ABSTRACT
Abstract: Cerrado is the second largest biome in Brazil and majorly contributes to the country's grain production. Previous studies on soil metagenomics from the Cerrado revealed an outstanding microbial diversity. In this study, the abundance of pathogenic fungi was analyzed using metagenomic sequences of the Cerrado soils under native vegetation, and under agriculture with no-tillage and conventional tillage. In total, 128,627 sequences of fungi were identified, with 43,439 representing pathogenic fungi and were distributed as follows: native 17,301 (40%), no-tillage 13,780 (32%), and conventional tillage 12,358 (28%). We identified 41 pathogenic fungal species associated with human and animal infections. The data analysis revealed that the native soils had a higher relative abundance of fungal sequences, similar to pathogenic species sequences, in relation to the total eukaryotic sequences, than the conventional tillage and no-tillage treatments, which observed a reduction in fungal abundance because of anthropogenic activities.
ABSTRACT
Relationship among pH, aw and Maillard browning was investigated in processed potatoes ready-to-eat during cooking and sterilization in autoclave to prevent their colors changes. Central composite rotational design was used for optimization of color (L*, a* and b*), browning index and intermediate compounds index. Reduction in the L* value and increase in the a*, b* value and browning index, indicators for Maillard browning of the processed potatoes were mitigated at pH 4.0-5.0 and aw 0.96-1.00 and accelerated at pH less than 3.0 or more than 7.0 and aw less than 0.84. Formation of intermediate compounds was intensified at pH 5.0 and aw 0.99 and mitigated at pH 7.0 and aw 0.84. Adjustment of the pH to 5.0 and keeping aw at to 0.99 were the most effective parameters of to control Maillard browning in processed potatoes ready-to-eat.
Subject(s)
Solanum tuberosum , Cooking , Maillard ReactionABSTRACT
This study aimed to know the biodiversity of non-Saccharomyces yeasts in Brazilian apples must with potential to improve of the aromatic quality of ciders. The strains were isolated from thirty-five (35) Gala and Fuji apple musts from different locations from south region of Brazil. Forty-five (45) strains were isolate and identified by PCR analysis. Results indicated ten (10) species: Candida oleophila, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Clavispora lusitaniae, Hanseniaspora guilliermondii, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Lodderomyces elongisporus, Pichia anomala, Pichia fermentans and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. The genus Rhodotorula sp., Lodderomyces sp. and Clavispora sp. constituted 71.2% of the strains identified. The following strains, C. oleophila, R. mucilaginosa, P. fermentans, H. uvarum and H. guilliermondii were selected in qualitative tests due the fruity aroma production by trained team in the aromatic assessment of cider.(AU)
Este estudo teve como objetivo conhecer a biodiversidade de leveduras não-Saccharomyces em maças com potencial para a melhoria da qualidade aromática da sidra brasileira. As cepas foram isoladas de trinta e cinco (35) mostos de maça Gala e Fuji de diferentes locais da região Sul do Brasil. Quarenta e cinco (45) cepas foram isoladas e identificadas por análise de PCR. Os resultados indicaram dez (10) espécies: Candida oleophila, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Clavispora lusitaniae, Hanseniaspora guilliermondii, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Lodderomyces elongisporus, Pichia anomala, Pichia fermentans e Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Três desses gêneros (Rhodotorula sp., Lodderomyces sp. e Clavispora sp.) juntos constituíram 71,2% das cepas identificadas. Entre estas cepas, C. oleophila, R. mucilaginosa, P. fermentans, H. uvarum e H. guilliermondii foram selecionadas em teste qualitativo devido a produção de aroma frutado, indicando potencial para a produção de compostos aromáticos na sidra.(AU)
Subject(s)
Yeasts/isolation & purification , Biodiversity , Malus/chemistry , Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to know the biodiversity of non-Saccharomyces yeasts in Brazilian apples must with potential to improve of the aromatic quality of ciders. The strains were isolated from thirty-five (35) Gala and Fuji apple musts from different locations from south region of Brazil. Forty-five (45) strains were isolate and identified by PCR analysis. Results indicated ten (10) species: Candida oleophila, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Clavispora lusitaniae, Hanseniaspora guilliermondii, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Lodderomyces elongisporus, Pichia anomala, Pichia fermentans and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. The genus Rhodotorula sp., Lodderomyces sp. and Clavispora sp. constituted 71.2% of the strains identified. The following strains, C. oleophila, R. mucilaginosa, P. fermentans, H. uvarum and H. guilliermondii were selected in qualitative tests due the fruity aroma production by trained team in the aromatic assessment of cider.
RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo conhecer a biodiversidade de leveduras não-Saccharomyces em maçãs com potencial para a melhoria da qualidade aromática da sidra brasileira. As cepas foram isoladas de trinta e cinco (35) mostos de maçã Gala e Fuji de diferentes locais da região Sul do Brasil. Quarenta e cinco (45) cepas foram isoladas e identificadas por análise de PCR. Os resultados indicaram dez (10) espécies: Candida oleophila, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Clavispora lusitaniae, Hanseniaspora guilliermondii, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Lodderomyces elongisporus, Pichia anomala, Pichia fermentans e Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Três desses gêneros (Rhodotorula sp., Lodderomyces sp. e Clavispora sp.) juntos constituíram 71,2% das cepas identificadas. Entre estas cepas, C. oleophila, R. mucilaginosa, P. fermentans, H. uvarum e H. guilliermondii foram selecionadas em teste qualitativo devido a produção de aroma frutado, indicando potencial para a produção de compostos aromáticos na sidra.
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to know the biodiversity of non-Saccharomyces yeasts in Brazilian apples must with potential to improve of the aromatic quality of ciders. The strains were isolated from thirty-five (35) Gala and Fuji apple musts from different locations from south region of Brazil. Forty-five (45) strains were isolate and identified by PCR analysis. Results indicated ten (10) species: Candida oleophila, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Clavispora lusitaniae, Hanseniaspora guilliermondii, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Lodderomyces elongisporus, Pichia anomala, Pichia fermentans and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. The genus Rhodotorula sp., Lodderomyces sp. and Clavispora sp. constituted 71.2% of the strains identified. The following strains, C. oleophila, R. mucilaginosa, P. fermentans, H. uvarum and H. guilliermondii were selected in qualitative tests due the fruity aroma production by trained team in the aromatic assessment of cider.
Este estudo teve como objetivo conhecer a biodiversidade de leveduras não-Saccharomyces em maças com potencial para a melhoria da qualidade aromática da sidra brasileira. As cepas foram isoladas de trinta e cinco (35) mostos de maça Gala e Fuji de diferentes locais da região Sul do Brasil. Quarenta e cinco (45) cepas foram isoladas e identificadas por análise de PCR. Os resultados indicaram dez (10) espécies: Candida oleophila, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Clavispora lusitaniae, Hanseniaspora guilliermondii, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Lodderomyces elongisporus, Pichia anomala, Pichia fermentans e Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Três desses gêneros (Rhodotorula sp., Lodderomyces sp. e Clavispora sp.) juntos constituíram 71,2% das cepas identificadas. Entre estas cepas, C. oleophila, R. mucilaginosa, P. fermentans, H. uvarum e H. guilliermondii foram selecionadas em teste qualitativo devido a produção de aroma frutado, indicando potencial para a produção de compostos aromáticos na sidra.
Subject(s)
Biodiversity , Yeasts/isolation & purification , Malus/chemistry , Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
A implantação de programas de qualificação e treinamento de mão-de-obra são alternativas utilizadas cada vez mais por empresas do ramo alimentício para manter a competitividade no mercado e garantir um produto com qualidade assegurada. Partindo desse contexto o objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a eficiência do treinamento em Boas práticas de Fabricação em um abatedouro frigorífico no município de Ponta Grossa- PR. Foram aplicados aos funcionários que trabalham na produção dois questionários, sendo o primeiro aplicado antes do treinamento e o segundo 40 dias após. Com relação à faixa etária dos funcionários avaliados, pôde-se constatar que a maioria possui idade superior a 45 anos, o que representa um percentual de 43, 5%. No que diz respeito ao tempo de trabalho em indústrias de alimentos os dados levantados indicaram que 87% dos funcionários trabalham a mais de 6 anos no ramo, porém os resultados obtidos com o primeiro questionário mostraram que eles não possuíam conhecimento básico sobre Boas Práticas de Fabricação pois, apresentaram um percentual médio de acerto de 45,5%. Com a aplicação do questionário pós treinamento, obteve-se um percentual de 72,5% como resultado médio de acertos. O resultado obtido já era esperado devido à dificuldade no preenchimento dos questionários visto que os funcionários avaliados possuíam um grau de escolaridade relativamente baixo. Apesar disso, o resultado obtido pode ser considerado satisfatório, pois houve um considerado aumento no percentual de acertos, ressaltando a melhora no nível de conhecimento dos funcionários com relação às Boas Práticas de Fabricação. (AU)
