitter. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed methods, we utilized RapidEye images to extract the coseismic displacement field of the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence. The two-dimensional (2D) offset field contained deformation signals extracted from two earthquakes, with a maximum offset of 2.8 m in the E-W direction and 2.4 m in the N-S direction. A comparison with GNSS observations indicates that, after error correction, the mean relative precision of the offset field improved by 92% in the E-W direction and by 89% in the N-S direction. This robust enhancement underscores the effectiveness of the proposed error correction methods for RapidEye data. This study sheds light on large-scale surface deformation monitoring using RapidEye images.

Enabling high throughput deep reinforcement learning with first principles to investigate catalytic reaction mechanisms.

Exploring catalytic reaction mechanisms is crucial for understanding chemical processes, optimizing reaction conditions, and developing more effective catalysts. We present a reaction-agnostic framework based on high-throughput deep reinforcement learning with first principles (HDRL-FP) that offers excellent generalizability for investigating catalytic reactions. HDRL-FP introduces a generalizable reinforcement learning representation of catalytic reactions constructed solely from atomic positions, which are subsequently mapped to first-principles-derived potential energy landscapes. By leveraging thousands of simultaneous simulations on a single GPU, HDRL-FP enables rapid convergence to the optimal reaction path at a low cost. Its effectiveness is demonstrated through the studies of hydrogen and nitrogen migration in Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis on the Fe(111) surface. Our findings reveal that the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism shares the same transition state as the Eley-Rideal mechanism for H migration to NH2, forming ammonia. Furthermore, the reaction path identified herein exhibits a lower energy barrier compared to that through nudged elastic band calculation.

A novel bi-layered asymmetric membrane incorporating demineralized dentin matrix accelerates tissue healing and bone regeneration in a rat skull defect model.

Objectives: The technique of guided bone regeneration (GBR) has been widely used in the field of reconstructive dentistry to address hard tissue deficiency. The objective of this research was to manufacture a novel bi-layered asymmetric membrane that incorporates demineralized dentin matrix (DDM), a bioactive bone replacement derived from dentin, in order to achieve both soft tissue isolation and hard tissue regeneration simultaneously. Methods: DDM particles were harvested from healthy, caries-free permanent teeth. The electrospinning technique was utilized to synthesize bi-layered DDM-loaded PLGA/PLA (DPP) membranes. We analyzed the DPP bilayer membranes' surface topography, physicochemical properties and degradation ability. Rat skull critical size defects (CSDs) were constructed to investigate in vivo bone regeneration. Results: The synthesized DPP bilayer membranes possessed suitable surface characteristics, acceptable mechanical properties, good hydrophilicity, favorable apatite forming ability and suitable degradability. Micro-computed tomography (CT) showed significantly more new bone formation in the rat skull defects implanted with the DPP bilayer membranes. Histological evaluation further revealed that the bone was more mature with denser bone trabeculae. In addition, the DPP bilayer membrane significantly promoted the expression of the OCN matrix protein in vivo. Conclusions: The DPP bilayer membranes exhibited remarkable biological safety and osteogenic activity in vivo and showed potential as a prospective candidate for GBR applications in the future.

Spatiotemporal analysis of equine infectious anemia and prediction of risk areas in Europe.

Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) is a vector-borne persistent viral infection in equine animals. The EIA is characterized by recurrent fever, thrombocytopenia, depression, anemia, rapid weight loss, and lower body edema. Control of EIA is achieved through the elimination or isolation of infected animals, resulting in significant economic losses. In recent years, many countries in Europe have experienced outbreaks of EIA, which could potentially develop into a new wave of epidemic and pose a significant threat to the healthy development of the equine industry. This study utilized spatiotemporal analysis techniques and ecological niche modeling to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of historical EIA outbreaks and predict risk areas for EIA occurrence in Europe. Spatiotemporal analysis results indicate that from 2005 to 2023, the EIA outbreaks in Europe exhibit five significant spatiotemporal clusters, with hotspots concentrated in southeastern France and northwestern Italy. Ecological niche modeling reveals that western, central, and southern Europe are high-risk areas for EIA outbreaks. Annual mean temperature, annual precipitation, and horse density are important variables that influence the occurrence of EIA. The results of this study can provide decision-makers with valuable insights, helping with EIA monitoring and resource allocation.

