Consensus on the management of complications of cirrhosis of the liver in pediatrics.

The Asociación Mexicana de Hepatología A.C. carried out the Consensus on the Management of Complications of Cirrhosis of the Liver in Pediatrics to provide physicians with useful information for treating said complications. A group of pediatric gastroenterologists and experts in nutrition, nephrology, and infectious diseases participated and reviewed the medical literature. The Delphi method was applied to obtain the level of agreement on the statements that were formulated. The statements were sent to the participants to be analyzed and voted upon, after which they were discussed in virtual sessions, and the final versions were produced. The aim of the consensus results was to issue indications for the management of pediatric patients with liver cirrhosis, to prevent or control complications.

Frecuencia de dirofilariosis en caninos de la localidad 3 de Cartagena, Bolívar (Colombia) / Frequency of dirofilariosis in canines of the locality 3 of Cartagena, Bolívar (Colombia)

RESUMEN Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de dirofilariosis en caninos de la localidad 3 de la ciudad de Cartagena. Materiales y métodos: estudio correlacional de corte transversal. Se tomaron muestras de sangre de 128 perros con el consentimiento previo e informado de sus dueños. Se registró la información sociodemográfica y los síntomas. A las muestras se les realizo observación directa, extendido de sangre periferia coloreado con Wright y la técnica de Knott. Resultados: se estableció que 19,5% de los perros se encontraban parasitados con Dirofilaria sp. Los signos sugestivos de dirofilariosis más frecuentes fueron pérdida de peso y disminución del apetito (10,9% cada uno). El 76% de los caninos eran mestizos. Conclusiones: la frecuencia de dirofilariosis se concentra principalmente en barrios de escasos recursos, los síntomas identificados son sugestivos de una dirofilariosis canina.

ABSTRACT Objective: to determine the frequency of dirofilariosis in canines from locality 3 of Cartagena city. Materials and methods: cross-sectional correlational study. Blood samples were taken for 128 dogs prior informed consent by their owners. Sociodemographic information and symptoms were registered. The samples have been analyzed using direct examination, Wright stained blood smear and Knott technique. Results: it was established that 19.5% of dogs were parasitized by Dirofilaria sp. Most common signs suggestive of Dirofilariosis were weight loss, and decreased appetite (10.9% each). 76% were mixed race dogs. Conclusions: the frequency of dirofilariosis focused on lower income neighborhoods. The identified symptoms are suggestive of canine dirofilariasis.

Origin of the New World Plasmodium vivax: Facts and New Approaches.

Malaria is one of the most important human diseases throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Global distribution and ample host range have contributed to the genetic diversity of the etiological agent, Plasmodium. Phylogeographical analyses demonstrated that Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax follow an Out of Africa (OOA) expansion, having a higher genetic diversity in African populations and a low genetic diversity in South American populations. Modeling the evolutionary rate of conserved genes for both P. falciparum and P. vivax determined the approximate arrival of human malaria in South America. Bayesian computational methods suggest that P. falciparum originated in Africa and arrived in South America through multiple independent introductions by the transatlantic African slave trade; however, in South America, P. vivax could have been introduced through an alternate migratory route. Alignments of P. vivax mitogenomes have revealed low genetic variation between the South American and Southeast Asian populations suggesting introduction through either pre-Columbian human migration or post-colonization events. To confirm the findings of these phylogeographical analyses, molecular methods were used to diagnose malaria infection in archeological remains of pre-Columbian ethnic groups. Immunohistochemistry tests were used and identified P. vivax but not P. falciparum in histologically prepared tissues from pre-Columbian Peruvian mummies, whereas shotgun metagenomics sequencing of DNA isolated from pre-Columbian Caribbean coprolites revealed Plasmodium-homologous reads; current evidence suggests that only P. vivax might have been present in pre-Columbian South America.

