The association between the number of pregnancies and depressive symptoms: A population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Depression is a psychosomatic disorder that affects reproductive health. The number of pregnancies is an important indicator of reproductive health. Multiple pregnancies and births may aggravate the risk of depression in females. However, the evidence of the connection between the number of pregnancies and depression is unclear. We aimed to investigate the relationship between the number of pregnancies and depressive symptoms. METHODS: We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data with a total of 17,216 women from 2005 to 2020. The number of pregnancies obtained from the self-report questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were measured by the nine-item patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the risk factors of depression. The restricted cubic spline (RCS) was applied to explore the nonlinear relationship. In addition, subgroup analysis was used to support the accuracy of our findings. RESULTS: We found that the number of pregnancies is positively associated with the prevalence of depression. According to the multivariable logistic regression analysis, pregnant women was 1.52-fold higher than the normal group to experience depression in the fully-adjusted model. No interaction between number of pregnancies and covariates in subgroups. LIMITATIONS: This study was cross-sectional, which limits its ability to draw conclusions about the causal relationship between the number of pregnancies and depression. CONCLUSION: In the United States, the number of pregnancies was positively associated with the prevalence of depression. It is critical to register the number of pregnancies for monitoring depressive symptoms.

Relationship between systemic immune inflammation index and mortality among US adults with different diabetic status: Evidence from NHANES 1999-2018.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between systemic immune inflammation index (SII) and all-cause or cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) mortality in US adults with different diabetic status based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Adults with follow-up data in the NHANES 1999-2018 cycles were included in this study. The SII was calculated based on blood cells counts (including neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets) measured in the laboratory data. According to the quartiles of SII, population were divided into four groups (Q1-Q4). Mortality data was determined by linking NHANES survey participants to the National Death Index records, which collect mortality data and determine their vital status. Cox regression models were also performed to explore the hazard ratio (HR) and the corresponding 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) of SII related with all-cause and CVDs mortality. In addition, restricted cubic spline was used to explore the nonlinear relationship between SII and mortality. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were performed to confirm the robustness of our results. RESULTS: In this study, there were 45,454 participants were enrolled (50.43 % females), with a mean age of 47.35 ± 0.19 years. Among of which, 7971 were diabetes patients and 3281 were pre-diabetes. With the mean 9.89 ± 0.08 follow-up years, there were 6935 (15.26 %) deaths occurred. Of which, 1795 deaths were caused by CVDs. The age-adjusted death rates were higher in participants with high SII levels compared to those with low SII levels. Cox regression analysis, after adjusting for covariates, revealed that SII levels were associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR, 1.02; 95 % CI, 1.02-1.03, P < 0.0001) and CVDs mortality (HR, 1.05; 95 % CI, 1.02-1.08, P = 0.002) in the fully adjusted Model. Moreover, there was a slight increase in HR values with the progression of diabetes status. Restricted cubic spline analysis demonstrated a "U-shaped" relationship between SII and all-cause mortality in diabetic, pre-diabetic and non-diabetic populations (all the P for nonlinear < 0.001). In addition, the relationship between SII and CVDs mortality was also nonlinear in both the pre-diabetic and non-diabetic populations (both P < 0.001). However, there was a linear relationship between SII and cardiovascular mortality in individuals with diabetes (P = 0.528). CONCLUSION: The SII is closely associated with the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. These associations vary among individuals with different diabetic states. Therefore, monitoring systemic inflammation and SII values is crucial in mitigating the risk of mortality.

Research Progress of Selenium-Enriched Foods.

Selenium is an essential micronutrient that plays a crucial role in maintaining human health. Selenium deficiency is seriously associated with various diseases such as Keshan disease, Kashin-Beck disease, cataracts, and others. Conversely, selenium supplementation has been found to have multiple effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer functions. Compared with inorganic selenium, organic selenium exhibits higher bioactivities and a wider range of safe concentrations. Consequently, there has been a significant development of selenium-enriched foods which contain large amounts of organic selenium in order to improve human health. This review summarizes the physiological role and metabolism of selenium, the development of selenium-enriched foods, the physiological functions of selenium-enriched foods, and provides an analysis of total selenium and its species in selenium-enriched foods, with a view to laying the foundation for selenium-enriched food development.

