Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and detection of virulence genes of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from white-lipped peccaries and collared peccaries.

Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli are implicated in human and animal infections and require antimicrobial treatment in many situations. Faecal samples of healthy white-lipped peccaries (Pecari tajacu) (n = 30) and collared peccaries (Tayassu pecari ) (n = 60) obtained in three farms located in the Midwest Brazil. The antimicrobial profiles of commensal E. coli from P. tajacu and T. pecari from commercial herds in Brazil were isolated and analyzed and virulence genes were detected. Among 90 healthy animals, no Salmonella spp. were isolated. However, 30 samples (27%) tested positive for E. coli, with 18 isolates from P. tajacu and 12 from T. pecari, representing frequencies of 58.0% and 38.7%, respectively. Additionally, other Enterobacteriaceae family bacteria were detected but not included in this analysis. However, individual samples from 30 animals tested positive for E. coli, of which 16 were isolated from P. tajacu presenting multidrug resistance and six were isolated from T. pecari presenting a similar pattern. The E. coli virulence genes detected were papC (pilus-associated pyelonephritis) in five isolates, tsh (temperature-sensitive hemagglutinin) in one isolate, and eae (enteric attachment and effacement) in one isolate. The serum resistance gene, iss (increased serum survival), was detected in four isolates. An association between these genes and the presence of hemolysin was also observed in one isolate. Thus, T. pecari and P. tajacu are potential reservoirs of pathogenic and multidrug-resistant and E. coli. Faecal E. coli of healthy P. tajacu and T. pecari could act as a possible reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes in environment.

Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Salmonella sp. Isolates from Commercial Laying Hen Farms in Central-Western Brazil.

Microbial resistance to antibiotics poses a significant threat to both human and animal health, necessitating international efforts to mitigate this issue. This study aimed to assess the resistance profiles of Salmonella sp. isolates and identify the presence of intl1, sul1, and blaTEM resistance genes within antigenically characterized isolates, including Agona, Livingstone, Cerro, Schwarzengrund, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype O:4.5, Anatum, Enteritidis, Johannesburg, Corvallis, and Senftenberg. These isolates underwent susceptibility testing against 14 antibiotics. The highest resistance percentages were noted for sulfamethoxazole (91%), sulfonamides (51%), and ceftiofur (28.9%), while no resistance was observed for ciprofloxacin. Salmonella Johannesburg and Salmonella Corvallis showed resistance to one antibiotic, whereas other serovars were resistant to at least two. Salmonella Schwarzengrund exhibited resistance to 13 antibiotics. The intl1 gene was detected in six out of the ten serovars, and the sul1 gene in three, always co-occurring with intl1. The blaTEM gene was not identified. Our findings highlight the risk posed by the detected multiple resistances and genes to animal, human, and environmental health. The multidrug resistance, especially to third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, highlights the need for stringent monitoring of Salmonella in laying hens. The potential of the environment, humans, eggs, and their products to act as vectors for antibiotic resistance represents a significant concern for One Health.

Salmonella enterica diversity and antimicrobial resistance profile in broiler slaughterhouse by-products.

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Salmonella enterica in by­products (feathers, spleen, cecum, and crop) from broiler slaughterhouses as well as to determine the antimicrobial resistance profile of the identified serovars. Forty­four lots of broilers in nine slaughterhouses located in the central­west region of Brazil were evaluated. Samples of spleen, feathers, cecum, and crop were collected in a pool and a total of 1,232 samples were evalueted. These were processed for conventional bacterial isolation and subjected to biochemical and serological tests to identify serovars. The identified serovars were subjected to the antimicrobial susceptibility test, where nine different antimycotics were investigated. Salmonella enterica was identified in 7.1% (87/1,232) of all evaluated samples, mostly in feathers (12.3%) and spleen (8.1%). The most frequent serovars were Schwarzengrund (29.9%), Agona (25.4%), Mbandaka (12.7%) and Anatum (8.1%). Nine serovars showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial, especially serovars Mbandaka, Infantis and Typhimurium. Amoxicillin and tetracycline were not effective in inhibiting at least five and four serovars, respectively.

Effects of broiler breeder age on immune system development of progeny

The objective of this study was to determine the effects that breeder age has on digestive and immune system development; the transfer of immunoglobulins to egg yolk, yolk sac, and neonate chicks; and the immune response of chicks up to 35 days old. Three ages (32, 42, and 52 weeks) of Hubbard breeders were studied with ages as treatments. A total of 425 eggs were weighed for each of the three treatments and incubated. After hatching, a total of 300 1-day-old chicks were used in each treatment. We studied the development of the gastrointestinal tract and immune system of progeny and IgY transfer from breeder to progeny. Chicks from 52-week-old breeders had greater gastrointestinal tract growth up to seven days of life and greater body weight at 14 days. Older breeders (52 weeks) had higher amounts of IgY in serum and egg yolk. Chicks from the youngest breeders (32-weeks-old) had a better immune response at two weeks post-vaccination. It can be concluded that the older breeders have a greater capacity to immunize progeny up to 14 days. Strategies can be developed to increase IgY in the serum of young breeders and, consequently, increase the innate immunity of the newly-hatched chicks.(AU)

Rheological characterization of rhea (Rhea americana) eggs subjected to different storage periods / Caracterização reológica de ovos rhea (Rhea americana) submetidos a diferentes períodos de armazenamento

Eggs are used as food industry ingredients due to their functional properties. Eggs from different bird species are used in industrial processing; therefore, rheological experiments were carried out at steady state to obtain the flow curves and also at a dynamic state to study the rheological properties of greater rhea eggs. The viscoelastic behavior of the fluids as a function of the coagulation temperatures for albumen and yolk and of the oscillatory shear frequency was studied. Fifteen rhea eggs stored for up to 28 days at 10 °C were analyzed at 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The albumen and yolk fractions showed pseudoplastic rheological behavior with small initial flow shear and dependence on shear time, with albumen demonstrating thixotropy and the yolk showing rheopexy. In low shear rheological tests, thermal gelation of albumen was observed, presenting a first change in the elastic modulus around 56 °C, and a second from 78 °C. In the yolk, a change was observed from 66 °C, with more structural variations in the development of the gel at higher temperatures. For rhea eggs, the gel structuring (gelation) temperature of albumen (80 °C) and egg yolk (69 °C) did not undergo variations during the storage periods. Compared to commercial eggs, the higher viscosity and gelation temperatures presented by the rhea eggs can help determine the size of the industrial processing system as they can be submitted to higher temperatures without modifying protein structures and hindering the process.

