Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la endocarditis infecciosa en pediatría: 26 años de experiencia / Clinical and epidemiological charasterisitics of infective endocarditis in children: a 26-year experience

Introducción: La endocarditis infecciosa es una enfermedad infrecuente en pediatría, aunque presenta una elevada morbimortalidad. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar las características y la evolución clínica de nuestra serie de pacientes y comparar los resultados con otros estudios publicados. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo. Se incluyen todos los pacientes menores de 16 años con diagnóstico de endocarditis, según los criterios modificados de Duke, entre 1988 y 2013. Se comparan 2 periodos: 1988-2000 y 2001-2013. Resultados: Se analizan 44 pacientes, 36 pediátricos y 8 neonatos. La incidencia de endocarditis aumentó, entre los 2 periodos comparados, de 1/10.000 a 3,3/10.000 ingresos/año. El 63% de los pacientes tenía cardiopatía congénita y el 45% se había sometido a cirugía cardiaca. El 31,8% era portador de un catéter venoso central. El 82% mostró vegetaciones en la ecocardiografía. Los microorganismos más frecuentemente aislados fueron, por igual (20%), Staphylococcus aureus y Streptococcus viridans. El 29% de los pacientes precisó cirugía. La tasa de complicaciones fue del 56%, entre las cuales la más frecuente fue la insuficiencia cardiaca. La mortalidad fue del 20%, y entre los agentes etiológicos cabe destacar que un 55% de los pacientes presentó una afectación mitral y el 77% una infección por S. aureus u hongos. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes que desarrollan endocarditis padecen una cardiopatía y/o han sido sometidos a cirugía cardiaca. Observamos un aumento del número de endocarditis en niños prematuros, inmunodeprimidos y portadores de catéter vascular central o prótesis intracardiacas. Dada la elevada morbimortalidad de esta enfermedad, es importante sospecharla en los pacientes de riesgo. Se observa un peor pronóstico en los pacientes con afectación mitral o infección fúngica o por S. aureus (AU)

Introduction: Infective endocarditis is a rare disease in childhood. Nevertheless, morbimortality rates are still high. The aim of this study is to report the characteristics and clinical follow-up of our series of patients and to compare them to those reported in the literature. Material and methods: We perform a retrospective study in a third-level Spanish hospital. Patients aged less than 16 years and diagnosed with endocarditis, according to Duke criteria, from 1988 to 2013 were selected. Two periods of time were compared: 1988-2000 and 2001-2013. Results: A total of 44 patients were included (36 pediatric and 8 neonates). The incidence of endocarditis increased from 1/10,000 admissions/year to 3.3/10,000 from one period to the next. Of the total of patients, 63% had some kind of congenital heart disease and up to 45% had undergone previous cardiac surgery. Thirty-one percent of the patients had a central venous catheter. Echocardiography showed vegetations in 82% of the patients. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus viridans were the microorganisms most frequently found in blood cultures. Endocarditis was treated surgically in 29% of cases. The rate of endocarditis-related complications was 56%, being heart failure the most frequent. Mortality rate reached 20%. Of the total of deaths, 55% had mitral involvement and 77% were caused by S. aureus or fungical infection. Conclusion: The majority of patients who develop endocarditis have previous history of congenital heart disease and/or have undergone cardiac surgery. An increase of frequency of endocarditis was observed in premature, or immunodepressed patients, as well as in patients with central vascular catheters or prosthesis. A worse prognosis was observed in patients with mitral involvement and in those infected with fungi or S. aureus (AU)

Initial immunosuppression with or without basiliximab: a comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Following liver transplantation, acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease occur in 20%-50% and 30%-90% of patients, respectively. Basiliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody, is highly effective to prevent rejection in organ transplant recipients, particularly among patients with renal dysfunction who benefit from delayed introduction of calcineurin inhibitors. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to measure the immunosuppressive effect of basiliximab and its impact on renal failure, lengths of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) stays and prevalence of infection. METHODS: From January 2010 through December 2011, we performed a controlled, nonrandomized study comparing two different immunosuppressive regimens: Group I, 36 transplantation on 34 patients, tacrolimus and corticosteroids de novo with mycophenolate mofetil in cases of renal failure; and Group II, 33 transplantation in 33 patients, corticosteriods and mycophenolate mofetil de novo with basiliximab on day 0 and day 4, and inception of tacrolimus on day 3. RESULTS: Basiliximab patients (Group II) showed a significantly lower incidence of renal failure requiring replacement therapy (3.03% vs 25%; P = .014). The incidence of acute cellular rejection episodes treated with corticosteriod boluses was also significantly lower (3.03% vs 25%; P = .014). Bacterial, fungal, and cytomegalovirus infection rates were lower in Group II, although the differences were not significant. Similarly, Group II patients had an insignificantly shorter average stay in the hospital (25.9 vs 40.06 days) and the ICU (5.9 vs 8.17 days). CONCLUSIONS: Basiliximab administration with delayed introduction of calcineurin inhibitors may be an effective strategy to reduce post-liver transplantation AKI requiring renal replacement therapy.