Platelet-lymphocyte and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratios are prognostic but not predictive of response to abiraterone acetate in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: Recently neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) have been reported to be inflammatory parameters that confer poorer outcome in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCPRPC). However, these ratios have not been analyzed in patients treated with abiraterone acetate. We explored the relationship between different values of PLR and NLR and survival in mCPRCP treated with abiraterone and their possible relation with a prostate specific antigen (PSA) response. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 101 patients with mCRPC treated with abiraterone from January of 2012 to November of 2015 in two different hospitals. A cut-off value of 5 for NLR and 150 for PLR were used to compare survival by Kaplan-Meier method. Moreover, an association between these cut-off values and the PSA response was analyzed by a χ 2 test. RESULTS: In the case of NLR, the median DFS were 12, 1 months for NLR <5 and 7 months for NLR ≥5, p = 0.061. The median OS were 23.9 months for NLR <5 and 16.3 months for NLR ≥5, p = 0.046. In the case of PLR, the median DFS were 11.8 months for PLR <150 and 10.6 months for PLR ≥150, p = 0.549. The median OS were 27.4 months for PLR <150 and 15.9 months for PLR ≥150, p = 0.005. It was not observed a correlation between the different cut-off values of PLR or NLR and a PSA response ≥25% (p = 0.31). CONCLUSIONS: It is shown a better prognostic relationship between PLR and NLR low values and OS that is statistically significant in mCPRC patients treated with abiraterone. Furthermore, it was not shown a relation between PLR and NLR values and PSA response.

Assessment of nasal obstruction: correlation between subjective and objective techniques.

BACKGROUND: Nasal sensation of airflow describes the perception of the passage of air through the nose. Nasal obstruction can be assessed using subjective techniques (symptom scores and visual analogue scales [VAS]) and objective techniques (anterior rhinomanometry [RMN], acoustic rhinometry [AR], and peak nasal inspiratory flow [PNIF]). Few studies have evaluated the correlation between these techniques. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of our study was to determine the degree of correlation between subjective and objective techniques to assess nasal obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nasal obstruction was assessed using a symptom score, VAS, RMN, AR (minimal cross-sectional area [MCSA] and volume), and PNIF in 184 volunteer physicians. Spearman's rho was recorded. Correlations were considered weak if r ≤ 0.4, moderate if 0.4 < r < 0.8, and strong if r > 0.8. RESULTS: Mean (SD) age was 37.1 (6.9) years (range, 25-56 years); 61% were women. We found a strong correlation (r > 0.8; p = 0.001) between the different parameters of RMN and a moderate correlation between symptom score and VAS (r = 0.686; p = 0.001) and between MCSA and RMN (resistance) (r = 0.496; p = 0.001) and PNIF (r = 0.459; p = 0.001). The correlations were weak or non-significant for the remaining comparisons. CONCLUSION: Nasal obstruction can be assessed using subjective and objective approaches. The correlations between objective techniques were moderate to strong. In addition, between subjective techniques we reported a moderate correlation. Finally, the correlations between the subjective and objective techniques were weak and absent. These findings suggest that each of the techniques assesses different aspects of nasal obstruction, thus making them complementary.

Nasal and bronchial inflammation after nasal allergen challenge: assessment using noninvasive methods.

BACKGROUND: Links between the upper and lower airways have been demonstrated in recent years. However, few studies have evaluated inflammation using noninvasive methods. METHODS: A nasal allergen challenge was performed with pollen outside the pollen season in 30 patients with allergic rhinitis due to pollen but no asthma. Clinical and inflammatory nasal and bronchial responses to nasal allergen challenge were evaluated using the nasal symptoms score (NSS), visual analog scale (VAS), nasal geometry (volume between 2 and 5 cm [Vol2-5]) by acoustic rhinometry, lung function by spirometry, nasal nitric oxide (nNO), and exhaled nitric oxide (eNO). Values were recorded at baseline, 15 minutes, and 2 and 24 hours after challenge. Nasal lavage and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples were collected at 2 and 24 hours to assess 8-isoprostane, cys-leukotrienes, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), tryptase, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin (IL) 5. RESULTS: NSS and VAS increased significantly at 15 minutes and 2 and 24 hours after challenge. Vol2-5 decreased significantly at 15 minutes and 2 hours, while nNO decreased at 15 minutes. All inflammatory mediators except ECP increased significantly at 2 hours in nasal lavage samples, while ECP, 8-isoprostane, and cys-leukotrienes increased at 24 hours (P < .01). In EBC, 8-isoprostane and cys-leukotrienes increased at 2 and 24 hours (P < .01). No significant changes were found at any time in lung function or eNO. CONCLUSION: Nasal allergen challenge induces clinical and inflammatory responses in the nose and bronchi that can be assessed using noninvasive methods such as nasal lavage, EBC, and nNO.

