Correction: Taguatagua 3: A new late Pleistocene settlement in a highly suitable lacustrine habitat in central Chile (34°S).

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302465.].

Taguatagua 3: A new late Pleistocene settlement in a highly suitable lacustrine habitat in central Chile (34°S).

We present the results of the excavations and analyses of the diverse and exceptional archaeological assemblage of Taguatagua 3, a new late Pleistocene site located in the ancient Tagua Tagua lake in Central Chile (34°S). The anthropogenic context is constrained in a coherently dated stratigraphic deposit which adds new information about the mobility, subsistence strategies, and settlement of the early hunter-gatherers of southern South America. The age model constructed, as well as radiocarbon dates obtained directly from a combustion structure, indicate that the human occupation occurred over a brief time span around 12,440-12,550 cal yr BP. Considering taphonomic, geoarchaeological, lithic, archaeobotanical, and zooarchaeological evidence, as well as the spatial distribution combined with ethnographic data, we interpret Taguatagua 3 as a logistic and temporary camp associated mainly with gomphothere hunting and butchering. Nevertheless, several other activities were carried out here as well, such as hide and/or bone preparation, small vertebrate and plant processing and consumption, and red ochre grinding. Botanical and eggshell remains suggest that the anthropic occupation occurred during the dry season. Considering the contemporaneous sites recorded in the basin, we conclude that the ancient Tagua Tagua lake was a key location along the region's early hunter-gatherer mobility circuits. In this context, it acted as a recurrent hunting/scavenging place during the Late Pleistocene due to its abundant, diverse, and predictable resources.

Pandemic Grief and Suicidal Ideation in Latin American Countries: A Network Analysis.

This study aimed to characterize the network structure of pandemic grief symptoms and suicidal ideation in 2174 people from eight Latin American countries. Pandemic grief and suicidal ideation were measured using the Pandemic Grief Scale and a single item, respectively. Network analysis provides an in-depth characterization of symptom-symptom interactions within mental disorders. The results indicated that, "desire to die," "apathy" and "absence of sense of life" are the most central symptoms in a pandemic grief symptom network; therefore, these symptoms could be focal elements for preventive and treatment efforts. Suicidal ideation, the wish to die, and the absence of meaning in life had the strongest relationship. In general, the network structure did not differ among the participating countries. It identifies specific symptoms within the network that may increase the likelihood of their co-occurrence and is useful at the therapeutic level.

Occurrence of Aliarcobacter spp. in fresh and pre-cut vegetables of common use in San José, Costa Rica.

Aliarcobacter is a Gram-negative rod that can cause disease in both animals and humans. Several studies have evidenced its presence in a wide variety of foods. Given that the number of foodborne illness outbreaks linked to the consumption of vegetables has increased worldwide and that there is a lack of information about the occurrence of Aliarcobacter spp. in these, the aim of this study was to evaluate its presence and the occurrence of virulence factors in both fresh and ready-to-eat vegetable samples. 180 vegetable samples from Costa Rica were analyzed for the presence of Aliarcobacter spp., including 90 pre-cut vegetable packages and 90 fresh vegetables. Two (2.2%) of the isolates from pre-cut vegetables and 19 (21.1%) of the isolates obtained from fresh vegetables were confirmed as Aliarcobacter spp. One of the isolates from the pre-cut vegetable samples was identified as A. butzleri. For the fresh vegetables, 11 isolates were identified as A. skirrowii, one as A. butzleri, and the 7 remaining isolates could not be identified at a species level. There is an 87.5% positivity for hecA and 93.8% for pldA, virulence genes in strains isolated from fresh produce, contrasting with an absolute absence from pre-cut vegetable-isolated strains. These results evidence the presence of Aliarcobacter on fresh and pre-cut vegetables from Costa Rica and the potential hazard it might represent for public health.

Are accessory spleen screening and resection in refractory immune cytopenia an effective strategy or a waste of resources?