Recent progress in energy-saving electrocatalytic hydrogen production via regulating the anodic oxidation reaction.

Hydrogen energy with its advantages of high calorific value, renewable nature, and zero carbon emissions is considered an ideal candidate for clean energy in the future. The electrochemical decomposition of water, powered by renewable and clean energy sources, presents a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to hydrogen production. However, the traditional electrochemical overall water-splitting reaction (OWSR) is limited by the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with sluggish kinetics. Although important advances have been made in efficient OER catalysts, the theoretical thermodynamic difficulty predetermines the inevitable large potential (1.23 V vs. RHE for the OER) and high energy consumption for the conventional water electrolysis to obtain H2. Besides, the generation of reactive oxygen species at high oxidation potentials can lead to equipment degradation and increase maintenance costs. Therefore, to address these challenges, thermodynamically favorable anodic oxidation reactions with lower oxidation potentials than the OER are used to couple with the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) to construct new coupling hydrogen production systems. Meanwhile, a series of robust catalysts applied in these new coupled systems are exploited to improve the energy conversion efficiency of hydrogen production. Besides, the electrochemical neutralization energy (ENE) of the asymmetric electrolytes with a pH gradient can further promote the decrease in application voltage and energy consumption for hydrogen production. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the advancements in electrochemical hydrogen production strategies with low energy consumption, including (1) the traditional electrochemical overall water splitting reaction (OWSR, HER-OER); (2) the small molecule sacrificial agent oxidation reaction (SAOR) and (3) the electrochemical oxidation synthesis reaction (EOSR) coupling with the HER (HER-SAOR, HER-EOSR), respectively; (4) regulating the pH gradient of the cathodic and anodic electrolytes. The operating principle, advantages, and the latest progress of these hydrogen production systems are analyzed in detail. In particular, the recent progress in the catalytic materials applied to these coupled systems and the corresponding catalytic mechanism are further discussed. Furthermore, we also provide a perspective on the potential challenges and future directions to foster advancements in electrocatalytic green sustainable hydrogen production.

Mulberry and Hippophae-based solid beverage attenuate hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis via adipose tissue-liver axis.

Dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis are the characteristics of the initial stage of nonalcohol fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which can be reversed by lifestyle intervention, including dietary supplementation. However, such commercial dietary supplements with solid scientific evidence and in particular clear mechanistic elucidation are scarce. Here, the health benefits of MHP, a commercial mulberry and Hippophae-based solid beverage, were evaluated in NAFLD rat model and the underlying molecular mechanisms were investigated. Histopathologic examination of liver and white adipose tissue found that MHP supplementation reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and adipocyte hypertrophy. Serum biochemical results confirmed that MHP effectively ameliorated dyslipidemia and decreased circulation-free fatty acid level. RNA-Seq-based transcriptomic analysis showed that MHP-regulated genes are involved in the inhibition of lipolysis of adipose tissue and thus may contribute to the reduction of hepatic ectopic lipid deposition. Furthermore, MHP upregulated ACSL1-CPT1a-CPT2 pathway, a canonical pathway that regulated mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism, and promoted liver and adipose tissue fatty acid ß-oxidation. These results suggest that adipose tissue-liver crosstalk may play a key role in maintaining glucose and lipid metabolic hemostasis. In addition, MHP can also ameliorate chronic inflammation through regulating the secretion of adipokines. Our study demonstrates that MHP is able to improve dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis through crosstalk between adipose tissue and liver and also presents transcriptomic evidence to support the underlying mechanisms of action, providing solid evidence for its health claims.

Graphene/ chitosan tubes inoculated with dental pulp stem cells promotes repair of facial nerve injury.