Expanding the use of a fluorogenic method to determine activity and mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis bacteriocins against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Previously we described a rapid fluorogenic method to measure the activity of five bacteriocins produced by Mexican strains of Bacillus thuringiensis against B. cereus 183. Here we standardize this method to efficiently determine the activity of bacteriocins against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It was determined that the crucial parameter required to obtain reproducible results was the number of cells used in the assay, that is, ~4 × 10(8) cell/mL and ~7 × 10(8) cell/mL, respectively, for target Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Comparative analyses of the fluorogenic and traditional well-diffusion assays showed correlation coefficients of 0.88 to 0.99 and 0.83 to 0.99, respectively, for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The fluorogenic method demonstrated that the five bacteriocins of B. thuringiensis have bacteriolytic and bacteriostatic activities against all microorganisms tested, including clinically significant bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus vulgaris, and Shigella flexneri reported previously to be resistant to the antimicrobials as determined using the well-diffusion protocol. These results demonstrate that the fluorogenic assay is a more sensitive, reliable, and rapid method when compared with the well-diffusion method and can easily be adapted in screening protocols for bacteriocin production by other microorganisms.

Expresión de melanina en paracoccidioides brasiliensis: inducción química con l-dopa y l-epinefrina / Melanin expression in paracoccidioides brasiliensis: chemical induction with l-dopa and l-epinephrine

Introducción. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis es el agente etiológico de la paracoccidioidomicosis (PCM), una de las micosis más importantes en Latinoamérica, es un hongo dimórfico que crece a 36°C (levadura-forma parasítica) y a temperatura ambiente 18ºC (moho-forma saprofítica).Objetivo. Determinar la expresión in vitro de melanina por P. brasiliensis mediante el uso de factores químicos como L-DOPA y L-epinefrina.Materiales y métodos. Cepa ATCC 60855 de P. brasiliensis crecida en medio sintético ajustadoindividualmente a pH 5,5 y suplementado con L-dihidroxifenilalanina (L-DOPA) 1mM o L-epinefrina 0,8 mg/ml. Resultados. Se observó que la inducción química con 1mM de L-DOPA o con 0,8 mg/ml de Lepinefrina resultaba en la melanización de las levaduras de P. brasiliensis.Conclusiones. Se vio que P. brasiliensis tiene la capacidad de crecer in vitro en medio ácido a pH 5,5 y sintetizar melanina a partir de inductores químicos externos como L-DOPA y L-epinefrina.

Introduction. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), one of the most important mycoses in Latin America, it is a thermo dimorphic fungi that growth at 36°C (yeast-parasitic form) and 18ºC (mycelia- saprophytic form). Objective. To determine in vitro the expression of melanin by P. brasiliensis using L-DOPA and Lepinephrine chemical factors. Materials and methods. ATCC 60855 P. brasiliensis strain growth in pH 5,5 synthetic media supplemented with L-dihidroxifenilalanina or L-epinephrine.Results. Was observed that chemical induction with L-DOPA 1mM or L-epinephrine 0,8 mg/ml generated melanization of the P. brasiliensis yeast. Conclusions. P. brasiliensis yeast could growth in vitro in acid media (pH 5,5) and synthesizes melanin using external chemical induction as L-DOPA or L-epinephrine.

Relación entre los parßmetros de incompetencia cronotrópica y las imßgenes de perfusión miocßrdica mediante tomografía computada por emisión de fotón simple (SPECT) / Relation between the parameters of incompetence chronotropic and the images of perfusion myocardial by means of tomography calculated by emission of simple photon (SPECT)