Splenectomy remains an effective treatment for refractory immune cytopenia (RIC), which encompasses immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). Accessory spleens (AS) have been described without identifying specific risk factors. We retrospectively analyzed patients with RIC after splenectomy who underwent splenic scintigraphy (SS) at our institution. Seventy-one patients were included. Sixty-two patients had ITP, five had AIHA, and four had Evans syndrome. Seventy-five percent (n = 53) were women. Eleven patients (15.5%) had an AS detected by SS. A complete response (CR) to first-line steroids (odds ratio (OR) 5.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.37-24.14, p = 0.017) and the absence of Howell-Jolly bodies (HJB) in peripheral blood smear (PBS) (OR 11.37, 95% CI 2.70-47.85, p = 0.001) were found to be risk factors. Patients with both elements had a higher rate of AS (83.3%) when compared to those with one or no factors (p < 0.001). Eight patients (73%) underwent an accessory splenectomy: seven (87.5%) achieved a CR, and none had perioperative complications. The presence of HJB in PBS changed from 25 to 87.5% after accessory splenectomy. We recommend the search for an AS via SS in patients with RIC due to ITP, who had a CR to corticosteroids and the absence of HJB in PBS. Accessory splenectomy is a safe and effective procedure.

Antibiotic discovery against Piscirickettsia salmonis using a combined in silico and in vitro approach.

Piscirickettsia salmonis is one of the main pathogens causing considerable economic losses in salmonid farming. The DNA gyrase of several pathogenic bacteria has been the target of choice for antibiotic design and discovery for years, due to its key function during DNA replication. In this study, we carried out a combined in silico and in vitro approach to antibiotic discovery targeting the GyrA subunit of Piscirickettsia salmonis. The in silico results of this work showed that flumequine (-6.6 kcal/mol), finafloxacin (-7.2 kcal/mol), rosoxacin (-6.6 kcal/mol), elvitegravir (-6.4 kcal/mol), sarafloxacin (-8.3 kcal/mol), orbifloxacin (-7.9 kcal/mol), and sparfloxacin (-7.2 kcal/mol) are docked with good affinities in the DNA binding domain of the Piscirickettsia salmonis GyrA subunit. In the in vitro inhibition assay, it was observed that most of these molecules inhibit the growth of Piscirickettsia salmonis, except for elvitegravir. We believe that this methodology could help to significantly reduce the time and cost of antibiotic discovery trials to combat Piscirickettsia salmonis within the salmonid farming industry.

Diagnosis of a Case of Hepatotoxicity Due to Drugs and Herbal Supplements in a Hospital in Pasto, Colombia

The liver is a crucial organ in metabolism, and some substances can induce toxic hepatitis with high morbidity and mortality. Chemical and drug-induced liver disease is a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge since it requires extension studies to rule out other entities. We present the case of a 51-year-old female patient without underlying comorbidities, admitted due to symptoms of two-day evolution consisting of progressive jaundice, diarrheal episodes without acholia, or any other additional manifestation. Her condition was caused by the intake of nimesulide, two tablets a day for two days, for pain secondary to a mandibular cyst diagnosed in previous days. During her admission to the emergency room, the patient described chronic consumption of Herbalife® products daily for four years. She presented with elevated transaminases, prolonged prothrombin time (PT), and direct hyperbilirubinemia. Infectious and immunological diseases were ruled out. We decided to start antibiotic and vitamin K coverage. Finally, and by exclusion, a liver biopsy suggested an inflammatory process compatible with drug-induced hepatitis. The woman evolved favorably when the medication and dietary supplement were discontinued. In conclusion, this case constitutes an initial point in advancing research into hepatotoxicity by shared mechanisms of various substances simultaneously, such as what happened to the patient with the parallel use of Herbalife® and nimesulide.

El hígado es un órgano crucial en el metabolismo y algunas sustancias pueden inducir hepatitis toxica con alta morbimortalidad. La enfermedad hepática inducida por sustancias químicas y medicamentos es un desafío tanto diagnostico como terapéutico, puesto que requiere la realización de estudios de extensión para descartar otras entidades. A continuación se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 51 años sin comorbilidades de base, ingresada por clínica de 2 días de evolución consistente en ictericia progresiva, episodios diarreicos sin acolia ni otra manifestación adicional. Aparentemente, su cuadro fue provocado por la administración de nimesulida, 2 tabletas al día por 2 días, contra el dolor secundario a un quiste mandibular diagnosticado en días anteriores. Durante su ingreso a urgencias la paciente describió consumo crónico, a diario desde hace 4 años, de productos de Herbalife®. Cursa con elevación de transaminasas, prolongación del tiempo de protrombina (TP) e hiperbilirrubinemia directa. Se descartan enfermedades infecciosas e inmunológicas. Se decidió iniciar el cubrimiento antibiótico y vitamina K. Finalmente y por exclusión, se realizó una biopsia hepática que sugirió un proceso inflamatorio compatible con hepatitis inducida por fármacos. La mujer evolucionó favorablemente al suspender la medicación y el suplemento dietético referido. En conclusión, el caso expuesto constituye un punto inicial en el avance hacia la investigación en hepatotoxicidad por mecanismos compartidos de diversas sustancias simultáneamente, como lo sucedido a la paciente con el uso paralelo de Herbalife® y de nimesulida.