Aspectos epidemiológicos, patogénicos, clínicos y diagnósticos de la dermatitis atópica. ¿Es posible la prevención? / No disponible

La prevalencia de la dermatitis atópica (DA) se ha triplicado en los últimos 30 años enlos países industrializados. A menudo existen datos de agregación familiar, lo que indicauna marcada predisposición genética en estos pacientes. La incidencia es similar en ambossexos, pero existen diferencias étnicas y geográficas muy significativas que sugieren la participaciónde factores ambientales en la aparición de la enfermedad. Para entender la fisiopatologíade la DA hay que tener en cuenta simultáneamente las anomalías genéticas, la debilidadde la barrera cutánea, la alteración del sistema inmune y la susceptibilidad a padecersobreinfecciones microbianas de los individuos afectados.Dado que los mecanismos fisiopatológicos no están bien esclarecidos, de momento noes posible modificarlos para cambiar el curso de la enfermedad. Así, el retraso de la lactanciaartificial, la introducción de los alimentos sólidos en el lactante, o las restricciones dietariasen las gestantes afectas de la enfermedad, no han demostrado ser eficaces en la prevenciónde la DA. Sin embargo, sí parece importante realizar un tratamiento adecuado de laslesiones cutáneas para prevenir la sensibilización alérgica percutánea y evitar la apariciónde asma o rinoconjuntivitis.El picor y la recurrencia de las lesiones son los datos clínicos esenciales. El diagnósticode la enfermedad suele ser sencillo, pero en algunas ocasiones el pediatra puede requerirayuda especializada para confirmar el diagnóstico o tratar los casos más severos(AU)

The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) has doubled or three-folded in industrializedcountries. There are often data of family history of atopic diathesis, suggesting that thereis a genetic predisposition in these patients. The incidence is similar in both sexes, but thesignificant ethnic background and geographic differences point out the importance of environmentalfactors in the development of the disease.To understand the physiopathology, it is necessary to take into account genetic abnormalities,dermal barrier impairment, immune system disturbances and the increased susceptibility of DA patients to suffer from microbial infections. Given that the immunopathologicalmechanisms of AD are not yet well understood, it is impossible to modify them to changethe course of the disease. For example, delaying artificial lactation or the timing of introductionof solid food, as well as performing dietary restrictions in pregnant women, havenot shown to have a protective effect in AD. However, it seems to be important to treat cutaneouslesions to prevent allergic sensitization through the skin, which might lead to asthmaor rhinoconjuntivitis in these patients.Pruritus and recurrences are the clinical hallmark of the disease. The diagnosis is usuallymade straightforward based on clinical features, but the pediatrician may need specializedhelp occasionally, either to confirm the diagnosis or to manage severe cases(AU)

Hepatitis C virus recurrence after liver transplantation: influence of immunosuppressive regimens on viral load and liver histology.

Cyclosporine has recently been reported to produce in vitro suppression of hepatitis C virus replication driven by blockade of cyclophilins, an effect not shown for tacrolimus. However, the clinical consequence of this in vitro finding have not been well studied in vivo. We compared viral load and fibrosis in transplanted patients receiving monotherapy with tacrolimus or cyclosporine. Patients with recurrent hepatitis C after transplantation were selected from two tertiary centers with the following inclusion criteria: monotherapy with tacrolimus or cyclosporine for more than 12 months before viral load measurement, no antiviral treatment, corticosteroids stopped within 12 months after transplantation. HIV, hepatitis B, and active infection by cytomegalovirus were excluded. Patient characteristics, viral load, and fibrosis were compared by univariate analysis between the cyclosporine and tacrolimus groups. Significant variables, viral load, and fibrosis were included in a multivariate model. Sixty-six patients were included, 46 on tacrolimus and 20 on cyclosporine. Fifty-six were male, and the mean age was 55.3 +/- 10.1 years. Fibrosis (Ishak score) was 3.9 +/- 1.9 in the cyclosporine group and 2.7 +/- 1.9 in the tacrolimus group (P = .019). Viral load (log(10)IU/mL) was 5.8 +/- 0.5 and 5.9 +/- 0.5, respectively (P = .7) and time since liver transplantation was 95.3 +/- 47.7 and 41.1 +/- 16.8 months (P = .0001). In the multivariate model, viral load (P = .65) and fibrosis (P = .24) were not significantly different and only time since transplantation remained significant (P = .0001). In conclusion, viral load was not different in patients with tacrolimus as compared with cyclosporine, and the lower fibrosis observed in the cyclosporine group lacked significance when considered together with time since liver transplantation.