La incompetencia cronotrópica esta determinada por la falla en alcanzar el 85 por ciento de la frecuencia mßxima para la edad (porcentaje FC-MAX-Ed), el 80 por ciento del porcentaje de reserva cronotrópica utilizada (porcentaje HRrc), la frecuencia cardiaca pico (FCP) y presentar una tasa de recuperación cardiaca (TRC) menor de 12 latidos. La variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca es un importante marcador de la actividad autonómica y ha sido encontrado como un importante marcador de riesgo en los pacientes con enfermedad coronaria. Los estudios de perfusión miocßrdica con Tc99 mibi, son una alternativa no invasiva muy sensible en la detección de isquemia miocßrdica y la valoración post infarto. El propósito de este estudio es valorar la relación que existe entre el porcentaje FC-MAX-ED, el porcentaje HRrc, la FCP y la TRC, con la presencia de defectos de perfusión valorado por el score SSS, la presencia de isquemia valorada por el score SDS. Así como determinar la relación de estos parßmetros de incompetencia cronótropica con el grado de lesión visto por SSS y SDS. Estudio Observacional de 301 pacientes, 204 varones (67.8 por ciento), de 60.13±12.8 a±os de edad que fueron referidos y seleccionados del CMNIPEN-INEN y a la CCPJ desde el 01 enero del 2000 a Julio del 2007 que contaban con registros completos. Se obtuvo que el porcentaje HRrc < 80 por ciento se encuentra relacionado con presentar isquemia (p=0.006) y representa un OR2.2 .A su vez se entraron diferencias significativas entre la media del porcentaje HRrc y los grados de severidad SSS y SDS (p=0.03 y 0.02 respectivamente.). El porcentaje FC-MAXEDAD <85 por ciento mostró estar relacionada a presencia de defecto de perfusión y defecto isquémico (p=0.001 y p=0.008) y presento diferencias significativas con respecto a los grados de lesión (p=0.024 para SSS y p=0.009 para SDS. No se encontró relacionada la TRC con la presencia de defecto, presencia de isquemia nicon los grados SSS y SRS...

Plasmocitoma ganglionar primario y otras infiltraciones plasmocitarias ganglionares / Extramedullary plasmocytoma and other lymph node plasmocytomas

Se presenta un paciente de 48 años, portador de Plasmocitoma extramedular ganglionar primario (PEGP) inguinal con los propósitos de alertar sobre esta forma inusual de neoplasia de células plasmáticas y de revisar las diferencias existentes con otras infiltraciones plasmocitarias ganglionares.

Plasmocitoma ganglionar primario y otras infiltraciones plasmocitarias ganglionares / Extramedullary plasmocytoma and other lymph node plasmocytomas

Se presenta un paciente de 48 años, portador de Plasmocitoma extramedular ganglionar primario (PEGP) inguinal con los propósitos de alertar sobre esta forma inusual de neoplasia de células plasmáticas y de revisar las diferencias existentes con otras infiltraciones plasmocitarias ganglionares.(AU)

Metformin plus low glimepiride doses improve significantly HOMAIR and HOMAbCELL without hyperinsulinemia in patients with type 2 diabetes

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance and defects in insulin secretion. These variables have been studied by the euglycemic/hyperinsulinemic clamp and MinMod, which difficult the insulin resistance and b cell failure study in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate three different anti-diabetic therapeutic options using a mathematical model (Homeostasis model assessment, HOMA). Seventy type 2 diabetic patients were randomly assigned one of the next therapeutic options: A) Metformin + ADA Diet + Physical activity (Walk, 60 minutes/day). B) Metformin + Glimepiride + ADA Diet + Physical activity. C) Only ADA diet + Physical activity. A blood sample was taken before and after the treatment to determine basal and post-prandial blood glucose, basal insulin and HbA1c and to calculate HOMAbcell and HOMAIR. Before treatment basal and post-prandial levels of glucose, HbA1c, basal insulin and HOMAIR and HOMAbcell were significantly different when compared to after treatment levels for each group (p<0.01). Significant differences were also found when comparing basal blood glucose reduction (51.8 per cent; p<0.01), post-prandial blood glucose (55.0 per cent; p<0.05), and HOMAIR (65.3 per cent; p<0.01) of group B (Metformin + low glimepiride dose) with the other therapeutic options. We conclude that metformin plus glimepiride at a low dose is a more effective treatment for type 2 diabetes than other therapeutic options. HOMAIR and HOMAbcell are inexpensive and reliable methods to study IR and b cell function in DM2