Identifying the needs of older people living with HIV (≥ 50 years old) from multiple centres over the world: a descriptive analysis.

BACKGROUND: Older People Living with HIV (OPWH) combine both aging and HIV-infection features, resulting in ageism, stigma, social isolation, and low quality of life. This context brings up new challenges for healthcare professionals, who now must aid patients with a significant comorbidity burden and polypharmacy treatments. OPWH opinion on their health management is hardly ever considered as a variable to study, though it would help to understand their needs on dissimilar settings. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional, comparative study including patients living with HIV aged ≥50 years old from multiple centers worldwide and gave them a survey addressing their perception on overall health issues, psychological problems, social activities, geriatric conditions, and opinions on healthcare. Data was analyzed through Chisquared tests sorting by geographical regions, age groups, or both. RESULTS: We organized 680 participants data by location (Center and South America [CSA], Western Europe [WE], Africa, Eastern Europe and Israel [EEI]) and by age groups (50- 55, 56-65, 66-75, >75). In EEI, HIV serostatus socializing and reaching undetectable viral load were the main problems. CSA participants are the least satisfied regarding their healthcare, and a great part of them are not retired. Africans show the best health perception, have financial problems, and fancy their HIV doctors. WE is the most developed region studied and their participants report the best scores. Moreover, older age groups tend to live alone, have a lower perception of psychological problems, and reduced social life. CONCLUSIONS: Patients' opinions outline region- and age-specific unmet needs. In EEI, socializing HIV and reaching undetectable viral load were the main concerns. CSA low satisfaction outcomes might reflect high expectations or profound inequities in the region. African participants results mirror a system where general health is hard to achieve, but HIV clinics are much more appealing to them. WE is the most satisfied region about their healthcare. In this context, age-specific information, education and counseling programs (i.e. Patient Reported Outcomes, Patient Centered Care, multidisciplinary teams) are needed to promote physical and mental health among older adults living with HIV/AIDS. This is crucial for improving health-related quality of life and patient's satisfaction.

Genomic and proteomic aspects of p57 protein from Renibacterium salmoninarum: Characteristics in virulence patterns.

Renibacterium salmoninarum is one of the oldest known fish bacterial pathogens. This Gram-positive bacterium is the causative agent of Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD), a chronic infection that primarily infects salmonids at low temperatures. Externally, infected fish may show exophthalmos, skin blisters, ulcerations, and hemorrhages at the base of the fins and along the lateral line. Internally, the kidney, heart, spleen, and liver may show signs of inflammation. The best characterized virulence factor of R. salmoninarum is p57, a 57 kDa protein located on the bacterial cell surface and secreted into surrounding fish tissue. The p57 protein in fish is the main mediator in suppressing the immune system, reducing antibody production, and intervening in cytokine activity. In this review, we will discuss aspects such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that modify the DNA sequence, variants in the number of copies of MSA genes, physical-chemical properties of the signal peptides, and the limited iron conditions that can modify p57 expression and increase the virulence of R. salmoninarum.

Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics related to the final condition of patients intoxicated by paraquat in a hospital in southwestern Colombia / Características sociodemográficas y clínicas relacionadas con la condición final de pacientes intoxicados por paraquat en un hospital del suroccidente de Colombia.