Os ovos são usados como ingredientes da indústria alimentícia devido às suas propriedades funcionais. Ovos de diferentes espécies de aves podem ser usados no processamento industrial. Foram realizados experimentos reológicos em estado estacionário para obtenção das curvas de fluxo e também em estado dinâmico para estudar as propriedades reológicas dos ovos de emas Rhea americana. O comportamento viscoelástico dos fluidos em função das temperaturas de coagulação para albúmen e gema e da frequência oscilatória foi estudado. Foram analisados 15 ovos de rhea armazenados por até 28 dias a 10 °C em 1, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias. As frações de albumina e gema mostraram comportamento reológico pseudoplástico com pequeno cisalhamento de fluxo inicial e dependência do tempo de cisalhamento, com albúmen demonstrando tixotropia e a gema mostrando reopexia. Em testes reológicos de cisalhamento baixo, observou-se gelificação térmica de albúmen, apresentando uma primeira mudança no módulo elástico em torno de 56 °C, e um segundo de 78 °C. Na gema, observou-se uma mudança a partir de 66 °C, com variações mais estruturais no desenvolvimento do gel a temperaturas mais elevadas. Para os ovos de rhea, a temperatura estruturante de gel (gelificação) de albumen (80 °C) e gema de ovo (69 °C) não sofreu variações durante os períodos de armazenamento. Em comparação com os ovos comerciais, as maiores temperaturas de viscosidade e gelificação apresentadas pelos ovos rhea podem ajudar a determinar o tamanho do sistema de processamento industrial, pois podem ser submetidos a temperaturas mais altas sem modificar estruturas proteicas e dificultar o processo.

Performance and immune response of broilers born to breeders of different ages and fed different valine levels

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of digestible valine supplementation in pre-starter and starter diets on the productivity, nutrient metabolizability coefficient (NMC), and immune response of broilers from breeders of different ages. Experiments I and II were conducted with broilers in the pre-starter (1 to 7 days of age) and starter (8 to 21 days of age) phases, respectively. Broilers were fed diets that differed in their digestible valine content. In each trial, 400 male Cobb 500® chicks were randomly housed in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with eight treatments and five replicates of 10 birds each. The main effects were breeder age (37 vs. 52 weeks) and the digestible valine level in pre-starter (9.2, 10.2, 11.2, and 12.2 g/kg) and starter (8.3, 9.3, 10.3, and 11.3 g/kg) diets. Productive performance, intestinal histology, and immune response of broilers were evaluated. Supplementation with 11.2 g/kg valine in pre-starter diets improved NMC and increased villus height and villus:crypt ratio in the duodenum, jejunum development, and lymphocyte proliferation in the spleen of broilers at seven days of age, without improving performance (body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio). In the starter phase, valine supplementation reduced feed intake but did not affect NMC, intestinal development, or immune response. The present results suggest that the same level of digestible valine should be used in the diet of broilers born to breeders of different ages, and the use of 9.2 and 8.3 g/kg digestible valine in pre-starter and starter diets, respectively, is sufficient to ensure satisfactory broiler performance. However, to improve the duodenum and jejunum development and immune response of broilers in the pre-starter phase, higher digestible valine levels are required.

Identification and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica isolated from live birds at commercial resellers / Identificação e resistência a antimicrobianos de Salmonella enterica isoladas de aves vivas em revendas comerciais

The objective of this study was to investigate the sanitary and management characteristics of live-bird resellers as well as identify and undertake an antigenic characterization of Salmonella enterica and its sensitivity to antimicrobials. Structured questionnaires were applied and 627 samples were collected from the cages, consisting 209 samples of excreta, 209 of feed and 209 drinker swabs. These were processed by conventional bacteriology. The obtained isolates were subjected to the susceptibility test and to 12 antimicrobial tests by the disk diffusion method. Of the studied resellers, 91.7% house Gallus gallus domesticus, together with other animal species; sell birds with little zoosanitary documentation; have unsatisfactory active surveillance; and use and sell antimicrobials indiscriminately. The presence of Salmonella enterica was detected in 1.4% (9/627) of the samples analyzed in the cages, with 1.9% (4/209) found in excreta, 0.95% (2/209) in feed and in 1.4% (3/209) in drinker swabs. These were characterized antigenically as Salmonella Heidelberg, Gallinarum, Risen, Ndolo, Saint Paul, Mbandaka and subsp enterica O:6,7. When susceptibility to antimicrobials was determined, 44.4% resistance (4/9) was detected for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 33.3% (3/9) for enrofloxacin, 22.2% (2/9) for ciprofloxacin, ceftiofur and amoxicillin and 11.1% (1/9) for tetracycline and fosfomycin. Salmonella Heidelberg, as well as serovars Gallinarum, Risen, Saint Paul and Mbandaka, showed resistance to at least one of the tested antimicrobials. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and enrofloxacin were the antimicrobials that showed the least efficacy. Serovars such as Heidelberg, Gallinarum and Mbandaka have multiresistance to antimicrobials commonly used in human and veterinary medicine, implying potential risks to One Health.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este trabalho investigar as características sanitárias e de manejo das revendas de aves vivas, bem como a identificação e caracterização antigênica de Salmonella enterica e sua sensibilidade a antimicrobianos. Foram aplicados questionários estruturados, além de 627 amostras coletadas nas gaiolas, sendo 209 de excretas, 209 de ração e 209 suabes de bebedouros. Essas amostras foram processadas por bacteriologia convencional. Os isolados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste de suscetibilidade e a 12 antimicrobianos pelo método de difusão em disco. Verificou-se que 91,7% das revendas estudadas alojam Gallus gallus domesticus juntamente a outras espécies animais, comercializam aves com escassa documentação zoosanitária, a vigilância ativa é insatisfatória e utilizam e comercializam antimicrobianos de forma indiscriminada. Detectou-se a presença da Salmonella enterica em 1,4% (9/627) das amostras analisadas nas gaiolas, sendo 1,9% (4/209) em excretas, 0,95% (2/209) em ração e em 1,4% (3/209) em suabes de bebedouros, as quais foram caracterizadas, antigenicamente, como Salmonella Heidelberg, Gallinarum, Risen, Ndolo, Saint Paul, Mbandaka e subesp enterica O:6,7. Na determinação da suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos, obteve-se resistência de 44,4% (4/9) para Trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol, 33,3% (3/9) para enrofloxacina, 22,2% (2/9) para ciprofloxacina, ceftiofur, amoxicilina e 11,1% (1/9) para tetraciclina e fosfomicina. Salmonella Heidelberg, além dos sorovares Gallinarum, Risen, Saint Paul e Mbandaka, todos mostraram resistência a pelo menos um dos antimicrobianos testados. Trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol e enrofloxacina foram os antimicrobianos que apresentaram menor eficácia. Sorovares como Heidelberg, Gallinarum e Mbandaka apresentam multirresistência aos antimicrobianos de uso comum em medicina humana e veterinária, o que implica em riscos potenciais para saúde única.(AU)