The implementation of quality tools and programs for qualification and manpower training are alternatives increasingly used by companies in the food industry to maintain market competitiveness and guarantee a quality ensured product. From this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of training in good manufacturing practices in a slaughterhouse refrigerator in Ponta Grossa - PR. Were administered to employees who work in producing two questionnaires, the first being applied before training and the second after 40 days. With regard to the evaluated age of employees, it was found that most were older than 45 years, representing a percentage of 43, 50%. Regarding at working time with foods, the data collected indicated that 87% of employees work more than 6 years in business, but the results obtained with the first questionnaire showed that they lacked basic knowledge of Good Manufacturing Practices, therefore, had an average percentage of accuracy of 45.5%. With the questionnaire after training, we obtained a percentage of 72.5 in the mean of correct answers. The result was expected due to difficulties in completing the questionnaires because the employees had a relatively education low level. However, the result was satisfactory because there was considered an increase in the percentage of correct answers, highlighting the improved level of expertise of the staff with respect to Good Manufacturing Practices. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Good Manufacturing Practices , Inservice Training , Food Handling , Surveys and Questionnaires , Abattoirs , Consumer Product Safety , BrazilABSTRACT
A reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) está se destacando na caracterizaçãoe detecção de micro-organismos, devido às diversas vantagens comorapidez, especificidade, sensibilidade e custo da análise. Entre as vantagensdestacam-se a sensibilidade e especificidade e devido principalmente a estasa PCR está sendo aplicada em estudos envolvendo a detecção de micro-organismospatogênicos em alimentos. Além disso, esta tecnologia é apontadacomo uma alternativa potencial à substituição ou complementação de técnicasmicrobiológicas clássicas. Desta forma, o presente artigo possui como objetivorealizar revisão de literatura sobre a aplicabilidade da PCR na detecção depatógenos alimentares, contribuindo na disseminação de informação sobreesta ferramenta.
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is emerging in the characterization and detection of microorganisms. Because it present several advantages such as speed, specificity, sensitivity and cost analysis. The sensitivity and specificity are the advantages of highlight, due to these the PCR is being applied in studies involving the detection of pathogenic microorganisms in food. In addition, this technology is identified as a potential alternative to replacing or complementing traditional microbiological techniques. Therefore, this article has as objective to review the literature on the applicability of PCR for the detection of food, thereby contributing to the dissemination of information about this tool. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Cattle , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Food Contamination , Food Samples , Campylobacter/isolation & purification , Salmonella/isolation & purification , Listeria monocytogenes/isolation & purification , PoultryABSTRACT
Diagnóstico quanto à presença de microrganismos patogênicos nos alimentos é indispensável para garantir a qualidade e a segurança alimentar. Registros epidemiológicos oficiais apontam a Salmonella sp. como um dos principais microrganismos causadores de doenças de origem alimentar no estado do Paraná. Portanto, vale ressaltar a importância da verificação de presença/ausência deste patógeno nos alimentos. As técnicas microbiológicas convencionais possuem custo e tempo de execução elevado. Em contrapartida, o diagnóstico molecular é inovador, de alta sensibilidade e especificidade, tendo como principal vantagem a redução do tempo da análise. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar diagnóstico molecular por meio da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) para sorotipo de salmonela, com sua cultura padrão. Para tanto, cepas de Salmonella choleraesuis, Salmonella gallinaru; e Salmonella enteritidis foram repicadas em caldo nutriente, incubadas a 37ºC e após 24 horas realizou-se a extração de DNA utilizando o método de fenol/clorofórmio, seguida da sua amplificação, a qual foi satisfatória para a detecção do gene InvA, observou-se que a temperatura de hibridização ideal foi de 57°C. A realização desta metodologia e favorável por poder ser realizada de forma rápida e específica.
Diagnosis regarding the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in food is essential to ensure its quality and safety. Official epidemiological records define Salmonella sp. as one of the main microorganisms responsible for foodborne illnesses in the state of Paraná. Therefore, it is worth highlighting the importance of checking for the presence/absence of this pathogen in food. Conventional microbiological techniques are costly and time-consuming. On the other hand, molecular diagnosis is innovative, with a high sensitivity and specificity, as well as decreasing the analysis time, which is the main advantage of this approach. The present work aims to perform molecular diagnosis using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Salmonella serotype with its standard culture. In order to do this, strains of Salmonella choleraesuis, Salmonella gallinaru and Salmonella enteritidis were replicated in nutrient broth and incubated at 37°C. After 24 hours, DNA was extracted using phenol/chloroform method, followed by its amplification, which was satisfactory for the detection of the InvA gene, with 57°C being the optimal hybridization temperature. This methodology showed positive outcome since it can obtain fast and specific results.