Introduction: Paraquat is an agrochemical that constitutes the first cause of death by poisoning in different countries. Objective: To relate sociodemographic and clinical characteristics with the final condition of patients intoxicated by paraquat in a hospital in southwestern Colombia. Materials and methods: This was an observational, descriptive, analytical, crosssectional, and retrospective study. We reviewed the medical records of patients diagnosed with paraquat poisoning at a level III hospital in Pasto, Colombia, from 2013 to 2018. We collected the data regarding their final condition (alive or deceased) and their sociodemographic, clinical, and paraclinical information. We established group comparisons and designed a binary logistic regression model. Results: We reviewed 299 records and, after the exclusion, we analyzed 160 cases. The characteristics related to the final condition of the patients were length of stay (OR = 0.124; 95% CI: 0.03-0.6; p = 0.009), heart rate (OR = 35.65; 95% CI: 1.44-884.78; p = 0.029), and initial creatinine (OR = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.23-2.44; p = 0.002). Conclusion: The proportion of case fatality was higher in patients with short hospital stay times and elevated heart rates and admission creatinine levels. This report may be useful as a rationale for the creation of a severity scale for the early detection of patients with adverse outcomes and their timely treatment.

Introducción. El herbicida paraquat constituye la primera causa de decesos por intoxicaciones en distintos países. Objetivo. Relacionar las características sociodemográficas y clínicas con la condición final de pacientes intoxicados por paraquat atendidos en un hospital del suroccidente de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. En este estudio observacional, descriptivo, analítico, transversal y retrospectivo, se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes atendidos por intoxicación con paraquat en una institución de tercer nivel de complejidad en Pasto (Colombia) entre el 2013 y el 2018. Se recolectó la información sobre la condición final (vivo o fallecido) de cada paciente, así como los datos sociodemográficos, clínicos y de los exámenes paraclínicos. Se establecieron comparaciones por grupos y se diseñó un modelo de regresión logística binaria. Resultados. Se filtró la información de 299 registros y se analizaron finalmente 160 casos. Las características relacionadas con la condición final de los pacientes fueron el tiempo de estancia (OR=0,124; IC95% 0,03-0,6; p=0,009), la frecuencia cardiaca (OR=35,65; IC95% 1,44-884,78; p=0,029) y la creatinina inicial (OR=1,73; IC95% 1,23-2,44; p=0,002). Conclusiones. La proporción de la letalidad fue mayor entre los pacientes con estancia hospitalaria corta, taquicardia y elevación de la concentración sérica de creatinina al ingreso. Este reporte puede ser útil como fundamento de una escala de gravedad para detectar a los pacientes con resultados adversos en la fase temprana para que puedan recibir una intervención oportuna.

Características sociodemográficas y clínicas relacionadas con la condición final de pacientes intoxicados por paraquat en un hospital del suroccidente de Colombia / Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics related to the final condition of patients intoxicated by paraquat in a hospital in southwestern Colombia

Introducción. El herbicida paraquat constituye la primera causa de decesos por intoxicaciones en distintos países. Objetivo. Relacionar las características sociodemográficas y clínicas con la condición final de pacientes intoxicados por paraquat atendidos en un hospital del suroccidente de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. En este estudio observacional, descriptivo, analítico, transversal y retrospectivo, se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes atendidos por intoxicación con paraquat en una institución de tercer nivel de complejidad en Pasto (Colombia) entre el 2013 y el 2018. Se recolectó la información sobre la condición final (vivo o fallecido) de cada paciente, así como los datos sociodemográficos, clínicos y de los exámenes paraclínicos. Se establecieron comparaciones por grupos y se diseñó un modelo de regresión logística binaria. Resultados. Se filtró la información de 299 registros y se analizaron finalmente 160 casos. Las características relacionadas con la condición final de los pacientes fueron el tiempo de estancia (OR=0,124; IC95% 0,03-0,6; p=0,009), la frecuencia cardiaca (OR=35,65; IC95% 1,44-884,78; p=0,029) y la creatinina inicial (OR=1,73; IC95% 1,23-2,44; p=0,002). Conclusiones. La proporción de la letalidad fue mayor entre los pacientes con estancia hospitalaria corta, taquicardia y elevación de la concentración sérica de creatinina al ingreso. Este reporte puede ser útil como fundamento de una escala de gravedad para detectar a los pacientes con resultados adversos en la fase temprana para que puedan recibir una intervención oportuna.

