ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Diabetes education of patients and/or parents is an essential part of diabetes care with effects on diabetes outcome. The objective of our study was to describe the current practice of diabetes education in Germany and Austria with regard to training frequency, patient age, migration background and diabetes therapy in a large cohort of pediatric patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1DM). METHODS: We analyzed data from pediatric T1DM patients with diabetes training in 2013 and complete data available for treatment year in the multicenter Diabetes Patienten Verlaufsdokumentation (DPV) registry using sas 9.4. RESULTS: In 2013 21 871 pediatric patients with T1DM were documented [52.4% male, age: 12.70 (9.35-15.30) yr (median (interquartile range)], diabetes duration: 3.80 (1.45-7.00) yr, migration background: 21.4%, twice daily injections: 5.5%, multiple daily injections: 52.5%, insulin-pump therapy: 42%. Of these 32.31% were trained in 2013. Younger patients and their parents were trained more intensely and more frequently as inpatients compared with older patients (0-6 vs. 6-12 and 12-18 yr: teaching units: 13.07 vs. 12.05 and 9.79; inpatient: 79% vs. 72% and 70%). There was also a difference in training frequency with regard to migration background. Severe hypoglycemia or ketoacidosis resulted in intensification of training (4.0 vs. 2.0%; 7.8 vs. 3.1%). Centre-specific education tools were used frequently alone or in combination with published, standardized education programs. CONCLUSION: Training frequency was highest in younger patients and during the first year of diabetes. Acute complications resulted in more frequent diabetes training, indicating that currently many education sessions take place in consequence to these complications.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy , Patient Education as Topic/methods , Patient Education as Topic/statistics & numerical data , Practice Patterns, Physicians'/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Austria/epidemiology , Child , Databases, Factual , Diabetes Complications/prevention & control , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/epidemiology , Diabetic Ketoacidosis/epidemiology , Female , Germany/epidemiology , Humans , Hypertension/epidemiology , Male , Practice Patterns, Physicians'/trends , RegistriesSubject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/psychology , Psychology, Adolescent , Psychology, Child , Quality of Life , Adolescent , Child , HumansSubject(s)
DNA/metabolism , Fluorenes/pharmacology , Hyperplasia/metabolism , Liver Diseases/metabolism , Precancerous Conditions/metabolism , Acetamides/pharmacology , Animals , Centrifugation, Density Gradient , Hepatectomy , Hyperplasia/chemically induced , Hyperplasia/pathology , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Liver Diseases/pathology , Liver Regeneration , Male , Microscopy, Electron , Nucleic Acid Denaturation , Precancerous Conditions/chemically induced , Precancerous Conditions/pathology , Rats , Rats, Inbred Strains , SpectrophotometrySubject(s)
Amides , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology , Fluorenes , Liver Neoplasms/pathology , Liver/pathology , Acetates , Animals , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/chemically induced , Endoplasmic Reticulum , Hyperplasia , Liver Neoplasms/chemically induced , Male , Microscopy, Electron , Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced , RatsSubject(s)
Adenocarcinoma/chemically induced , Aflatoxins , Kidney Neoplasms/chemically induced , Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced , Adenocarcinoma/pathology , Aflatoxins/administration & dosage , Animals , Diet , Kidney/pathology , Kidney Neoplasms/pathology , Male , Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology , RatsABSTRACT
The persistent binding of metabolites of hepatic carcinogen, 2-fluorenylacetamide, to glycogen and to DNA in a new population of liver cells, hyperplastic nodules, and to glycogen in liver cancer cells weeks to months after the carcinogen was removed from the animals' diet is indicated by spectrophotometric, chromatographic, and mass spectrographic data. This persistence of binding does not appear to occur in the nonhyperplastic or nonneoplastic liver surrounding the nodules or the cancer.