Occurrence of Escherichia coli in captive psittaciformes: antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence genes / Ocorrência de Escherichia coli em psitacídios cativos: suscetibilidade antimicrobiana e genes de virulência

Captive Psittaciformes may harbor Gram-negative bacteria in their digestive tract, mainly due to poor hygienic conditions and confinement. The present study was carried out with the objective of isolating and identifying Escherichia coli in samples collected from Psittaciformes cages in 50 commercial establishments in the metropolitan region of Goiania, with subsequent antimicrobial susceptibility testing and detection of virulence genes. A total of 141 samples of excreta and swab samples from feeders and water bowls were collected, totaling 423 samples. Escherichia coli was isolated from 9.7% (41/423) samples: 12% (17/141) in excreta, 8.5% (12/141) in feed, and 8.5% (12 /141) in waterers. To determine the susceptibility profile of E. coli isolates, resistance to ciprofloxacin 4.9% (2/41), gentamicin 17.0% (7/41), doxycycline 34.1% (14/41), florfenicol 34.1% (14/41), trimethoprim 39.0% (16/41), tetracycline 41.5% (17/41), enrofloxacin 43.9% (18/41), amoxicillin 48.8% (20/41), neomycin 61.0% (25/41), and sulfonamide 90.2% (37/41) was determined. In 20 isolates, resistance was determined at 4 or more antimicrobials, seven of excreta (7/17), five of feed (5/12), and eight of waterers (8/12). One of the isolates from the waterers showed resistance to all antimicrobials. The iss gene was detected in three isolates, the tsh gene in three, the papC gene in two, traT and eae genes were not detected. In this study, it can be concluded that Psittaciformes commercialized as pet are carry E. coli isolates resistant to most commonly used antimicrobials, mainly sulfonamides and neomycin, besides having virulence and serum resistance genes, which highlights the possibility of the to cause disease in humans.(AU)

Psittaciformes em cativeiro podem abrigar bactérias Gram-negativas em seu trato digestivo, principalmente devido a condições higiênicas inadequadas e ao confinamento. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de isolar e identificar Escherichia coli em amostras coletadas de gaiolas de Psittaciformes em 50 estabelecimentos comerciais da região metropolitana de Goiânia, com subsequentes testes de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana e detecção de genes de virulência. Foram coletadas 141 amostras de excrementos e suabes de alimentadores e bebedouros, totalizando 423 amostras. Escherichia coli foi isolada em 9,7% (41/423) amostras: 12% (17/141) em excrementos, 8,5% (12/141) em ração e 8,5% (12/141) em bebedouros. Os isolados de E. coli mostraram resistência à ciprofloxacina 4,9% (2/41), gentamicina 17,0% (7/41), doxiciclina 34,1% (14/41), florfenicol 34,1% (14/41), trimetoprim 39,0% (16/41), tetraciclina 41,5% (17/41), enrofloxacina 43,9% (18/41), amoxicilina 48,8% (20/41), neomicina 61,0% (25/41) e sulfonamida 90,2% (37 / 41) foi determinado. Multirresistência (resistência a quatro ou mais antimicrobianos) foi encontrada em 20 amostras, sete de excrementos (7/17), cinco de ração (5/12) e oito de bebedouros (8/12). Um dos isolados dos bebedouros apresentou resistência a todos os antimicrobianos. O gene iss foi detectado em três isolados, o gene tsh em três, o gene papC em dois, os genes traT e eae não foram detectados. Neste estudo, pode-se concluir que os Psittaciformes comercializados como animais de estimação são portadores de isolados de E. coli resistentes aos antimicrobianos mais utilizados, principalmente sulfonamidas e neomicina, além de possuir genes de virulência e resistência sérica, destacando a possibilidade de causar doenças em humanos.(AU)

Identification and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica isolated from live birds at commercial resellers / Identificação e resistência a antimicrobianos de Salmonella enterica isoladas de aves vivas em revendas comerciais