Secular trends of epidemiologic patterns of chronic kidney disease over three decades: an updated analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the characteristics of the global death burden imposed by chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2019 to help inform a framework for policy discussions, resource allocation and research priorities. DESIGN: A population-based observational study. SETTING: The death data and relative risk factors were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 database. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Based on the GBD database, we estimated the death burden attributable to CKD stratified by sociodemographic index (SDI), geographic location, sex, age group, time period and risk factors from 1990 to 2019. RESULTS: Over three decade study period, the global number of CKD-related deaths increased from 0.60 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 0.57-0.63 million) in 1990 to 1.43 million (95% UI: 1.31-1.52 million) in 2019. The age-standardised death rate (ASDR) of CKD, among all causes, increased from 15th in 1990 to 10th in 2019. Globally, the ASDR in males was higher than that in females. CKD-related deaths mainly occurred in those aged over 50 years, especially in regions with higher SDIs. The ASDR was negatively related to SDI (ρ=-0.603, p<0.0001). Among risk factors, metabolic risk factors, especially systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose and body mass index, were the main contributors to CKD-related deaths. Although the high-temperature-related death burden was low, the trend increased sharply in lower SDI regions. CONCLUSIONS: CKD-related deaths continue to increase, with the majority occurring in elderly adults. The CKD-related death burden is higher in males than in females. Additionally, the increasing high-temperature-related death burdens in lower SDI regions should receive social attention.

miRNA-451 regulates rhesus choroid-retinal endothelial cell function and proteome profile.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of miRNA-451 on rhesus macaque choroid-retinal endothelial (RF/6A) cell function and proteome profile. METHODS: The RF/6A cells were transfected with miRNA-451 mimic and inhibitor. The role of miRNA-451 on proliferation ability was evaluated by CCK-8 assay. Furthermore, iTRAQ quantitative proteomic analysis was applied to comprehensively illuminate the change of cellular proteins and biological function between different groups. RESULTS: In miRNA-451 overexpression group, cell proliferation of RF/6A decreased both at 24h and 48h; while in miRNA-451 inhibition group, on the contrary, RF/6A cell proliferation was increased at 48h. Based on iTRAQ quantitative proteomic analysis, 23 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were detected in the comparison of miRNA-451 mimic and mimic control-transfected RF/6A cells, and 30 DEPs were identified in the comparison of RF/6A cells transfected with miRNA-451 inhibitor and inhibitor control. DEPs such as GORASP2, KRT1, SLC7A2, RIC8A, DDX42, CAP1, PCBP2 might be closely related to the inhibitory effect of miRNA-451 on RF/6A cell proliferation, while PCYT1A, MGAT1, TUBB, MCU, SIL1, BID, MSH6 might account for the positive effect of miRNA-451 inhibitor on RF/6A cell growth. PTPN1, as the only protein exhibiting an opposite trend between miRNA-451 mimic and inhibitor-transfected cells, was most likely accountable for the inhibition of miRNA-451 mimic on RF/6A cell growth, and the promotion of miRNA-451 inhibitor on RF/6A cell proliferation. CONCLUSION: miRNA-451 overexpression can suppress the growth of RF/6A cells while knockdown of miRNA-451 can promote RF/6A cell viability. Among all DEPs, increased PTPN1 is most likely to account for the negative regulation of miRNA-451 on RF/6A proliferation. miRNA-451 can be a protective factor for neovascular disease of fundus via regulating choroid retinal endothelial cell function.

Negative Magnetophoresis Focusing Microchips Online-Coupled with ICP-MS for High-Throughput Single-Cell Analysis.

High-throughput single-cell analysis is critical to elucidate the cell heterogeneity. Recently, droplet microchips using oil/gas phases to generate single-cell encapsulated droplets have been combined with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for determination of trace elements in single cells with a throughput of dozens of cells per min. To improve the sample throughput and avoid the oil phase introduced into ICP-MS, herein, a negative magnetophoresis focusing microchip was established and online-coupled to ICP-MS for single-cell analysis. MCF-7 cells in the paramagnetic salt solution were introduced into the designed focusing microchannel, in which they were focused into a single stream under both the magnetic repulsion force and inertial lift force, and then were introduced into ICP-MS for online single-cell analysis. The important parameters including the chip design, the concentration of the paramagnetic salt solution, flow rate, cell density, and dwell time were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, a high sample throughput of 1390 cells min-1 was obtained. The established online analytical system was applied to study the uptake behaviors of MCF-7 cells for Zn2+ and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) at a single-cell level. The single-cell analysis results indicate that MCF-7 cells displayed more remarkable heterogeneity when they were treated with ZnO NPs, and the uptake content of ZnO NPs by MCF-7 cells was less than that of Zn2+. Compared with other droplet microdevice-ICP-MS analysis systems, the developed system has the advantages of simple design and fabrication, no organic phase, a high throughput, and a low sample consumption (only 5 µL).