Scarce influence of corticosteroid boluses on long-term viral load and liver histology in transplanted patients with recurrent hepatitis C.

Corticosteroid boluses, which are the treatment for acute rejection episodes, have been shown to produce transient increases in viremia. However, their effect on long-term viral load, histological activity index (HAI), and fibrosis has not been well established. The aim of our study was to compare late viral load, HAI, and fibrosis in patients with versus without steroid boluses in the immediate posttransplant period. We analyzed patients transplanted due to hepatitis C virus. Inclusion criteria were: no change in immunosuppression (cyclosporine or tacrolimus with/without mycophenolate); no steroids in the previous 4 months; no antiviral treatment; liver biopsy and viral load determination >12 months after transplantation. Exclusion criteria were HIV, hepatitis B, and active cytomegalovirus infection. Nonparametric tests were used to compare viral load, HAI, and fibrosis (Ishak-score) among patients who received steroid boluses for an acute rejection episode (group 1) versus those who did not (group 2). Among the 48 selected patients were 38 men with the overall mean age of the entire group of 55.6 +/- 10.9 years. The mean period from liver transplantation was 53.25 +/- 33.4 months. Thirty-four (70.1%) were treated with tacrolimus and the rest, cyclosporine. Eleven (22.9%) had and 37 (77.1%) had not received corticosteroid boluses. The viral load was similar in groups 1 and 2 (5.74 +/- 0.54 vs 5.98 +/- 0.53 Log(10) IU per mL, P = .32). Fibrosis was also similar (2.5 +/- 1.6 vs 2.2 +/- 1.7, P = .56). However, HAI was higher in group 1 (7.5 +/- 1.7 vs 6.0 +/- 1.7, P = .026). In conclusion, although long-term viral load was similar in patients who had versus had not received one cycle of steroid boluses, the HAI was significantly higher in the former cohort, but had not resulted in greater fibrosis during the study follow-up.

Hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation: Viral and histologic response to full-dose PEG-interferon and ribavirin.

Hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation (LT) is universal, and frequently leads to cirrhosis and death. The aim of our study was to assess the efficacy and safety of 48-weeks of full-dose peg-interferon-alpha-2a (n = 4) or alpha-2b (n = 51) plus ribavirin (>11 mg/kg/day) in a multicentric cohort of 55 patients > or =12 months after LT. All subjects had histologically proven HCV recurrence, excluding severe cholestatic recurrence. Mean age was 54.3 +/- 9.7, 77% male, 90.9% genotype 1, 32.7% cirrhotics. All but 5 patients received monotherapy with tacrolimus (54.5%), cyclosporine (30.7%) or mycophenolate mofetil (5.5%). The rates of end-of-treatment response and sustained virological response (SVR) were 66.7% and 43.6%, respectively. Low baseline HCV-RNA (p = 0.005) and a length from LT to therapy between 2-4 years (p = 0.011) were predictors of SVR. The lack of achieving a viral load decrease > or =1-log10 at week 4 and/or 2-log10 at week 12 was 100% predictive of failure. The most frequent side effects were neutropenia (76,4%), anemia (60%) and infectious complications (30.9%). Toxicity led to peg-interferon withdrawal in 16 (29%) subjects. In 15 patients with post-treatment biopsy, the histological activity index was significantly improved (p = 0.006), whereas fibrosis did not change (p = 0.14). Three patients died (cholangitis, hepatic artery thrombosis and lung cancer). In conclusion, HCV therapy after LT was very effective, although it led to a significant rate of toxicity.

Accuracy of magnetic resonance cholangiography in the evaluation of late biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of our study was to evaluate the role of magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) in the diagnosis of late biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) and to assess the diagnostic accuracy of this imaging technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-one MRC were performed in 46 OLT patients with suspected biliary complication after T-tube removal. We used a fat-suppressed three-dimensional turbo spin-echo sequence (TR/TE 1800/700, ETL 100) with a 1.5-T magnet. The images and maximum intensity projections were evaluated by two radiologists. Diagnostic confirmation was obtained with percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) (n = 10), endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) (n = 24), surgery (n = 5), and clinical and ultrasound follow-up (n = 30). RESULTS: The MRC studies were considered diagnostic by the two radiologists in 69 cases (97.2%). MRC had a sensitivity of 93%, a specificity of 97.6%, a positive predictive value of 96.3%, a negative predictive value of 95.2%, and a global diagnostic accuracy of 95.6% to detect late biliary complications in OLT patients. The interobserver agreement was excellent (kappa = .92). CONCLUSION: MRC is a reliable technique to detect and exclude late biliary complications after OLT.