The objective of this study was to investigate the sanitary and management characteristics of live-bird resellers as well as identify and undertake an antigenic characterization of Salmonella enterica and its sensitivity to antimicrobials. Structured questionnaires were applied and 627 samples were collected from the cages, consisting 209 samples of excreta, 209 of feed and 209 drinker swabs. These were processed by conventional bacteriology. The obtained isolates were subjected to the susceptibility test and to 12 antimicrobial tests by the disk diffusion method. Of the studied resellers, 91.7% house Gallus gallus domesticus, together with other animal species; sell birds with little zoosanitary documentation; have unsatisfactory active surveillance; and use and sell antimicrobials indiscriminately. The presence of Salmonella enterica was detected in 1.4% (9/627) of the samples analyzed in the cages, with 1.9% (4/209) found in excreta, 0.95% (2/209) in feed and in 1.4% (3/209) in drinker swabs. These were characterized antigenically as Salmonella Heidelberg, Gallinarum, Risen, Ndolo, Saint Paul, Mbandaka and subsp enterica O:6,7. When susceptibility to antimicrobials was determined, 44.4% resistance (4/9) was detected for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 33.3% (3/9) for enrofloxacin, 22.2% (2/9) for ciprofloxacin, ceftiofur and amoxicillin and 11.1% (1/9) for tetracycline and fosfomycin. Salmonella Heidelberg, as well as serovars Gallinarum, Risen, Saint Paul and Mbandaka, showed resistance to at least one of the tested antimicrobials. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and enrofloxacin were the antimicrobials that showed the least efficacy. Serovars such as Heidelberg, Gallinarum and Mbandaka have multiresistance to antimicrobials commonly used in human and veterinary medicine, implying potential risks to One Health.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho investigar as características sanitárias e de manejo das revendas de aves vivas, bem como a identificação e caracterização antigênica de Salmonella enterica e sua sensibilidade a antimicrobianos. Foram aplicados questionários estruturados, além de 627 amostras coletadas nas gaiolas, sendo 209 de excretas, 209 de ração e 209 suabes de bebedouros. Essas amostras foram processadas por bacteriologia convencional. Os isolados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste de suscetibilidade e a 12 antimicrobianos pelo método de difusão em disco. Verificou-se que 91,7% das revendas estudadas alojam Gallus gallus domesticus juntamente a outras espécies animais, comercializam aves com escassa documentação zoosanitária, a vigilância ativa é insatisfatória e utilizam e comercializam antimicrobianos de forma indiscriminada. Detectou-se a presença da Salmonella enterica em 1,4% (9/627) das amostras analisadas nas gaiolas, sendo 1,9% (4/209) em excretas, 0,95% (2/209) em ração e em 1,4% (3/209) em suabes de bebedouros, as quais foram caracterizadas, antigenicamente, como Salmonella Heidelberg, Gallinarum, Risen, Ndolo, Saint Paul, Mbandaka e subesp enterica O:6,7. Na determinação da suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos, obteve-se resistência de 44,4% (4/9) para Trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol, 33,3% (3/9) para enrofloxacina, 22,2% (2/9) para ciprofloxacina, ceftiofur, amoxicilina e 11,1% (1/9) para tetraciclina e fosfomicina. Salmonella Heidelberg, além dos sorovares Gallinarum, Risen, Saint Paul e Mbandaka, todos mostraram resistência a pelo menos um dos antimicrobianos testados. Trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol e enrofloxacina foram os antimicrobianos que apresentaram menor eficácia. Sorovares como Heidelberg, Gallinarum e Mbandaka apresentam multirresistência aos antimicrobianos de uso comum em medicina humana e veterinária, o que implica em riscos potenciais para saúde única.

Occurrence of Escherichia coli in captive psittaciformes: antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence genes / Ocorrência de Escherichia coli em psitacídios cativos: suscetibilidade antimicrobiana e genes de virulência

Captive Psittaciformes may harbor Gram-negative bacteria in their digestive tract, mainly due to poor hygienic conditions and confinement. The present study was carried out with the objective of isolating and identifying Escherichia coli in samples collected from Psittaciformes cages in 50 commercial establishments in the metropolitan region of Goiania, with subsequent antimicrobial susceptibility testing and detection of virulence genes. A total of 141 samples of excreta and swab samples from feeders and water bowls were collected, totaling 423 samples. Escherichia coli was isolated from 9.7% (41/423) samples: 12% (17/141) in excreta, 8.5% (12/141) in feed, and 8.5% (12 /141) in waterers. To determine the susceptibility profile of E. coli isolates, resistance to ciprofloxacin 4.9% (2/41), gentamicin 17.0% (7/41), doxycycline 34.1% (14/41), florfenicol 34.1% (14/41), trimethoprim 39.0% (16/41), tetracycline 41.5% (17/41), enrofloxacin 43.9% (18/41), amoxicillin 48.8% (20/41), neomycin 61.0% (25/41), and sulfonamide 90.2% (37/41) was determined. In 20 isolates, resistance was determined at 4 or more antimicrobials, seven of excreta (7/17), five of feed (5/12), and eight of waterers (8/12). One of the isolates from the waterers showed resistance to all antimicrobials. The iss gene was detected in three isolates, the tsh gene in three, the papC gene in two, traT and eae genes were not detected. In this study, it can be concluded that Psittaciformes commercialized as pet are carry E. coli isolates resistant to most commonly used antimicrobials, mainly sulfonamides and neomycin, besides having virulence and serum resistance genes, which highlights the possibility of the to cause disease in humans.