Introduction: Paraquat is an agrochemical that constitutes the first cause of death by poisoning in different countries. Objective: To relate sociodemographic and clinical characteristics with the final condition of patients intoxicated by paraquat in a hospital in southwestern Colombia. Materials and methods: This was an observational, descriptive, analytical, crosssectional, and retrospective study. We reviewed the medical records of patients diagnosed with paraquat poisoning at a level III hospital in Pasto, Colombia, from 2013 to 2018. We collected the data regarding their final condition (alive or deceased) and their sociodemographic, clinical, and paraclinical information. We established group comparisons and designed a binary logistic regression model. Results: We reviewed 299 records and, after the exclusion, we analyzed 160 cases. The characteristics related to the final condition of the patients were length of stay (OR = 0.124; 95% CI: 0.03-0.6; p = 0.009), heart rate (OR = 35.65; 95% CI: 1.44-884.78; p = 0.029), and initial creatinine (OR = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.23-2.44; p = 0.002). Conclusion: The proportion of case fatality was higher in patients with short hospital stay times and elevated heart rates and admission creatinine levels. This report may be useful as a rationale for the creation of a severity scale for the early detection of patients with adverse outcomes and their timely treatment.

Quality of Life in Mexican Older Adults: Factor Structure of the SF-36 Questionnaire.

The evaluation of quality of life may enable researchers to produce information that may improve health care and the quality of older people's lives. This research has two main goals: the first is to assess the psychometric properties of the SF-36 Health Questionnaire (construct validity and internal consistency), and the second, to calculate the factorial invariance of the questionnaire in two random, independent samples (i.e., cross-validation). The total sample consisted of 970 elderly subjects from the cities of Chihuahua and Monterrey, Mexico, with an average age of 71.18 (SD = 7.69). The factor structure of the SF-36 was analyzed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The analyses show an adequate four-factor structure. The four-factor structure (Physical Function, Body Pain, Physical Role and Psychological Health) shows adequate reliability and validity indices. In addition, the results from the CFA analyses for the subsamples provide strong evidence of the stability of the four-factor structure. Future research should consider replicating the present findings in larger samples.

Factor Structure of the AUDIM-M Dimensional Self-Concept Questionnaire in Mexican Adolescents.

Self-concept is one of the most relevant variables in the field of personality, and a negative self-perception can pose a risk to the adolescent's development. The present study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties proposed by Aguirre and collaborators for the dimensional self-concept questionnaire (AUDIM-M). The total sample was 560 adolescents from the city of Chihuahua, Chihuahua, with a mean age of 12.96 ± 0.88 years. The factor structure of the questionnaire was analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis. The analyses show that a four-factor structure is viable and adequate (GFI 0.964; RMSEA 0.057; CFI 0.950). The four-factor structure (personal self-concept, physical self-concept, social self-concept, and academic self-concept), according to statistical and substantive criteria, shows adequate indicators of reliability and validity adjustment. The model obtained coincides with that proposed by Aguirre et al. Improving adolescents' self-concept undoubtedly contributes to their quality of life, hence the need for valid and reliable instruments for its measurement; this study could be a first approach for future research.

Validation of a Computerized Version of the Trait Subscale of the Physical Appearance State and Trait Anxiety Scale in Mexican Preadolescents.

Anxiety is a feeling of fear, dread or restlessness and can develop into a weight-related disorder. The objective was to analyze the psychometric properties of the trait anxiety subscale of the Physical Appearance State and Trait Anxiety Scale (PASTAS), as well as the invariance in Mexican preadolescents. The sample consisted of 604 participants, 285 female and 319 male, whose ages ranged between 11 and 12 years (M = 11.37; SD = 0.48). The questionnaire's factor structure was analyzed using confirmatory factor analyses. The analyses show the viability and adequacy of a two-factor structure (weight and non-weight factors) both for the total sample and for the populations of male and female. The two-factor structure showed adequate reliability and validity fit indicators. The factor structure, the factor loadings and intercepts are considered invariant according to the variable sex; however, differences between female and male participants were found for levels of anxiety caused by physical appearance. In conclusion, the PASTAS can be considered a convenient instrument to assess the variables related to anxiety generated by one's physical appearance, as well as allowing more participants to be quickly assessed.

Composition and Factorial Invariance for the Assessment of Body Image Dissatisfaction Questionnaire in Mexican Adolescents.

