Cosmological Constraints from Multiple Probes in the Dark Energy Survey.

The combination of multiple observational probes has long been advocated as a powerful technique to constrain cosmological parameters, in particular dark energy. The Dark Energy Survey has measured 207 spectroscopically confirmed type Ia supernova light curves, the baryon acoustic oscillation feature, weak gravitational lensing, and galaxy clustering. Here we present combined results from these probes, deriving constraints on the equation of state, w, of dark energy and its energy density in the Universe. Independently of other experiments, such as those that measure the cosmic microwave background, the probes from this single photometric survey rule out a Universe with no dark energy, finding w=-0.80_{-0.11}^{+0.09}. The geometry is shown to be consistent with a spatially flat Universe, and we obtain a constraint on the baryon density of Ω_{b}=0.069_{-0.012}^{+0.009} that is independent of early Universe measurements. These results demonstrate the potential power of large multiprobe photometric surveys and pave the way for order of magnitude advances in our constraints on properties of dark energy and cosmology over the next decade.

A summary of 103 autopsies on leprosy patients on the Isthmus of Panama

1-Of 103 autopsies performed on lepers at the Board of Health Laboratory, Gorgas Hospital, Ancon, Canal Zone, between the years 1904-1941, 79 were on males and 24 on females. Although half of the patients were found in the cities of Panama and Colon, the evidence suggests that many cases were imported from Jamaica and Barbados. Foci of leprosy probably exist in the provinces of Los santos and Bocas del Toro. 2- The average age of recorded onset of leprosy was 36.7 years; the average age of death was 47.1. The most frequent "first symptoms" were nodules of the face and ulcers of the feet. 3- The pathologic changes in all the organs were listed systematically. Some of the findings worthy of comment are: a) Leprosy affected the nasopharynx or upper or outer portion of the upper respiratory system, whereas tuberculosis affected the larynx and trachea or lower portion of the upper respiratory system. b) A high incidence of cirrhosis of the liver. c) A hight incidence of gallstones. d) A high incidence of nephritis, especially glomerulonephritis. 4- The final causes of death were, in the order of numerical importance; tuberculosis, nephritis, leprosy and heart disease.