Aspectos Psicológicos y Personales en el manejo de la Diabetes Mellitus

El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar los resultados obtenidos por diferentes investigaciones en el ámbito de la psicología de la salud, específicamente en el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Se realizó una evaluación exhaustiva de las investigaciones recientes en esta área, determinándose que hoy en día los trastornos psiquiátricos y las alteraciones psicológicas constituyen un problema de salud pública que se incrementa con el paso del tiempo y que afecta tanto a poblaciones clínicas como a la población en general. Además, a pesar de la asociación entre las alteraciones psiquiátricas y los rasgos de personalidad con el padecimiento de complicaciones crónicas en pacientes con diabetes mellitus, y la evidente implicación de estos trastornos sobre la adhesión al tratamiento, la adaptación de los pacientes a nuevos estilos de vida son difíciles. Los estudios en el ámbito de la psiconeuroendocrinología son escasos y el tratamiento psicológico ha sido muy esporádico; por lo que se plantea la evidente necesidad de ampliar este campo de investigación para así poder brindarle a los pacientes la atención requerida desde el punto de vista de la multidisciplinariedad.

The main objective of this study was to examine different results obtained from diverse researches about type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment in the psychology health area. An thorough evaluation of recent investigations in this area was developed, with results that show that as today psychiatric disorders and psychological alterations have become a public health problem that has increased with time and that affects symptomatic populations as well as the over all general population. Even though there’s an association between psychiatric disorders and personality types with chronic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the obvious implication of these disorders in the effects of treatment, the adapting process in these patients to new life styles is hard. There are few studies in the psyconeuroendocrinology area and psychological treatment has been rare, which is why there’s an evident need to expand this research area so we can be able to offer patients the care they need from a multidisciplinary point of view.

El alcohol: ¿factor de riesgo o de protección para la enfermedad coronaria? / The alcohol: risk of factor with coronary diseas of protection

La gran variedad de bebidas alcohólicas que existen en la actualidad, difieren entre si, por sus componentes, concentración alcohólica y por su forma habitual de consumo, lo cual varía según el medio sociocultural en el que se consumen, aunque comparten las mismas repercusiones metabólicas, observadas en múltiples investigaciones tendientes a esclarecer la relación entre el alcohol y la reducción del riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular. Estos estudios han demostrado que los individuos que consumen de 10-10 gr. de alcohol diarios tienen menor riesgo de enfermedad coronaria gracias a sus efectos en los diferentes tejidos, cambios en las lipoproteínas plasmáticas, como aumento de col-HDL y un descenso del col-LDL. Por otra parte su efecto anti-trombogénico esta relacionado a sus alto contenido de antioxidantes, vasodilatadores y estimulantes del efecto antiagregante plaquetarío secundarios a la secreción del activador tisular del plasminógeno por las células endoteliales. Sin embargo, se ha observado un efecto inverso deletéreo cuando hay una ingesta excesiva y crónica de alcohol, así los lípidos se acumulan en los tejidos que metabolizan el atenol, desencadenándose disfunciones en el metabolismo de carbohidratos y de las lipoproteínas, los cuales son el común denominador necesario para desarrollar enfermedad vascular

Cruzipain induces autoimmune response against skeletal muscle and tissue damage in mice.

The goal of the current study was to investigate whether cruzipain, a major Trypanosoma cruzi antigen, is able to induce in mice an autoimmune response and skeletal muscle damage. We demonstrate that immunization with cruzipain triggers immunoglobulin G antibody binding to a 210-kDa antigen from a syngeneic skeletal muscle extract. The absorption of immune sera with purified myosin completely eliminated this reactivity, confirming that the protein identified is really myosin. We also found that spleen cells from immunized mice proliferated in response to a skeletal muscle extract rich in myosin and to purified myosin. Cells from control mice did not proliferate against any of the antigens tested. In addition, we observed an increase in plasma creatine kinase activity, a biochemical marker of muscle damage. Histological studies showed inflammatory infiltrates and myopathic changes in skeletal muscle of immunized animals. Electromyographic studies of these mice revealed changes such as are found in inflammatory or necrotic myopathy. Altogether, our results suggest that this experimental model provides strong evidence for a pathogenic role of anticruzipain immune response in the development of muscle tissue damage.

Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase levels as potential indicators of Trypanosoma cruzi infectivity and histotropism in experimental Chagas' disease.