Introduction: Facial nerve injury significantly impacts both the physical and psychological] wellbeing of patients. Despite advancements, there are still limitations associated with autografts transplantation. Consequently, there is an urgent need for effective artificial grafts to address these limitations and repair injuries. Recent years have witnessed the recognition of the beneficial effects of chitosan (CS) and graphene in the realm of nerve repair. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) hold great promise due to their high proliferative and multi-directional differentiation capabilities. Methods: In this study, Graphene/CS (G/CST) composite tubes were synthesized and their physical, chemical and biological properties were evaluated, then DPSCs were employed as seed cells and G/CST as a scaffold to investigate their combined effect on promoting facial nerve injury repair. Results and Disscussion: The experimental results indicate that G/CST possesses favorable physical and chemical properties, along with good cyto-compatibility. making it suitable for repairing facial nerve transection injuries. Furthermore, the synergistic application of G/CST and DPSCs significantly enhanced the repair process for a 10 mm facial nerve defect in rabbits, highlighting the efficacy of graphene as a reinforcement material and DPSCs as a functional material in facial nerve injury repair. This approach offers an effective treatment strategy and introduces a novel concept for clinically managing facial nerve injuries.

Stabilizing and Activating Active Sites: 1T-MoS2 Supported Pd Single Atoms for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

Metallic 1T-MoS2 with high intrinsic electronic conductivity performs Pt-like catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, obtaining pure 1T-MoS2 is challenging due to its high formation energy and metastable properties. Herein, an in situ SO4 2--anchoring strategy is reported to synthesize a thin layer of 1T-MoS2 loaded on commercial carbon. Single Pd atoms, constituting a substantial loading of 7.2 wt%, are then immobilized on the 1T-phase MoS2 via Pd─S bonds to modulate the electronic structure and ensure a stable active phase. The resulting Pd1/1T-MoS2/C catalyst exhibits superior HER performance, featuring a low overpotential of 53 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm-2, a small Tafel slope of 37 mV dec-1, and minimal charge transfer resistance in alkaline electrolyte. Moreover, the catalyst also demonstrates efficacy in acid and neutral electrolytes. Atomic structural characterization and theoretical calculations reveal that the high activity of Pd1/1T-MoS2/C is attributed to the near-zero hydrogen adsorption energy of the activated sulfur sites on the two adjacent shells of atomic Pd.

Sodium Octahydridotriborate as a Solid Electrolyte with Excellent Stability Against Sodium-Metal Anode.

Solid-state sodium metal batteries have been extensively investigated because of their potential to improve safety, cost-effectiveness, and energy density. The development of such batteries urgently required a solid-state electrolyte with fast Na-ion conduction and favorable interfacial compatibility. Herein, the progress on developing the NaB3H8 solid-state electrolytes is reported, which show a liquid-like ionic conductivity of 0.05 S cm-1 at 56 °C with an activation energy of 0.35 eV after an order-disorder phase transformation, matching or surpassing the best single-anion hydridoborate conductors investigated up to now. The steady polarization voltage and significantly decreased resistance are achieved in the symmetric Na/NaB3H8/Na cell, indicating the great electrochemical stability and favorable interfacial contact with the Na metal of NaB3H8. Furthermore, a Na/NaB3H8/TiS2 battery, the first high-rate (up to 1 C) solid-state sodium metal battery using the single-anion hydridoborate electrolyte, is demonstrated, which exhibits superior rate capability (168.2 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C and 141.2 mAh g-1 at 1 C) and long-term cycling stability (70.9% capacity retention at 1 C after 300 cycles) at 30 °C. This work may present a new possibility to solve the interfacial limitations and find a new group of solid-state electrolytes for high-performance sodium metal batteries.

Characterization, hazard identification, and risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)-based food contact articles.