Body image is a mental representation that a person has, which could become a body dissatisfaction due to the pressure exerted by the culture, affecting several life stages specially in adolescents. The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties and factorial invariance of the questionnaire to assess body image dissatisfaction. The sample consisted of 552 Mexican teenagers, 259 female, and 293 male, with a mean age of 12.91 ± 0.96 years. Confirmatory Factor Analyses show that a five-factor structure is viable and adequate. The five-factor structure (perceptual, emotional distress, behavioral, proposal to change, and fear of gaining weight) show adequate fit indices and validity, even though the obtained model does not completely correspond to that proposed by the authors of the scale, it continues to endorse the multifactorial component of body dissatisfaction. On the other hand, the factorial structure, the factor loadings, and the intercepts are considered invariant in both populations; however, there are differences between the populations for the means of the perceptual, emotional distress, and fear of gaining weight factors. This study serves as a premise for future research on the study of instruments for measuring body image in populations with different personal and cultural factors.

Composition Factor Analysis and Factor Invariance of the Physical Appearance State and Trait Anxiety Scale (PASTAS) in Sports and Non-Sports Practitioner Mexican Adolescents.

The purpose of the present study was to adapt and validate the Physical Appearance State and Trait Anxiety Scale (PASTAS) for Mexican adolescents, verifying the factor invariance by sports and non-sports practitioners. A sample of 930 Mexican adolescents (46.0% females), aged 11-15 years old, voluntarily participated in the study. A total of 415 participants regularly played sports in a club and/or regularly participated in sports competitions and 515 were non-sports practitioners. The adolescents filled out the trait version of the PASTAS questionnaire, which was previously translated and adapted for Mexican-speaking adolescents following the International Test Commission guidelines. The results of the confirmatory factor analyses showed an adequate measurement model for the original two-factor structure (e.g., GFI = 0.913; RMSEA = 0.078; CFI = 0.943). The internal consistency of the two dimensions was excellent (α and Ω = 0.92-0.93). Additionally, the results of the factorial invariance analyses showed an appropriate fit of the two-structure model (e.g., GFI = 0.96; CFI = 0.98; RMSEA = 0.04) among both sports and non-sports practitioners. The proposed trait version of the PASTAS questionnaire adapted to a Mexican-speaking population shows adequate psychometric properties among Mexican adolescents. The Mexican version of the PASTAS questionnaire supports the original two-factor structure (i.e., factor related to the body weight and factor not related to body weight) among adolescents. Additionally, the factorial invariance analyses support the equivalence of the two-factor structure among both sports and non-sports practitioners.

¿Qué predice la realización de dietas? Dietas, grasa corporal e insatisfacción corporal en un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales / What does dieting predict? Diets, body fat and body dissatisfaction in a structural equations

Resumen Introducción: Actualmente existe una tendencia a la realización de dietas no saludables, siendo particularmente vulnerable el estudiantado universitario debido a la asunción de responsabilidades en la adquisición de hábitos alimentarios. Objetivos: El propósito de esta investigación ha sido verificar el ajuste de un modelo teórico, con ecuaciones estructurales, para la explicación del número de dietas a través del porcentaje de grasa y la insatisfacción corporal. Las participantes han sido 244 universitarias mexicanas, con una edad media de 19.98 años (DE=1.24). Los instrumentos utilizados han sido el porcentaje de grasa, el número de dietas para perder peso realizadas durante los dos últimos años y el Cuestionario IMAGEN para evaluar los distintos componentes de la insatisfacción corporal. Resultados: Se ha obtenido un ajuste satisfactorio siendo significativas la mayoría de las relaciones hipotetizadas. Se destaca que solo el planteamiento de cambio y el componente comportamental tiene un efecto directo en el número de dietas. También se resalta la capacidad mediadora de los factores de insatisfacción corporal entre las variables porcentaje de grasa y número de dietas. Conclusiones: Teniendo en cuenta el efecto total (efectos directos e indirectos), el componente comportamental, seguido por los componentes malestar emocional, perceptivo y planteamiento de cambio de la insatisfacción corporal, son las variables con mayor poder explicativo sobre el número de dietas. El porcentaje de grasa no muestra efecto directo sobre el número de dietas.