Psittaciformes em cativeiro podem abrigar bactérias Gram-negativas em seu trato digestivo, principalmente devido a condições higiênicas inadequadas e ao confinamento. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de isolar e identificar Escherichia coli em amostras coletadas de gaiolas de Psittaciformes em 50 estabelecimentos comerciais da região metropolitana de Goiânia, com subsequentes testes de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana e detecção de genes de virulência. Foram coletadas 141 amostras de excrementos e suabes de alimentadores e bebedouros, totalizando 423 amostras. Escherichia coli foi isolada em 9,7% (41/423) amostras: 12% (17/141) em excrementos, 8,5% (12/141) em ração e 8,5% (12/141) em bebedouros. Os isolados de E. coli mostraram resistência à ciprofloxacina 4,9% (2/41), gentamicina 17,0% (7/41), doxiciclina 34,1% (14/41), florfenicol 34,1% (14/41), trimetoprim 39,0% (16/41), tetraciclina 41,5% (17/41), enrofloxacina 43,9% (18/41), amoxicilina 48,8% (20/41), neomicina 61,0% (25/41) e sulfonamida 90,2% (37 / 41) foi determinado. Multirresistência (resistência a quatro ou mais antimicrobianos) foi encontrada em 20 amostras, sete de excrementos (7/17), cinco de ração (5/12) e oito de bebedouros (8/12). Um dos isolados dos bebedouros apresentou resistência a todos os antimicrobianos. O gene iss foi detectado em três isolados, o gene tsh em três, o gene papC em dois, os genes traT e eae não foram detectados. Neste estudo, pode-se concluir que os Psittaciformes comercializados como animais de estimação são portadores de isolados de E. coli resistentes aos antimicrobianos mais utilizados, principalmente sulfonamidas e neomicina, além de possuir genes de virulência e resistência sérica, destacando a possibilidade de causar doenças em humanos.

Frangos desafiados experimentalmente com Salmonella enterica sorovar enteritidis e Eimeria tenella e tratados com ácidos orgânicos / Chickens challenged against Salmonella enterica sorovar enteritidis and Eimeria tenella and treated with organic acids

Foi avaliado um composto comercial de ácidos orgânicos, adicionado à ração, no controle da Salmonella de frangos de corte desafiados com Salmonella Enteritidis e Salmonella Enteritidis associadas à Eimeria tenella. Foram utilizados 504 pintos de um dia, fêmeas, da linhagem Hubbard®, sendo o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x3, totalizando seis tratamentos com seis repetições e 14 aves a unidade experimental. Foi analisado o pH intestinal, o escore de lesão dos cecos, contagem de oocistos fecais e a presença de salmonela no baço e tonsilas cecais das aves. Aves desafiadas com S. Enteritidis que receberam ácidos apresentaram menor frequência de isolamento da bactéria nos órgãos linfoides analisados. Assim como apresentaram redução no número de oocistos de E. tenella nas excretas coletadas diretamente na bandeja e redução dos escores de lesão intestinal provocadas pela infecção por Eimeria tenella. Os ácidos orgânicos promoveram benefício à saúde intestinal dos frangos de corte com reflexos positivos no controle da Salmonella Enteritidis juntamente com a Eimeria tenella.(AU)

A commercial organic acids compound was assessed, added to feed, to control Salmonella Enteritidis. Broilers were challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Enteritidis associated with Eimeria tenella. Five hundred and four day-old Hubbard® females chicks were used in a completely randomized design in a 2x3 factorial, a total of six treatments with six replications and being 14 birds the experimental unit. Intestinal pH, cecum lesion score, oocyst faecal counts and the presence of Salmonella in the cecal tonsils and spleen of broilers were investigated. Broilers that were challenged only with S. Enteritidis that received the compound in test showed lower frequency of bacteria isolation in lymphoid organs. Besides, decreased number of oocysts of E. tenella was observed and the intestinal lesion scores caused by infection was lower. Organic acids promoted a benefit on broilers intestinal health with positive effects on the control of Salmonella Enteritidis with Eimeria tenella.(AU)

Use of neem (Azadirachta indica) as a substitute for antimicrobial drugs in broiler chickens feed / Utilização de neem (Azadirachta indica) em substituição ao antimicrobiano em rações de frangos de corte

In the present work, we carried out an experiment aiming at evaluating the use of Neem as an antimicrobial substance in the feeds of broiler chickens. We used 240 one-day-old Cobb broiler chicks distributed in an entirely casual design, with 4 treatments, 6 repetitions and 10 birds per experimental unit, during a 21-day experimental period. Treatments consisted of a basal diet with no antimicrobial inclusion, a diet with 0.05% of tylosin, and a diet with 0.05% and 0.1% of Neem. Parameters evaluated were zootechnical performance, feed digestibility, intestinal count of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli, and the development of lymphoid organs. Data on the performance and metabolization of nutrients were subjected to an ANOVA and averages were compared with a post-hoc Tukey test considering α=0.05. Data on E. coli counts were analyzed with a Kruskal-Wallis test. Neem did not influence performance variables. The metabolization coefficient of dry matter and feed ethereal extract was better with tylosin (P<0.05). No growth of Salmonella was observed during the experiment. The use of Neem did not reduce E. coli population and had no influence on lymphoid organs' weight. Therefore, Neem had no effect on the performance, digestibility and intestinal microbiota of birds up to 21 days old.(AU)

Realizou-se um experimento objetivando avaliar a utilização de Neem como antimicrobiano em rações de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 240 pintos de corte, Cobb, com 1 dia de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, 4 tratamentos, 6 repetições, 10 aves por unidade experimental, o período experimental foi de 21 dias. Os tratamentos consistiram: dieta basal sem inclusão de antimicrobiano; dieta com 0,05% de tilosina; dieta com 0,05% e 0,1% de Neem. Avaliou-se: o desempenho zootécnico, a digestibilidade da ração, contagem intestinal de Salmonella sp. e Escherichia coli, e o desenvolvimento dos órgãos linfoides. Dados de desempenho e metabolização dos nutrientes da ração foram submetidos à ANOVA, médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey, adotou-se α=0,05. Dados de contagem de E. coli foram analisados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis. O Neem não influenciou as variáveis de desempenho. O coeficiente de metabolizabilidade da matéria seca e extrato etéreo da ração foi melhor com utilização de tilosina (P<0,05). Não se observou crescimento de Salmonella durante o período experimental. A utilização de Neem não reduziu a população de E. coli, e não influenciou no peso dos órgãos linfoides. A utilização do Neem não afetou o desempenho, digestibilidade e microbiota intestinal das aves até 21 dias.(AU)

