How to talk to young people about their mental health: a co-produced psychoeducation video.

BACKGROUND: When creating resources, such as psychoeducational materials, for children and families, it is essential to consult all stakeholders. By asking service users what they would find helpful, we can ensure that psychoeducational materials developed are directly addressing a need. This report summarises the process of co-developing a psychoeducational video with young people for the adults in their lives. METHODS AND RESULTS: The idea for a psychoeducational video originated from discussions within a Youth Advisory Group in a South London Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service. The group shared that they wanted a way of letting the adults in their lives know what is and is not helpful to hear when they are experiencing mental health distress. A workshop was held with young people to gather ideas for the content and style of a psychoeducational video resource. Through co-design methods, themes were identified including prioritising the young person's lived experience, the importance of listening, respecting and validating, adults not making assumptions about a diagnosis, and actively involving young people in care planning. A script and accompanying video were produced over several co-design sessions and shared via multiple online mass communication channels. CONCLUSIONS: This project was co-produced at all stages by young people with lived experience of mental health difficulties to develop a digital resource that they considered necessary and meaningful. Centring the voices of young people when producing materials concerning their mental health results in valuable resources and can bring autonomy to those involved.

Osmosis as nature's method for establishing optical alignment.

For eyes to maintain optimal focus, precise coordination is required between lens optics and retina position, a mechanism that in vertebrates is governed by genetics, visual feedback, and possibly intraocular pressure (IOP).1 While the underlying processes have been intensely studied in vertebrates, they remain elusive in arthropods, though visual feedback may be unimportant.2 How do arthropod eyes remain functional while undergoing substantial growth? Here, we test whether a common physiological process, osmoregulation,3 could regulate growth in the sophisticated camera-type eyes of the predatory larvae of Thermonectus marmoratus diving beetles. Upon molting, their eye tubes elongate in less than an hour, and osmotic pressure measurements reveal that this growth is preceded by a transient increase in hemolymph osmotic pressure. Histological evaluation of support cells that determine the lens-to-retina spacing reveals swelling rather than the addition of new cells. In addition, as expected, treating larvae with hyperosmotic media post-molt leads to far-sighted (hyperopic) eyes due to a failure of proper lengthening of the eye tube and results in impaired hunting success. This study suggests that osmoregulation could be of ubiquitous importance for properly focused eyes.

The relationship between distress tolerance and symptoms of depression: Validation of the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) and short-form (DTS-SF).

OBJECTIVE: Distress tolerance (DT) has been found to be implicated in the development and maintenance of depressive symptomatology and various other significant psychological conditions. As such, it is critical to have measures of DT that are effective and easy to administer. This study aimed to examine the factor structure, psychometric properties, and clinical utility of the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) and the short-form version, the Distress Tolerance Scale Short-form (DTS-SF), in a large population of individuals with varying levels of self-reported depressive symptoms. METHOD: A total of 959 participants completed an online battery of questionnaires which included an assessment of depressive symptoms as well as the DTS and related measures. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses validated the four-factor structure of the DTS and the one-factor structure of the DTS-SF. Good construct validity and good internal consistency were observed across both the DTS and DTS-SF. CONCLUSION: Overall, this paper provides new evidence for the validity, reliability and discriminative ability of the DTS and the brief version of the questionnaire, the DTS-SF.