Subject(s)
Salmonella , DNA , Pathology, MolecularABSTRACT
A detecção de resíduos de antibióticos em leite é indispensável para direcionar ações corretivas visando à saúde do consumidor, a qualidade do leite e dos produtos derivados. Desta forma, uma política de incentivo à qualidade da produção leiteira foi implantada em 2005 na região dos Campos Gerais, Paraná. Neste caso, o produtor é penalizado com desconto sobre a produção mensal quando sua produção de leite cru for identificada com resíduos de agentes antibacterianos. Assim, o objetivo do presente artigo foi efetuar um levantamento que permita estabelecer a ocorrência de resíduos de antibióticos em leite cru na região dos Campos Gerais no período de implantação e pós-implantação da política de pagamento quanto ao requisito ausência de inibidor. Foram analisadas amostras provenientes de 400 produtores de leite no período de 2005, ano da implantação da política, até a ano de 2010, usando o teste microbiológico comercial Delvotest® SP-NT. A análise dos dados, realizada a partir da frequência de aparecimento de resíduos, apontou redução da ocorrência de antibióticos e baixa ocorrência quando comparada a outras regiões do país. Portanto, foi possível realizar o levantamento de resíduos de antibióticos em leite cru na região dos Campos Gerais, permitindo demonstrar que a ocorrência de antibióticos está reduzindo sensivelmente desde o ano da implantação da política de pagamento. Além da política de pagamento implantada, a elevação na qualidade de leite se deve a diversas ações corretivas e preventivas, principalmente no manejo, por meio de esclarecimentos ao produtor.
The detection of antibiotic residues in milk is essential for directing corrective actions searching for the consumer's health and quality of milk and milk products. Thus, a policy to promote the quality of milk production was implemented in 2005 in the region of Campos Gerais, Paraná State. In this case, the producer is penalized with discount on the monthly production when the raw milk production is identified with residues of antibacterial agents. The objective of this paper was to perform a survey that would establish the occurrence of antibiotic residues in raw milk in Campos Gerais region during deployment and post-deployment policy of payment regarding the absence of inhibitor. The samples from 400 dairy farmers were analyzed from 2005, the year of implementation of the policy, to 2010, using the commercial microbiological inhibition test Delvotest® SP-NT. The data analysis showed a decrease of antibiotic residues in raw milk, which was lower than other regions in Brazil. It was possible to study these residues present in raw milk from Campos Gerais region, showing that its occurrence is decreasing significantly since the year of the payment policy implementation. In addition to the payment policy, the milk quality improved due to various corrective and preventive actions, particularly in handling through an educational program involving the producers.
ABSTRACT
Habitat fragmentation and a decrease in population size may lead to a loss in population genetic diversity. For the first time, the reduction in genetic diversity in the northernmost limit of natural occurence (southeastern Brazil) of Araucaria angustifolia in comparison with populations in the main area of the species continuous natural distribution (southern Brazil), was tested. The 673 AFLPs markers revealed a high level of genetic diversity for the species (Ht = 0.27), despite anthropogenic influence throughout the last century, and a decrease of H in isolated populations of southeastern Brazil (H = 0.16), thereby indicating the tendency for higher genetic diversity in remnant populations of continuous forests in southern Brazil, when compared to natural isolated populations in the southeastern region. A strong differentiation among southern and southeastern populations was detected (AMOVA variance ranged from 10%-15%). From Bayesian analysis, it is suggested that the nine populations tested form five "genetic clusters" (K = 5). Five of these populations, located in the northernmost limit of distribution of the species, represent three "genetic clusters". These results are in agreement with the pattern of geographic distribution of the studied populations.
ABSTRACT
Habitat fragmentation and a decrease in population size may lead to a loss in population genetic diversity. For the first time, the reduction in genetic diversity in the northernmost limit of natural occurence (southeastern Brazil) of Araucaria angustifolia in comparison with populations in the main area of the species continuous natural distribution (southern Brazil), was tested. The 673 AFLPs markers revealed a high level of genetic diversity for the species (Ht = 0.27), despite anthropogenic influence throughout the last century, and a decrease of H in isolated populations of southeastern Brazil (H = 0.16), thereby indicating the tendency for higher genetic diversity in remnant populations of continuous forests in southern Brazil, when compared to natural isolated populations in the southeastern region. A strong differentiation among southern and southeastern populations was detected (AMOVA variance ranged from 10 percent-15 percent). From Bayesian analysis, it is suggested that the nine populations tested form five "genetic clusters" (K = 5). Five of these populations, located in the northernmost limit of distribution of the species, represent three "genetic clusters". These results are in agreement with the pattern of geographic distribution of the studied populations.