Use of neem (Azadirachta indica) as a substitute for antimicrobial drugs in broiler chickens’ feed / Utilização de neem (Azadirachta indica) em substituição ao antimicrobiano em rações de frangos de corte

In the present work, we carried out an experiment aiming at evaluating the use of Neem as an antimicrobial substance in the feeds of broiler chickens. We used 240 one-day-old Cobb broiler chicks distributed in an entirely casual design, with 4 treatments, 6 repetitions and 10 birds per experimental unit, during a 21-day experimental period. Treatments consisted of a basal diet with no antimicrobial inclusion, a diet with 0.05% of tylosin, and a diet with 0.05% and 0.1% of Neem. Parameters evaluated were zootechnical performance, feed digestibility, intestinal count of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli, and the development of lymphoid organs. Data on the performance and metabolization of nutrients were subjected to an ANOVA and averages were compared with a post-hoc Tukey test considering α=0.05. Data on E. coli counts were analyzed with a Kruskal-Wallis test. Neem did not influence performance variables. The metabolization coefficient of dry matter and feed ethereal extract was better with tylosin (P<0.05). No growth of Salmonella was observed during the experiment. The use of Neem did not reduce E. coli population and had no influence on lymphoid organs' weight. Therefore, Neem had no effect on the performance, digestibility and intestinal microbiota of birds up to 21 days old.

Realizou-se um experimento objetivando avaliar a utilização de Neem como antimicrobiano em rações de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 240 pintos de corte, Cobb, com 1 dia de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, 4 tratamentos, 6 repetições, 10 aves por unidade experimental, o período experimental foi de 21 dias. Os tratamentos consistiram: dieta basal sem inclusão de antimicrobiano; dieta com 0,05% de tilosina; dieta com 0,05% e 0,1% de Neem. Avaliou-se: o desempenho zootécnico, a digestibilidade da ração, contagem intestinal de Salmonella sp. e Escherichia coli, e o desenvolvimento dos órgãos linfoides. Dados de desempenho e metabolização dos nutrientes da ração foram submetidos à ANOVA, médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey, adotou-se α=0,05. Dados de contagem de E. coli foram analisados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis. O Neem não influenciou as variáveis de desempenho. O coeficiente de metabolizabilidade da matéria seca e extrato etéreo da ração foi melhor com utilização de tilosina (P<0,05). Não se observou crescimento de Salmonella durante o período experimental. A utilização de Neem não reduziu a população de E. coli, e não influenciou no peso dos órgãos linfoides. A utilização do Neem não afetou o desempenho, digestibilidade e microbiota intestinal das aves até 21 dias.

Frangos desafiados experimentalmente com Salmonella enterica sorovar enteritidis e Eimeria tenella e tratados com ácidos orgânicos / Chickens challenged against Salmonella enterica sorovar enteritidis and Eimeria tenella and treated with organic acids

Foi avaliado um composto comercial de ácidos orgânicos, adicionado à ração, no controle da Salmonella de frangos de corte desafiados com Salmonella Enteritidis e Salmonella Enteritidis associadas à Eimeria tenella. Foram utilizados 504 pintos de um dia, fêmeas, da linhagem Hubbard®, sendo o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x3, totalizando seis tratamentos com seis repetições e 14 aves a unidade experimental. Foi analisado o pH intestinal, o escore de lesão dos cecos, contagem de oocistos fecais e a presença de salmonela no baço e tonsilas cecais das aves. Aves desafiadas com S. Enteritidis que receberam ácidos apresentaram menor frequência de isolamento da bactéria nos órgãos linfoides analisados. Assim como apresentaram redução no número de oocistos de E. tenella nas excretas coletadas diretamente na bandeja e redução dos escores de lesão intestinal provocadas pela infecção por Eimeria tenella. Os ácidos orgânicos promoveram benefício à saúde intestinal dos frangos de corte com reflexos positivos no controle da Salmonella Enteritidis juntamente com a Eimeria tenella.

A commercial organic acids compound was assessed, added to feed, to control Salmonella Enteritidis. Broilers were challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Enteritidis associated with Eimeria tenella. Five hundred and four day-old Hubbard® females chicks were used in a completely randomized design in a 2x3 factorial, a total of six treatments with six replications and being 14 birds the experimental unit. Intestinal pH, cecum lesion score, oocyst faecal counts and the presence of Salmonella in the cecal tonsils and spleen of broilers were investigated. Broilers that were challenged only with S. Enteritidis that received the compound in test showed lower frequency of bacteria isolation in lymphoid organs. Besides, decreased number of oocysts of E. tenella was observed and the intestinal lesion scores caused by infection was lower. Organic acids promoted a benefit on broilers intestinal health with positive effects on the control of Salmonella Enteritidis with Eimeria tenella.

Effects of Curcuma longa on the intestinal health of chicks infected with Salmonella Typhimurium

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Curcuma longa on the growth performance, intestinal integrity, and antimicrobial activity of chicks colonized by Salmonella Typhimurium. The study included 672 one-day-old male chicks of the CobbTM lineage, which were divided into eight treatment groups with 14 birds per group and six repetitions, for a total of 48 experimental units per treatment. A randomized 4×2 factorial design scheme (C. longa levels × inoculation by Salmonella Typhimurium) was used. Chicks were orally inoculated with 1.2×104 cfu/mL of Salmonella Typhimurium in 0.5 mL of 0.85% buffered saline solution. Curcuma was added to the feed of chicks at 0, 1, 2, and 3% for 35 days. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Tukey's test. Optimal feed conversion was observed in chicks given feed supplemented with 1% C. longa, regardless of infection, and 1% C. longa prevented intestinal colonization by Salmonella Typhimurium. Supplementation and bacterial infection influenced the histomorphometry and pH of the intestine. Bacterial infection reduced the intestinal pH, whereas C. longa supplementation increased the pH, but only in infected chicks. Thus, supplementation with 1% C. longa favors feed conversion, inhibits intestinal colonization by Salmonella Typhimurium, and does not alter intestinal integrity. In contrast, supplementation with 3% Curcuma longa decreases feed intake, affecting the performance of 35-day-old chicks.(AU)