The chemical safety of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) based food contact articles (FCAs) has aroused increasing toxicological concerns in recent years, but the chemical characterization and associated risk assessment still remain inadequate as it fails to elucidate the distribution pattern and discern the potential genotoxic and carcinogenic hazards of the identified substances. Herein, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in 50 batches of PBAT-based FCAs of representative categories and 10 batches of PLA and PBAT pellets were characterized, by which 237 VOCs of 10 chemical categories were identified and exhibited characteristic distribution patterns in the chemical spaces derived from their molecular descriptors. Chemical hazards associated with the identified VOCs were discerned by a hazard-driven classification scheme integrating hazard-related knowledge from multiple publicly available sources, and 34 VOCs were found to bear genotoxic or carcinogenic hazards and to feature higher average molecular weight than the other VOCs. Finally, the Risk and hazard quotient (HQ) calculated as the metrics of risk suggested that all identified VOCs posed acceptable risks (Risk<10-4 or HQ < 1), whereas oxolane, butyrolactone, N,N-dimethylacetamide, 2-butoxyethanol, benzyl alcohol, and 1,2,3-trichloropropane posed non-negligible (Risk>10-6) genotoxic or carcinogenic risk and thus should be of prioritized concern to promote the chemical safety of PBAT-based FCAs.

Liver cancer from the perspective of single-cell sequencing: a review combined with bibliometric analysis.

BACKGROUND: Liver cancer (LC) is a prevalent malignancy and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Extensive research has been conducted to enhance patient outcomes and develop effective prevention strategies, ranging from molecular mechanisms to clinical interventions. Single-cell sequencing, as a novel bioanalysis technology, has significantly contributed to the understanding of the global cognition and dynamic changes in liver cancer. However, there is a lack of bibliometric analysis in this specific research area. Therefore, the objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the knowledge structure and research hotspots in the field of single-cell sequencing in liver cancer research through the use of bibliometrics. METHOD: Publications related to the application of single-cell sequencing technology to liver cancer research as of December 31, 2023, were searched on the web of science core collection (WoSCC) database. VOSviewers, CiteSpace, and R package "bibliometrix" were used to conduct this bibliometric analysis. RESULTS: A total of 331 publications from 34 countries, primarily led by China and the United States, were included in this study. The research focuses on the application of single cell sequencing technology to liver cancer, and the number of related publications has been increasing year by year. The main research institutions involved in this field are Fudan University, Sun Yat-Sen University, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Frontiers in Immunology and Nature Communications is the most popular journal in this field, while Cell is the most frequently co-cited journal. These publications are authored by 2799 individuals, with Fan Jia and Zhou Jian having the most published papers, and Llovet Jm being the most frequently co-cited author. The use of single cell sequencing to explore the immune microenvironment of liver cancer, as well as its implications in immunotherapy and chemotherapy, remains the central focus of this field. The emerging research hotspots are characterized by keywords such as 'Gene-Expression', 'Prognosis', 'Tumor Heterogeneity', 'Immunoregulation', and 'Tumor Immune Microenvironment'. CONCLUSION: This is the first bibliometric study that comprehensively summarizes the research trends and developments on the application of single cell sequencing in liver cancer. The study identifies recent research frontiers and hot directions, providing a valuable reference for researchers exploring the landscape of liver cancer, understanding the composition of the immune microenvironment, and utilizing single-cell sequencing technology to guide and enhance the prognosis of liver cancer patients.

Peripheral Th17/Treg imbalance in Chinese patients with untreated antisynthetase syndrome associated interstitial lung disease.

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common and fatal manifestation of antisynthetase syndrome (ASS). The aim of this study was to provide new insight into investigate peripheral blood lymphocytes, CD4+ T cells, cytokine levels and their relation to the clinical profile of untreated patients with ASS-ILD. The retrospective study population included thirty patients diagnosed with ASS-ILD and 30 healthy controls (HCs). Baseline clinical and laboratory data were collected for all subjects, including peripheral blood lymphocyte, CD4+ T cell subsets measured by flow cytometry, and serum cytokine levels measured by multiple microsphere flow immunofluorescence. Their correlations with clinical and laboratory findings were analyzed by Pearson's or Spearman's correlation analysis. In addition, the Benjamini-Hochberg method was used for multiple correction to adjust the p-values. Patients with ASS-ILD had lower CD8+ T cells, higher proportion of Th17 cells and Th17/Treg ratio than HCs. Serum cytokine levels (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, IL-8, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ) were higher in patients with ASS-ILD than HCs. Moreover, Th17/Treg ratio was negatively correlated with diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO)%. Our study demonstrated abnormalities of immune disturbances in patients with ASS-ILD, characterized by decreased CD8+ T cells and an increased Th17/Treg ratio, due to an increase in the Th17 cells. These abnormalities may be the immunological mechanism underlying the development of ILD in ASS.