Abstract Introduction: Currently there is a trend towards unhealthy diets with university students being particularly vulnerable due to the assumption of responsibility for the acquisition of eating habits. Objective: The purpose of this research has been to fit the theorical model for the explication of the number of diets through percentage of body fat and body dissatisfaction through structural equations. The participants have been 244 Mexican college women, whose average age was 19.88 years (DE=1.24). The used tools have been the percentage body fat, the number of diets to lose weight for the last two years and the IMAGE Questionnaire to measure the different components of body dissatisfaction. Results: A satisfactory fit has been obtained, with most of the hypothesized relationships being significant. It is highlighted that only the change approach and the behavioral component have a direct effect on the number of diets. The mediating capacity of the body dissatisfaction factors between the variable's percentage of body fat and number of diets is also highlighted. Conclusions: Considering the total effect (direct and indirect effects), the behavioral component, followed by the emotional discomfort, perceptual discomfort and the change approach components of body dissatisfaction are the variables with the greatest explanatory power on the number of diets. The percentage of body fat shows no direct effect on the number of diets.

Introducción de la asignatura Sangre y Sistema Inmune: satisfacción y desempeño de los estudiantes / Introduction to the Blood and Immune System subject: satisfaction and student´s performance

RESUMEN Fundamento: en el curso 2017-2018 se introdujo la asignatura Sangre y Sistema Inmune en el tercer semestre de la carrera de Medicina, según el nuevo plan de estudio. Objetivos: identificar el grado de satisfacción y desempeño de los estudiantes en la asignatura Sangre y Sistema Inmune de recién incorporación en el Plan de Estudios D. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara en el curso académico 2017-2018. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis e inducción-deducción, empíricos: la encuesta en forma de cuestionario en dos momentos concretos del semestre (cuarta y decimoquinta semanas), y matemático-estadísticos para el procesamiento de los datos. Resultados: en sentido general la introducción de la asignatura Sangre y Sistema Inmune en el currículo tuvo un nivel adecuado de aceptación por los alumnos y este evolucionó de forma positiva en la medida en que transcurrió el curso. En los casos de insatisfacción, la principal causa estuvo vinculada a la dificultad de los temas impartidos. Existe preferencia por las clases talleres y prácticas de laboratorio, y el trabajo de curso como evaluación final, y no con un examen teórico. Conclusiones: el nivel de satisfacción expresado por los alumnos con la asignatura fue adecuado, no así el desempeño ya que la mayoría reconocieron no poseer los conocimientos básicos sobre su contenido, aspectos que se tuvieron en cuenta en su posterior impartición.

ABSTRACT Background: in the 2017-2018 academic year, the Blood and Immune System subject was introduced in the third semester of the Medicine degree, according to the new study plan. Objectives: to identify the degree of satisfaction and performance of students in the Blood and Immune System subject of recent incorporation in the Study Plan D. Methods: a descriptive study was carried out at Villa Clara University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 2017-2018. Theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis and induction-deduction, empirical ones: the survey in the form of a questionnaire in two specific moments of the semester (fourth and fifteenth weeks), and mathematical-statistics for data processing. Results: in general, the introduction of the Blood and Immune System subject in the curriculum had an adequate level of acceptance by the students and this evolved in a positive way to the extent that the course lasted. In cases of dissatisfaction, the main cause was linked to the difficulty of the subjects taught. There is a preference for workshops and laboratory practices, and a course project work as a final evaluation, and not with a theoretical exam. Conclusions: the level of satisfaction expressed by the students with the subject was adequate, not so the performance since most acknowledged not having the basic knowledge about its content, aspects that were taken into account in its subsequent teaching.

Balance autonómico basal y durante el ejercicio isométrico en jóvenes con diferente reactividad cardiovascular / Basal autonomic balance and during the isometric exercise in young people with different cardiovascular reactivity