Pegylated interferon and ribavirin for the recurrence of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 in transplant patients.

The efficacy of pegylated interferon (p-IFN) and ribavirin (RB) in transplant patients is not well known. Chronic hepatitis C evolves in a more aggressive form after transplantation, causing a worse survival. Twenty-one naïve patients with recurrent chronic hepatitis C demonstrated by biopsy were treated for 48 weeks with p-IFN alpha2b (1.5 microg/kg/wk) and RB (>10.6 mg/kg/d). Quantification of RNA was performed (Amplicor Cobas 2.0 Roche) at baseline, 4, 12, 24, 48, and 72 weeks. A qualitative technique was used when quantitative levels were undetectable. At more than 1 year since liver transplantation we did not detect coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus or use steroid treatment. Among the cohort there were 16 men (76.2%). The mean overall age was 52 +/- 12 years. Time from liver transplant to treatment was 1637 +/- 1030 days. They were all infected with genotype 1. Eight patients received cyclosporine and the others tacrolimus. One patient was coinfected with hepatitis B virus and was receiving lamivudine. The mean initial histological activity index was 6.9 +/- 1.5 and fibrosis, 2.52 +/- 1.8 (Ishak). Two patients needed spleen embolization before the treatment. Two patients had to stop the treatment: one due to clinical intolerance, and the other one due to a cholangitis. In 14%, p-IFN doses were adjusted. In 32% RB was adjusted. Five (23.8%) did not respond at 24 weeks. Fourteen (66.7%) showed end-treatment responses but four relapsed at 72 weeks. A sustained viral response was achieved in 9 (42.8%). One patient died due to arterial thrombosis just after completing the treatment.

Rifampicina como causante de pancreatitis aguda / Acute pancreatitis induced by rifampicin

No disponible

Manejo conservador de una grave complicación esofágica con pegamento de fibrina (Tissucol) / Conservative management of a severe esophageal complication of fibrin sealant (Tissucol)

No disponible

[Esophageal perforation and postoperative fistulae of the upper digestive tract treated endoscopically with the application of Tissucol]. / Perforación esofágica y fístulas posquirúrgicas del tracto digestivo superior, tratadas endoscópicamente con la aplicación de Tissucol.

We present three patients with serious gastro-esophageal complications which were treated with Tissucol. The first patient developed a rare postoperative oesophago-pleural fistula. The second suffered a traumatic esophageal perforation (possibly iatrogenic) that was discovered at the end of the removal procedure of an alimentary bolus impacted in the distal esophagus. Attempts to close the high output oesophago-pleural fistula with standard treatment were unsuccessful. It was closed with Tissucol at the third attempt, in conjunction with oesophago-jejunal stenosis by means of endoscopic dilatation. In the second patient, early Tissucol application after detection of pneumomediastinum was an effective complementary treatment to the conservative approach and rapidly closed the perforation. The third patient developed a low debit postoperative gastro-cutaneous fistula that did not resolve with conservative treatment. It was closed with only one session of Tissucol sealing. We consider that the endoscopic application of fibrin glue should become the first step in the conservative treatment of small esophageal perforations or postoperative esophageal pleural fistulae, especially in cases of high output fistulae. The success of this technique depends on the localization and selective catheterization of the fistula and on brushing the fistular opening. Total resolution of any distal stenosis is necessary to prevent reopening of the fistula.

[Treatment of inoperable malignant gastric stenosis with self-expanding prosthesis]. / Tratamiento de las estenosis gástricas malignas irresecables mediante la colocación de prótesis autoexpandibles.

We report two patients with inoperable malignant stenosis of gastric antrum who were treated with endoscopic placement of a 22 mm Wallstent metallic prosthesis. In one patient, the endoscope was introduced simultaneously with the prosthesis. Different types of pincers were introduced through the endoscope's canal, which aided the movement and placement of the prosthesis. In the other patient, to broaden the stenosis a pediatric endoscope was introduced with a guide inside the canal, which was held straight externally and which facilitated the positioning of the prosthesis. There were no complications and the patients were discharged after 48 hours able to follow a normal oral diet. Both patients are still living, six and four months respectively after the procedure.