The results of the present study reveal an early increase in activity levels of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase in the plasma of mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi strains K-1, X-1, and Tulahuen as compared with uninfected control mice. An increase in creatine kinase activity was detected earlier in K-1- and X-1-infected mice than in Tulahuen-infected mice. Moreover, an increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity occurred at 1.5 days after infection with the X-1 and Tulahuen strains and at 3.5 days after infection with the K-1 strain. Generally, the highest activity levels were found in the plasma of mice infected with the most virulent and lethal Tulahuen strain as compared with the less virulent and nonlethal K-1 and X-1 strains. A significant decrease in creatine kinase levels occurred later in the tissues than in the plasma of K-1- and X-1-infected mice but did not vary significantly in any of the tissues from Tulahuen-infected mice. Similarly, the specific activity of lactate dehydrogenase in tissues from K-1- and X-1-infected mice dropped at a later stage than did the activity in plasma, but infection with the Tulahuen strain caused an earlier reduction in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the heart and skeletal muscle. The activity levels of both enzymes in plasma and tissues showed a linearly negative and statistically significant correlation. The present study reveals that levels of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity in plasma could be early indicators of and suitable tools for monitoring of the infectivity of these strains of T. cruzi and might reflect their inherent histotropism during experimentally acute Chagas' disease.

Sequence analysis of bacterial DNA in the colon of an Andean mummy.

We have isolated DNA from 14 tissue samples from the internal organs of an Andean human mummy (10th-11th century A.D.) and have checked the persistence of the original human and bacterial templates using the following main approaches: 1) amino acid racemization test; 2) quantification of mitochondrial DNA copy number; 3) survey of bacterial DNA in the different organs; 4) sequence analysis of bacterial amplicons of different lengths. The results demonstrate that both the original human DNA and the DNA of the bacteria of the mummy gut are preserved. In particular, sequence analysis of two (respectively 100 and 196 bp in length) libraries of bacterial 16s ribosomal RNA gene amplicons from the mummy colon shows that while the shortest amplicons give only modest and biased indications about the bacterial taxa, the longer amplicons allow the identification several species of the genus Clostridium which are typical of the human colon. This work represents a first example of a methodological approach which is applicable, in principle, to many other natural and artificial mummies and might open the way to the study of the structure of the human microbial ecosystem from prehistory to present.

Staphylococcus succinus sp. nov., isolated from Dominican amber.

Two bacterial isolates, designated AMG-D1T and AMG-D2, were recovered from 25-35-million-year-old Dominican amber. AMG-D1T and AMG-D2 biochemically most closely resemble Staphylococcus xylosus; they differ physiologically from other staphylococci. Fatty acid analysis and comparisons with extensive databases were unable to show relatedness to any specific taxon. Moreover, AMG-D1T and AMG-D2 contain tuberculostearic acid and meso-diaminopimelic acid, characteristic of the G + C-rich coryneform bacteria, as opposed to L-lysine characteristic of staphylococci. AMG-D1T and AMG-D2 have a G + C ratio of 35 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis with the 16S rRNA gene indicated that AMG-D1T and AMG-D2 were most closely related to Staphylococcus equorum, S. xylosus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and other novobiocin-resistant staphylococci. Stringent DNA-DNA hybridization studies with AMG-D1T revealed similarities of 38% with S. equorum, 23% with S. xylosus and 6% with S. saprophyticus. The results indicate that AMG-D1T and AMG-D2 represent a novel species, which was named Staphylococcus succinus sp. nov. The type strain of the new species is AMG-D1 (ATCC 700337).

[Current concepts on human papillomavirus infection]. / Conceptos actuales sobre la infección por virus del papiloma humano.

The human papilloma virus presents a multidimensional problem for gynecologist and urologist. The human papilloma virus infection (HPVI) incidence has been increased, so that at present it's the viral infection most common of the genital tract. The HPV is transmitted for sexual contact but it has not been explained the infection mechanism of the virus-cell interaction of the host. The long term consequences of the sexual transmission diseases are more serious in female than in male. The majority have a little of symptoms, so that frequently they do not receive treatment, and therefore have pregnancy, sterility and infertility, transplacental infection of the fetus, preterm and newborn infection along the contaminated genital tract. In addition, the genital HPV is associated with cervical dysplasia and it can be important in the cervical cancer development. The treatment is multiple and includes cytotoxic agents, surgery, immunotherapy and laser abrasion.