Salmonella Enteritidis detection and immunological cellular response to experimental inoculation in day-old turkeys / Detecção e resposta imunológica celular à inoculação experimental de Salmonella Enteritidis em perus de um dia

The purpose of this research is to clarify aspects of the pathogenesis of Salmonella Enteritidis in experimentally inoculated day-old turkeys. Three treatments were conducted among a total of 120 turkeys; one control group and two treatment groups in which 6 x 102 CFU mL-1 and 7 x 105 CFU mL-1, respectively, of Salmonella Enteritidis was inoculated in the crops. Two birds from each treatment were sacrificed and necropsied at 1, 3, 4, 12, 18, and 24 hours, and 3, 4, 38, and 49 days post-inoculation. We re-isolated Salmonella, measured lymphocytes, and conducted immunohistochemical tests. Six hours post-inoculation, Salmonella was found in the investigated organs (yolk sac, cecum, fragments of spleen, and bursa of Fabricius) with conventional bacteriology and immunohistochemistry, and was continuously detected in almost all analyzed organs until turkeys were four-days old. Further, Salmonella was detected after 38 days in cecum, when the concentration 7 x 105 CFU mL-1 was given. At both inoculation concentrations, the number of lymphocytes was similar; larger quantities were found in the first hour post-inoculation, followed by a gradual reduction, reaching the lowest levels at 24 hours after inoculation. Afterwards, lymphocytes increased discreetly, remaining at the same level until 49 days after inoculation. In conclusion, inoculation concentration influences mitigation...

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo elucidar aspectos que envolvem a patogênese da Salmonella Enteritidis em perus de um dia experimentalmente inoculados. Foram conduzidos três tratamentos, constituídos de 120 perus, sendo um grupo controle e outros dois tratamentos onde se inoculou via inglúvio 6,0x102 UFC mL-1 e 7,0x105 UFC mL-1 de Salmonella Enteritidis, respectivamente. Após a inoculação, duas aves de cada tratamento foram submetidas à eutanásia e ao exame necroscópico para realizar a colheita amostras (saco vitelínico, ceco, fragmentos de baço e bursa de Fabricius) com uma, três, seis, 12, 18 e 24 horas e aos três, quatro, 38 e 49 dias. Foi realizado pesquisa da Salmonella, contagem de linfócitos e imuno-histoquímica. Após seis horas da inoculação, Salmonella foi identificada nos órgãos estudados, tanto pelo teste bacteriológico quanto pelo imunoistoquímico e permaneceu até quatro dias de idade em quase todos os órgãos analisados, e até 38 dias no ceco, quando se utilizou 7,0x105 UFC mL-1. Em ambas as concentrações do inóculo, os valores da contagem de linfócitos foram semelhantes, iniciando com maior número de linfócitos na primeira hora pós-inoculação, com redução lenta atingindo menor número às 24h pós-inoculação, e, a partir daí, o número de linfócitos aumentou discretamente, se mantendo até os 49 dias pós-inoculação. Conclui-se que a dose infectante...

Salmonella Enteritidis detection and immunological cellular response to experimental inoculation in day-old turkeys / Detecção e resposta imunológica celular à inoculação experimental de Salmonella Enteritidis em perus de um dia

The purpose of this research is to clarify aspects of the pathogenesis of Salmonella Enteritidis in experimentally inoculated day-old turkeys. Three treatments were conducted among a total of 120 turkeys; one control group and two treatment groups in which 6 x 102 CFU mL-1 and 7 x 105 CFU mL-1, respectively, of Salmonella Enteritidis was inoculated in the crops. Two birds from each treatment were sacrificed and necropsied at 1, 3, 4, 12, 18, and 24 hours, and 3, 4, 38, and 49 days post-inoculation. We re-isolated Salmonella, measured lymphocytes, and conducted immunohistochemical tests. Six hours post-inoculation, Salmonella was found in the investigated organs (yolk sac, cecum, fragments of spleen, and bursa of Fabricius) with conventional bacteriology and immunohistochemistry, and was continuously detected in almost all analyzed organs until turkeys were four-days old. Further, Salmonella was detected after 38 days in cecum, when the concentration 7 x 105 CFU mL-1 was given. At both inoculation concentrations, the number of lymphocytes was similar; larger quantities were found in the first hour post-inoculation, followed by a gradual reduction, reaching the lowest levels at 24 hours after inoculation. Afterwards, lymphocytes increased discreetly, remaining at the same level until 49 days after inoculation. In conclusion, inoculation concentration influences mitigation...(AU)

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo elucidar aspectos que envolvem a patogênese da Salmonella Enteritidis em perus de um dia experimentalmente inoculados. Foram conduzidos três tratamentos, constituídos de 120 perus, sendo um grupo controle e outros dois tratamentos onde se inoculou via inglúvio 6,0x102 UFC mL-1 e 7,0x105 UFC mL-1 de Salmonella Enteritidis, respectivamente. Após a inoculação, duas aves de cada tratamento foram submetidas à eutanásia e ao exame necroscópico para realizar a colheita amostras (saco vitelínico, ceco, fragmentos de baço e bursa de Fabricius) com uma, três, seis, 12, 18 e 24 horas e aos três, quatro, 38 e 49 dias. Foi realizado pesquisa da Salmonella, contagem de linfócitos e imuno-histoquímica. Após seis horas da inoculação, Salmonella foi identificada nos órgãos estudados, tanto pelo teste bacteriológico quanto pelo imunoistoquímico e permaneceu até quatro dias de idade em quase todos os órgãos analisados, e até 38 dias no ceco, quando se utilizou 7,0x105 UFC mL-1. Em ambas as concentrações do inóculo, os valores da contagem de linfócitos foram semelhantes, iniciando com maior número de linfócitos na primeira hora pós-inoculação, com redução lenta atingindo menor número às 24h pós-inoculação, e, a partir daí, o número de linfócitos aumentou discretamente, se mantendo até os 49 dias pós-inoculação. Conclui-se que a dose infectante...(AU)

