Análise quantitativa de bissulfito de sódio residual em amostras de camarão colhidas na baixada santista, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Quantitative analysis of bissulfito of residual sodium in samples of shrimp reaped in the baixada santista, State of São Paulo, Brasil

A utilização do bissulfito de sódio é permitida e normalizada pelo Serviço de Inspeção Federal, para prevenir a ocorrência das manchas escuras em camarões (black spot). O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de verificar, através da utilização do método químico preconizado por Monier - Williams, as quantidades residuais do referido aditivo, pela análise de trinta amostras, sendo 18 procedentes de barcos pesqueiros e 12 de estabelecimentos varejistas, no período de outubro de 2000 a março de 2001. Embora o Ministério da Agricultura, através do serviço de Inspeção Federal, determine na circular 2031/76 de 22/09/76, que a quantidade residual máxima permitida é de 100 ppm, os resultados obtidos demonstraram que das dezoito amostras colhidas nos barcos, nenhuma atendeu ao referido documento. No caso dos estabelecimentos varejistas apenas 50 por cento estavam dentro do padrão. Se neste estudo for considerado o total das amostras, o percentual em desacordo atinge 80 por cento. Embora a lavagem e a retirada da casca contribuam para diminuir a quantidade do bissulfito, os resultados obtidos no camarão proveniente do varejo indicam que quando são utilizadas quantidades elevadas na origem, os procedimentos habituais não são suficientes, colocando em risco a saúde dos consumidores que podem sofrer reações alérgicas ou mesmo graves intoxicações.

Reduction in colonization and nosocomial infection by multiresistant bacteria in a neonatal unit after institution of educational measures and restriction in the use of cephalosporins.

INTRODUCTION: Previous administration of third-generation cephalosporins predisposes to colonization and infections by multiresistant Enterobacter sp. The emergence of multiresistant bacteria infections in a neonatal unit during 1995, especially Enterobacter cloacae, stimulated this study. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of measures to control colonization and nosocomial infection by multiresistant bacteria in a neonatal unit. SETTING: A tertiary care university hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was conducted from October 1995 through December 1999 in 4 phases: a cross-sectional study, a longitudinal study with intervention measures, monthly cross-sectional studies, and determination of nosocomial infections caused by multiresistant bacteria (oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative bacteria resistant to either aminoglycosides or third-generation cephalosporins). Specimens for surveillance culture were obtained through umbilical and rectal swabs, and tracheal aspirates from intubated babies. The intervention measures were as follows: (1) appropriated training of the whole health care team, emphasizing measures to reduce cross-colonization, and the importance of rational usage of antibiotics and (2) suppression of usage of third-generation cephalosporins. Risk factors were analyzed through univariate and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: In the first phase, 32% (10/31) of the patients were colonized by multiresistant bacteria (29% by multiresistant E cloacae ). In the second phase, 342 patients were evaluated; 33% of them were colonized by E cloacae, and a multiresistant strain was isolated in 10.8% (37/342) of the babies. A logistic regression model indicated parenteral nutrition and antibiotic usage as risk factors for colonization by multiresistant E cloacae. In the third phase, for 6 months, only 2 patients were colonized by multiresistant E cloacae. In the fourth phase, the analysis of bacterial resistance profile indicated a reduction of nosocomial infections due to multiresistant bacteria from 18 cases in 1995 to 2 cases per year until 1999. CONCLUSION: These results have shown that the measures adopted were effective.