Characterizing and decoding the key odor-active compounds in fresh, pasteurized, and high pressure processing sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) juice.

The non-thermal and thermal effects on aroma of sea buckthorn juice have rarely been investigated. In this study, 57 odor compounds were identified in fresh sea buckthorn juice (FSBJ), high pressure processing sea buckthorn juice (HSBJ), and pasteurized sea buckthorn juice (PSBJ), including 29 esters, 8 aldehydes, 1 ketone, 5 alcohols, 5 acids, 6 terpenoids, and 3 others. Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, ethyl hexanoate, and ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoate with flavor dilution factors ranging from 729 to 59,049 contributed to the fruity odors of FSBJ and HSBJ. Besides, the formation of off-odor compounds including hexanal, nonanal, furfural, 3-methylbutanoic acid, and dimethyl disulfide with odor activity values ≥ 1, imparts fatty, roasted, sweaty, and cooked odor in PSBJ. The variations of vitamin C and reducing sugar are significantly associated with changes in odor-active compounds during pasteurized processing. These findings provide new insights that high pressure processing minimizes the adverse effects of pasteurization.

Deterministic direct design method for a spherical-aberration-free singlet lens with reduced coma.

It is still challenging to find a spherical-aberration-free singlet lens with well corrected coma due to an undesired and complicated residual high-order coma. In this paper, we present a spherical-aberration-free singlet lens with reduced coma containing high-order coma contribution. This design algorithm is to deduce the front aspherical surface parameters from the back spherical surface using meridional ray tracing to find the proper values of the back focal length and the back spherical radius to reduce the coma. The exemplary lens demonstrates an excellent well-balanced and diffraction-limited performance at the field angle ranging from 0.0° to 2.5° with a working F# equal to 1.65.

[Effects and Mechanisms of Polystyrene Microplastics on Extracellular Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Wastewater].

Microplastics (MPs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are typical co-existing emerging pollutants in wastewater treatment plants. MPs have been shown to alter the distribution pattern of ARGs in sludge, but their effects on free extracellular ARGs (feARGs) in wastewater remain unclear. In this study, we used fluorescence quantitative PCR to investigate the dynamics of feARGs (including tetC, tetO, sul1, and sul2) in wastewater and their transition mechanisms after 60 d of exposure to typical MPs (polystyrene, PS). The results showed that the absolute abundance of tetracycline feARGs decreased by 28.4 %-76.0 % and 35.2 %-96.2 %, respectively, under nm-level and mm-level PS exposure and changed by -55.4 %-122.4 % under µm-level PS exposure. The abundance of sul1 showed a trend of nm-level > µm-level > mm-level upon PS exposure, and the changes in sul1 abundance was greater with ρ(PS)=50 mg·L-1 exposure. The relative abundance of sul2 was reduced by 25.4 %-42.6 % and 46.1 %-90.3 % after µm-level and mm-level PS exposure, respectively, and increased by 1.9-3.9 times after nm-level PS exposure, and the sul2 showed a higher reduction at ρ (PS)=50 mg·L-1 exposure than that at ρ (PS)=0.5 mg·L-1. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that the relative abundance of feARGs during PS exposure was positively correlated with cell membrane permeability and typical mobile genetic elements (intI1) abundance and negatively correlated with reactive oxygen species level. Our findings elucidated the effects and corresponding mechanisms of PS on the growth and mobility of feARGs in wastewater, providing a scientific basis for the control of the combined MPs and ARGs pollution in wastewater.