RESUMEN Introducción: El sistema nervioso autónomo desempeña un papel importante en los reajustes cardiovasculares al ejercicio. En la hiperreactividad cardiovascular existe una mayor sensibilidad del sistema simpático ante diferentes estímulos estresantes. Objetivo: Determinar las características del control autonómico cardíaco en adultos jóvenes con diferentes grados de reactividad cardiovascular en condiciones basales y durante el ejercicio isométrico. Método: La muestra estuvo constituida por 97 individuos de ambos sexos, y se dividió en tres grupos: normorreactivos, hiperreactivos y con respuesta hipertensiva, de acuerdo a la respuesta presora a la prueba del peso sostenido. A todos los individuos se les realizó un estudio de variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca en reposo y durante la prueba isométrica. Se estudiaron las variables en el dominio de la frecuencia: baja, alta, relación baja/alta en reposo, y los parámetros del diagrama de Poincaré en reposo y durante el ejercicio (valores de desviación estándar 1 [SD1], 2 [SD2], y la razón entre ambos). Resultados: En estado basal los individuos hiperreactivos y con respuesta hipertensiva presentaron un predominio simpático sobre la función cardíaca y una menor variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca. Durante el ejercicio isométrico disminuyeron los valores de los ejes SD1 y SD2 en todos los grupos y la razón SD1/SD2 decreció en individuos normorreactivos y con respuesta hipertensiva; pero apenas se modificó en los hiperreactivos. Conclusiones: En los individuos con hiperreactividad cardiovascular ya está presente un desbalance autonómico en estado basal y existe una reducción de la modulación autonómica vagal durante el ejercicio, que puede favorecer el desarrollo de la hipertensión arterial.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The autonomic nervous system plays an important role in cardiovascular readjustments to exercise. In cardiovascular hyperreactivity there is a greater sensitivity of the sympathetic system to different stressors. Objective: To determine the characteristics of cardiac autonomic control in young adults with different degrees of cardiovascular reactivity under basal conditions and during isometric exercise. Method: The sample consisted of 97 individuals of both sexes, and was divided into three groups: normoreactive, hyperreactive and with hypertensive response, according to the pressor response to weight-bearing tests. The individuals underwent a complete study of heart rate variability at rest and during isometric test. The frequency domain for the variables was: low, high, low/high resting ratio, and the parameters of Poincaré plots at rest and during exercise (values of standard deviation 1 [SD1], 2 [SD2], and the reason between them). Results: Under basal conditions, hyperreactive individuals with a hypertensive response had a sympathetic predominance over cardiac function and lower heart rate variability. During the isometric exercise SD1 and SD2 axes values decreased in all groups and SD1/SD2 ratio decreased in normoreactive individuals with hypertensive response; but it was hardly modified in those hyper-reactive. Conclusions: Individuals with cardiovascular hyperreactivity have a prior autonomic imbalance under basal conditions and a reduction of autonomic vagal modulation during exercise that may favor the development of arterial hypertension.

Ocean circulation along the southern Chile transition region (38°-46°S): Mean, seasonal and interannual variability, with a focus on 2014-2016.

Satellite and atmospheric model fields are used to describe the wind forcing, surface ocean circulation, temperature and chlorophyll-a pigment concentrations along the coast of southern Chile in the transition region between 38° and 46°S. Located inshore of the bifurcation of the eastward South Pacific Current into the equatorward Humboldt and the poleward Cape Horn Currents, the region also includes the Chiloé Inner Sea and the northern extent of the complex system of fjords, islands and canals that stretch south from near 42°S. The high resolution satellite data reveal that equatorward currents next to the coast extend as far south as 48°-51°S in spring-summer. They also display detailed distributions of forcing from wind stress and wind stress curl near the coast and within the Inner Sea. Between 38°-46°S, both winds and surface currents during 1993-2016 change directions seasonally from equatorward during summer upwelling to poleward during winter downwelling, with cooler SST and greater surface chlorophyll-a concentrations next to the coast during upwelling, opposite conditions during downwelling. Over interannual time scales during 1993-2016, there is a strong correlation between equatorial El Niño events and sea level and a moderate correlation with alongshore currents. Looking more closely at the 2014-2016 period, we find a marginal El Niño during 2014 and a strong El Niño during 2015 that connect the region to the tropics through the oceanic pathway, with some atmospheric connections through the phenomenon of atmospheric blocking (as noted by others). The period also includes a Harmful Algal Bloom of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella during early-2016 that occurred during a sequence of physical conditions (winds, currents and temperatures) that would favor such a bloom. The most anomalous physical condition during this specific bloom is an extreme case of atmospheric blocking that creates a long period of calm in austral autumn after strong upwelling in austral summer. The blocking is related to the 2015-2016 El Niño and an unusual coincident positive phase of the Southern Annular Mode.