Magnetic nanomaterials as sorbents for trace elements analysis in environmental and biological samples.

This review focuses on magnetic nanomaterials as sorbents for trace elements analysis in environmental and biological samples. The design and preparation of magnetic nanomaterials with specific functional groups for trace elemental analysis are summarized, along with relevant adsorption mechanism. The application of these magnetic sorbents in different operation modes for the quantification of trace elements and their species in environmental and biological samples are discussed. The trend of development in this field is also prospected.

Droplet-Splitting Microchip Online Coupled with Time-Resolved ICPMS for Analysis of Released Fe and Pt in Single Cells Treated with FePt Nanoparticles.

The intracellular release of Fe/Pt ions from FePt nanoparticles (NPs) in single cells is highly critical to elucidate the potential cytotoxicity or potential cell protection mechanism of FePt NPs. For the first time, the quantitative analysis of Fe/Pt released from FePt-Cys NPs in single cells was achieved by a droplet-splitting microchip coupled online to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection. The droplet-splitting chip integrates droplet generation, cell lysis, and droplet-splitting units. The quantification of released Fe/Pt was achieved via measuring standard Fe/Pt ionic solutions. For the determination of total Fe/Pt in single cells, the same microchip with different operation modes (total-mode) was used, and the quantification of total Fe/Pt was achieved with FePt NPs as the standard. The developed method with two analysis modes was applied to study the decomposition behavior of FePt-Cys NPs in single cells, and the results indicated that the percentages of the cells absorbing/decomposing FePt-Cys NPs increased with the incubation time. Almost all cells absorbed FePt-Cys NPs after 6 h, while only about 60% cells decomposed FePt-Cys NPs after 6 h and almost all cells decomposed FePt-Cys NPs after 18 h. Besides, the released Fe content was lower than its endogenous content in cells and the release rate of Pt was higher than that of Fe, providing a possibility that the released Pt may contribute more to cytotoxicity. The developed system enabled fractionation of Fe/Pt in single cells treated with FePt NPs with high accuracy, easy operation, and high throughput and showed a great potential for elemental speciation at the single-cell level.

Porous organic frameworks-based (micro)extraction.

Porous organic frameworks (POFs) are an exciting emerging type of porous organic materials in which molecular building blocks are linked by covalent bonds. POFs usually have high thermal and chemical stability, large surface area, artificially regulated pore size distribution and abundant functional groups, which are considered to be ideal and efficient adsorbent for diverse compounds. They are an excellent alternative for sorbents/coating-based sample pretreatment techniques. In this review, the application of various POFs in trace analysis is discussed in terms of pretreatment techniques, including solid phase extraction, magnetic solid phase extraction, solid phase microextraction, capillary microextraction and stir bar sorptive extraction. The POFs-based sorbents/coatings are reviewed, with the focus on the construction process, comparison among POFs and between POFs and common sorbents, adsorption mechanism for specific analytes and the adsorption performance in trace analysis. Current research status indicate that much effort would be paid on further exploration of the relationship between the special properties of POFs (e.g., crystal form, pore structure) and the adsorption behavior, directional design and synthesis of POFs involved sorbents/coating for trace analysis of organic substances and elemental species, and the development of POFs-involved analytical methodologies for quantification of interest analytes.

Magnetic metal-organic framework composites for dual-column solid-phase microextraction combined with ICP-MS for speciation of trace levels of arsenic.

A dual column packed with a magnetic metal-organic framework composite (MFC) and mercapto-functionalized MFC nanoparticles (MFC-SH) in microfluidic chip channels is described for array chip-based magnetic solid phase microextraction of arsenic species including arsenite [As(III)], arsenate [As(V)], monomethylarsonous acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) in SCC-7 cells. At pH 6, the MFC-SH adsorbs As(III) while MFC quantitatively adsorbs As(V), DMA and MMA. The As(III) adsorbed on the MFC-SH can be desorbed with a 2% solution of thiourea in 0.5 M HNO3. The arsenic species MMA, DMA and As(V) are retained on the MFC but can be desorbed by ammonia. A sequential elution strategy was employed to elute MMA, DMA, As(V) and As(III) one by one for subsequent on-line determination by ICP-MS. The limits of detection are 4.8, 6.3, 3.8 and 7.1 ng L-1 for As(V), DMA, MMA and As(III), respectively. The enrichment factors are between 23 and 25, and the throughput is 7 samples per hour. The arsenic species in (spiked) SCC-7 cell samples were analyzed by the online system with adequate recoveries (89-110%). Graphical abstractSchematic representation of magnetic metal-organic framework composite (MFC) and mercapto-functionalized MFC nanoparticles (MFC-SH) packed dual-column, squamous carcinoma cells (SCC-7), online chip-based array MSPME-ICPMS system. Cell lysis units (blue), Microextraction units (black), Microvalves (green), Outlet (black), Permanent magnets (gray), Intet (red/purple/yellow).

