ABSTRACT
Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with poor outcomes in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Sepsis, direct injury to kidney cells by the virus, and severe systemic inflammation are mechanisms implicated in its development. We investigated the association between inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase, and ferritin) in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the development of AKI. Methods: A prospective cohort study performed at the Civil Hospital (Dr. Juan I. Menchaca) Guadalajara, Mexico, included patients aged >18 years with a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia confirmed by RT-PCR and who did or did not present with AKI (KDIGO) while hospitalized. Biomarkers of inflammation were recorded, and kidney function was estimated using the CKD-EPI formula. Results: 291 patients were included (68% males; average age, 57 years). The incidence of AKI was 40.5% (118 patients); 21% developed stage 1 AKI, 6% developed stage 2 AKI, and 14% developed stage 3 AKI. The development of AKI was associated with higher phosphate (p = 0.002) (RR 1.39, CI 95% 1.13-1.72), high procalcitonin levels at hospital admission (p = 0.005) (RR 2.09, CI 95% 1.26-3.50), and high APACHE scores (p = 0.011) (RR 2.0, CI 95% 1.17-3.40). The survival analysis free of AKI according to procalcitonin levels and APACHE scores demonstrated a lower survival in patients with procalcitonin >0.5 ng/ml (p = 0.001) and APACHE >15 points (p = 0.004). Conclusions: Phosphate, high procalcitonin levels, and APACHE levels >15 were predictors of AKI development in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.
Subject(s)
Acute Kidney Injury , COVID-19 , Sepsis , Male , Humans , Middle Aged , Female , APACHE , SARS-CoV-2 , Procalcitonin , Prospective Studies , C-Reactive Protein , COVID-19/complications , COVID-19/diagnosis , Retrospective Studies , Acute Kidney Injury/diagnosis , Biomarkers , Ferritins , Phosphates , Lactate Dehydrogenases , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Nutritional risk is highly prevalent in patients with COVID-19. Relevant data on nutritional assessment in the critically ill population are scarce. This study was conducted to evaluate the modified Nutrition Risk in the Critically Ill (mNUTRIC)-Score as a mortality risk factor in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19. METHODS: We conducted this retrospective observational study in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Patients' characteristics and clinical information were obtained from electronic medical records. The nutritional risk for each patient was assessed at the time of mechanical ventilation using the mNUTRIC-Score. The major outcome was 28-day mortality. RESULTS: Ninety-eight patients were analyzed (mean age, 57.22 ± 13.66 years, 68.4% male); 46.9% of critically ill COVID-19 patients were categorized as being at high nutrition risk (mNUTRIC-Score of ≥5). A multivariate logistic regression model indicated that high nutritional risk has higher 28-day hospital mortality (OR = 4.206, 95% CI: 1.147-15.425, p=0.030). A multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that high-risk mNUTRIC-Score had a significantly increased full-length mortality risk during hospitalization (OR = 1.991, 95% CI: 1.219-3.252, p=0.006). CONCLUSION: The mNUTRIC-Score is an independent mortality risk factor during hospitalization in critically ill COVID-19 patients.
ABSTRACT
Resumen: El término reporte matutino se utiliza para describir un foro de discusión en donde los médicos presentan y discuten uno o más casos clínicos. Las metas educativas del reporte matutino son, entre otras, la enseñanza basada en casos, facilitar las habilidades de presentación de los becarios y promover la capacidad de toma de decisiones. Además, esta actividad permite evaluar la calidad del cuidado otorgado facilitando acciones que podrían reducir la morbilidad y mortalidad hospitalaria. La discusión de los casos clínicos debe ser en un ambiente propicio; será preciso, por tanto, conocer los elementos del proceso de enseñanza para así cumplir los objetivos de programa académico. Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica de los beneficios teóricos del foro denominado reporte matutino.
Abstract: Morning report is a case based conference where physicians present and discuss clinical cases. While its primary goal is medical education (it was design to improve residents knowledge, leadership, presentation and problem-solving skills), the advantages for actual patients are many and include monitoring care and reviewing management decisions in a supportive, intellectually stimulating and controlled environment. Didactic style education, proper case selection and organizational characteristics are of upmost importance in designing a proper morning report. In this paper it is reviewed the theoretical benefits of implementing a morning report conference in an academic or university hospital.
ABSTRACT
Resumen El médico internista utiliza varias estrategias en sus procesos diagnósticos del día a día. Su pensamiento debe ser estructurado, coherente y cimentado en un amplio conocimiento teórico. La información recabada a partir de la historia clínica es el insumo indispensable para tomar decisiones clínicas acertadas; ello precisa una buena dosis de inteligencia -para obtener e interpretar los datos relevantes- a la par de una buena memoria -que permita recordar la información almacenada- para la construcción de un adecuado juicio clínico. A este respecto, los datos pivote actúan como catalizadores del proceso diagnóstico: facilitan la construcción a partir de un punto de partida. El objetivo de este artículo es describir un enfoque basado en la obtención de datos pivote. Este método está diseñado para auxiliar en la marcha diagnóstica del médico novel.
Abstract The general internist uses various strategies in his/her daily diagnostic process. A structured method is required to provide adequate reasoning with the information gathered. Knowledge, intelligence and memory are of utmost importance for constructing clinical reasoning. The information gathered from the clinical history is indispensable to make right clinical decisions; this requires a good dose of intelligence -to obtain and interpret the relevant data- along with a good memory -to remember the stored information-; both are essential to acquire expert clinical judgment. A pivot diagnostic strategy might provide a guide for clinical reasoning and act as a cognitive aid. We propose here an approach to pivotal diagnosis. This strategy is especially useful for less clinically experienced doctors who are less likely to generate appropriate differential diagnosis.