Combination of ozonation and photocatalysis for purification of aqueous effluents containing formic acid as probe pollutant and bromide ion.

The treatment by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) of waters contaminated by organic pollutants and containing also innocuous bromide ions may generate bromate ions as a co-product. In the present work heterogeneous photocatalysis and ozonation have individually been applied and in combination (integrated process) to degrade the organic compounds in water containing also bromide anions. The results show that: i) the sole photocatalysis does not produce bromate ions and in the case of its presence, it is able to reduce bromate to innocuous bromide ions; ii) the integration of photocatalysis and ozonation synergistically enhances the oxidation capabilities; and iii) in the integrated process bromate ions are not produced as long as some oxidizable organics are present.

Analytical control of photocatalytic treatments: degradation of a sulfonated azo dye.

The degradation of Methyl Orange (C(14)H(14)N(3)SO(3)Na), chosen as a model sulfonated azo dye, was investigated in aqueous solutions containing suspended polycrystalline TiO(2) particles under irradiation with simulated sunlight. The dye disappearance and the formation of the mineralization end products were monitored; the formation of the main transient intermediates was also examined in detail. Particular attention was devoted to the identification and to the evolution of fragments retaining the chromophoric group. The comparison of data coming from various analytical techniques led to a possible reaction mechanism for the degradation process, giving insight into an aspect of the treatment which has not been considered in previous studies.

Photocatalytic degradation of acid blue 80 in aqueous solutions containing TiO2 suspensions.

The photocatalytic degradation of the anthraquinonic dye Acid Blue 80 in aqueous solutions containing TiO2 dispersions has been investigated. The process has been monitored by following either the disappearance of the dye (via HPLC) and the formation of its end-products (via IC, GC, and TOC analysis). Although a relatively fast decolorization of the solutions has been observed, the mineralization is slower, and the presence of residual organic compounds was evidenced even after long term irradiation, confirming the relevant stability of anthraquinone derivatives. The identification of various unstable intermediates formed after low irradiation times was performed by HPLC-MS, allowing us to give insight into the early steps of the degradation process which mainly involve C-N bonds breaking and substrate hydroxylation. Complete and relatively fast mineralization of the substrate was achieved by irradiating the semiconductor dispersions in the presence of added K2S2O8.

Preparation and characterisation of membranes with entrapped TiO2 and preliminary photocatalytic tests.

The possibility of entrapping polycrystalline TiO2 in a polymeric support, in order to couple the two unit operations, i.e. ultrafiltration and photodegradation of organic pollutants in aqueous solutions, was investigated. To this aim, polymeric membranes for ultrafiltration with entrapped TiO2 were prepared, characterised and tested. The polymeric support chosen was commercial polysulfone (PSf). The membrane preparation was carried out with the technique referred to as phase inversion. A three-component system, with a polymer, a solvent and a non-solvent was used. The best operative conditions were determined in order to obtain the desired membrane morphology. Permeability measurements and photostability tests were also carried out by using a system under pressure. Finally, a preliminary investigation was performed in order to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of the membranes with entrapped TiO2 for the oxidation of 4-nitrophenol as a model molecule in aqueous solutions.