A porous organic polymer with magnetic nanoparticles on a chip array for preconcentration of platinum(IV), gold(III) and bismuth(III) prior to their on-line quantitation by ICP-MS.

A chip-based array is described for magnetic solid-phase microextraction (MSPME) of the ions of Pt, Au and Bi. Magnetic porous organic polymers (MOPs) prepared from magnetite nanoparticles and 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene are introduced as a novel adsorbent. Eight solid phase extraction columns packed with MOPs were integrated in parallel on a microfluidic chip for array microextraction. After elution with a 12% (m/v) solution of cysteamine hydrochloride (pH 8.0), the eluent is introduced into an ICP-MS instrument for quantification. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection for Pt, Au and Bi are 8.6, 4.4 and 3.4 ng L-1, respectively. The sample throughput is 7 h-1, and the adsorption capacities are 32, 24 and 24 µg mg-1 for Pt, Au and Bi, respectively. The method was validated by the determination of Bi in a certified reference material (GSH-1A; human hair), and the values obtained coincided with the certified value. This method was also applied to the determination of Pt, Au and Bi in (spiked) urine and cell samples, and good recoveries (85.8-113%) were achieved. The method is highly sensitive and has a high throughput and a low sample/reagent consumption (with 500 HeLa cells consumed). Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of the magnetic packed column, microfluidic chip, and online chip-based MSPME-ICPMS system. Design sketch of the online system: microextraction unit (blue lines), microvalves (black lines), outlet channels (yellow lines), permanent magnets (red), urine and cell samples.

Radial optic neurotomy in treating central retinal vein occlusion: a Meta-analysis.

AIM: To assess the feasibility of radial optic neurotomy (RON) in central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) treatment with a Meta-analysis. METHODS: Electronic databases were searched for comprehensive articles that compared efficacy of RON with that of other treatments in CRVO. Study quality was assessed and risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) with fix- or random-effects model were calculated according to the heterogeneity. RESULTS: A total of 200 eyes from 5 studies were included. The results indicated that no significant differences were found between groups with and without RON in improvement of visual acuity (VA) at 6mo follow-up (pooled RR 0.51, 95%CI 0.22 to 1.18, P=0.117) while improvement of VA showed significantly favourable in patients receiving RON treatment at 12mo follow-up (pooled RR 2.27, 95%CI 1.31 to 3.95, P=0.004). For complications, RON treatment was more effective in reducing neovascular glaucoma (pooled RR 0.45, 95%CI 0.21 to 0.97, P=0.042) but was comparable in retinal detachment (pooled RR 2.41, 95%CI 0.51 to 11.39, P=0.267) and vitreous hemorrhage (pooled RR 0.91, 95%CI 0.33 to 2.46, P=0.847). CONCLUSION: Compared with some certain treatment modalities, RON might offer better VA at 12mo and decrease the rate of neovascular glaucoma without changing the rate of retinal detachment and vitreous hemorrhage. Further studies are required considering the limitation of the research.

The roles of signaling pathways in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of PVR.

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the major cause of failure in patients undergoing surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Characterized by the formation of an abnormal contractile membrane within the eye, PVR can cause tractional retinal redetachment. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in which epithelial cells morphologically and phenotypically transdifferentiate into mesenchymal cells, is the major pathological process implicated in PVR. Among the various cell types involved in the process, retinal pigment epithelium cells are primary contributors although, after decades of research, the mechanisms underlying EMT have remained elusive. Recently, signaling pathways, some involving growth factors, have been demonstrated to contribute to EMT. In this article, we review research to date about the roles of such signaling, including including transforming growth factor-beta-, hepatocyte growth factor-, platelet-derived growth factor-, and Notch-, Wnt/ß-catenin-, and Hippo-signaling pathways, in the EMT of PVR.