Principais doenças em Anseriformes / Major diseases in Anseriforme

Anseriforme é uma ordem composta por inúmeras espécies de aves aquáticas. No Brasil as principais espécies criadas são patos e gansos em sua maioria criadas em sistemas de subsistência, poucos são os criatórios industriais. Mesmo com a produção informal o comércio de aves vivas, ovos e carne é pratica comum em todo território nacional, mas não se tem conhecimento da prevalência de enfermidades em aves aquáticas, podendo trazer risco a saúde pública. Anseriformes podem apresentar tanto doença clínica quanto inaparente, de etiologia viral, bacteriana, parasitária e micótica. Estudos sobre quadro clínico, aspectos epidemiológicos, achados anatomopatológicos são necessários para criar métodos diagnósticos eficazes para identificar aves doentes. Doenças virais são as mais relatadas e de maior impacto econômico em criações dessa ordem de aves, mais as enfermidades bacterianas, assim como micóticas e parasitárias também podem ocorrer. Por esse motivo, esse estudo tem como objetivo revisar as principais enfermidades presentes em aves aquáticas.

Anseriforme is an order composed of numerous species of waterfowl. In Brazil the mainspecies created are ducks and geese, mostly in sustenance systems, there are few industrial farms.Even with informal production trade in live poultry, eggs and meat is common practice throughoutthe country, but it isn’t aware of the prevalence of disease in waterfowl, may pose a risk to publichealth. Anseriformes can present both clinical disease and unapparent, viral diseases, bacterial,parasitic and fungal. Studies on clinical, epidemiological, pathological findings are needed to createeffective methods diagnostics to identify sick birds. Viral diseases are the most reported and greatereconomic impact in that order poultry farms, most bacterial diseases, as well as fungal and parasiticmay also occur. Therefore, this study aims to review the main diseases present in waterfowl.

Principais doenças em Anseriformes / Major diseases in Anseriforme

Anseriforme é uma ordem composta por inúmeras espécies de aves aquáticas. No Brasil as principais espécies criadas são patos e gansos em sua maioria criadas em sistemas de subsistência, poucos são os criatórios industriais. Mesmo com a produção informal o comércio de aves vivas, ovos e carne é pratica comum em todo território nacional, mas não se tem conhecimento da prevalência de enfermidades em aves aquáticas, podendo trazer risco a saúde pública. Anseriformes podem apresentar tanto doença clínica quanto inaparente, de etiologia viral, bacteriana, parasitária e micótica. Estudos sobre quadro clínico, aspectos epidemiológicos, achados anatomopatológicos são necessários para criar métodos diagnósticos eficazes para identificar aves doentes. Doenças virais são as mais relatadas e de maior impacto econômico em criações dessa ordem de aves, mais as enfermidades bacterianas, assim como micóticas e parasitárias também podem ocorrer. Por esse motivo, esse estudo tem como objetivo revisar as principais enfermidades presentes em aves aquáticas.(AU)

Anseriforme is an order composed of numerous species of waterfowl. In Brazil the mainspecies created are ducks and geese, mostly in sustenance systems, there are few industrial farms.Even with informal production trade in live poultry, eggs and meat is common practice throughoutthe country, but it isnt aware of the prevalence of disease in waterfowl, may pose a risk to publichealth. Anseriformes can present both clinical disease and unapparent, viral diseases, bacterial,parasitic and fungal. Studies on clinical, epidemiological, pathological findings are needed to createeffective methods diagnostics to identify sick birds. Viral diseases are the most reported and greatereconomic impact in that order poultry farms, most bacterial diseases, as well as fungal and parasiticmay also occur. Therefore, this study aims to review the main diseases present in waterfowl.(AU)

Associação dos quadros anatomopatológicos de colibacilose aviaria com genes de virulência de Escherichia coli / Association of anatomopathological findings of avian colibacillosis with Escherichia coli virulence genes

Escherichia coli patogênica para aves é responsável por infecções que contribuem com grandes perdas econômicas na indústria avícola. Esse patotipo pode determinar diversos quadros anatomopatológicos, com destaque para aerossaculites, hepatites, onfalites e pericardites. A manifestação de diferentes quadros anatomopatológicos em aves com colibacilose pode estar associada à presença de diferentes combinações de genes de virulência. Dentre os genes de virulência mais detectados em Escherichia coli patogênica para aves destacam-se as estruturas antigênicas (antígeno somático O, capsular K, fimbrial F e flagelares H), vat, colicina V, irp2, tsh, papC, iucD, iss e astA.A presença de determinadas combinações de genes de virulência conferem as cepas maior facilidade em sobreviver, aderir, colonizar e até mesmo de desenvolver quadros septicêmicos.(AU)

Escherichia coli pathogenic to birds is responsible for infections that contributes to great economic losses in the poultry industry. This pathotype can determine various pathological injuries, especially aerossaculites, hepatitis, onfalites and pericarditis. The manifestation of different pathological findings in birds with colibacillosis may be associated with the presence of different combinations virulence genes. Among the virulence genes most frequently detected in Escherichia coli pathogenic for birds are the antigenic structures (somatic O, capsular K, fimbrial F and flagellar H), vat, colicin V, irp2, tsh, papC, IUCD, iss and astA .The presence of certain combinations of virulence genes confer the higher strains to survive, adhere, colonize and develop septic.(AU)