Bridging emergency contraceptive pill users to regular contraception: results from a randomized trial in Jamaica.

BACKGROUND: Emergency contraception research has shifted from examining the public health effects of increasing access to emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) to bridging ECP users to a regular contraceptive method as a way of decreasing unintended pregnancies. STUDY DESIGN: In a randomized controlled trial in Jamaica, we tested a discount coupon for oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) among pharmacy-based ECP purchasers as an incentive to adopt (i.e., use for at least 2 months) this and other regular contraceptive methods. Women in the intervention and control arms were followed up at 3 and 6 months after ECP purchase to determine whether they adopted the OCP or any other contraceptive method. Condom use was recorded but was not considered a regular contraceptive due to its inconsistent use. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the proportion of women who adopted the OCP, injectable or intrauterine device in the control group or the intervention group (p=.39), and only 14.6% of the sample (mostly OCP adopters) used one of these three methods. Condom use was high (44.0%), demonstrating that ECP users were largely a condom-using group. CONCLUSIONS: The discount coupon intervention was not successful. Although a small proportion of ECP users did bridge, the coupon did not affect the decision to adopt a regular contraceptive method. The study highlighted the need for bridging strategies to consider women's reproductive and sexual behaviors, as well as their context. However, in countries like Jamaica where HIV/AIDS is of concern and condom use is appropriately high, bridging may not be an optimal strategy.

Counseling tools alone do not improve method continuation: further evidence from the decision-making tool for family planning clients and providers in Nicaragua.

BACKGROUND: The decision-making tool (DMT) was developed by the World Health Organization's Department of Reproductive Health and Research and the Johns Hopkins University Center for Communication Program's staff to promote clients' informed choice and participation in family planning service delivery, to enable providers to apply evidence-based best practices during client-provider interaction and to provide the technical information necessary for optimal delivery of contraceptive methods. This tool has been tested in several countries and been shown to improve the quality of counseling for family planning clients. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted intercept and follow-up home interviews with new family planning acceptors in three health departments in Nicaragua to assess the impact of the DMT on method continuation and counseling experiences. The study was a quasi-experimental design with 65 experimental and control clinic sites. RESULTS: Analyses of overall and method-specific contraceptive use rates revealed no differences between experimental and control clinic clients. However, clients in the experimental group reported better counseling experiences than their counterparts in the control group. CONCLUSION: The authors conclude that sufficient evidence exists that counseling alone - with or without specialized job aids - does not influence contraceptive use rates. A new strategy is needed to help women maintain use of family planning methods.

Over-the-counter pill provision: evidence from Jamaica.

Although many countries allow over-the-counter distribution of oral contraceptives, doubt remains about whether such provision is safe for the user. The greatest concern is whether women with contraindications for use are given access to the pill. Clearly, women without such contraindications should be given access to it and be offered adequate information about its correct use. In 15 pharmacies in Jamaica, mystery clients approached pharmacists to determine their willingness to sell oral contraceptives and to solicit information from them about correct use of the method. In addition to data from mystery-client observations, interviews were conducted with 78 pharmacists and with 524 pharmacy customers who bought oral contraceptives, providing complementary information about knowledge of, attitudes toward, and experiences with the method. Analysis of the combined findings suggests that over-the-counter provision of oral contraceptives is a safe, practical, and effective method of distribution in Jamaica.

In Paraguay, both IUDs and contraceptive pills come with strings attached

Según informes anecdóticos, la provisión de servicios de planificación familiar y salud reproductiva en América Latina se ve gravemente obstaculizada por el hecho de que los proveedores de dichos servicios hacen caso omiso de las pautas establecidas para los servicios de planificación familiar. En este estudio, que se llevó a cabo en Paraguay entre 1998 y 2000, se evaluó en qué medida los proveedores de servicios observaban las pautas revisadas y posteriormente publicadas y diseminadas. Los investigadores encontraron indicios de que las nuevas pautas no se observaban en el contexto de la atención continuada de mujeres que usaban dispositivos intrauterinos (DIU) o anticonceptivos orales. Contrario a lo que dichas pautas recomiendan, los proveedores de servicios imponían condiciones, haciendo, por ejemplo, que las usuarias de DIU regresaran a la clínica hasta cinco veces durante el primer año después de la colocación del dispositivo. Las usuarias de anticonceptivos orales también enfrentaron obstáculos, entre ellos el de verse limitadas a no más de dos ciclos de pastillas cada vez, aunque las usaran con regularidad. Según estos resultados, las exigencias que rodean a la provisión y al seguimiento no fomentan, sino que desalientan el uso continuado de DIU y de anticonceptivos orales y podrían llevar a la suspensión de estos métodos por temor a que el DIU no sea seguro y estable o por la incomodidad de tener que volver a la clínica varias veces a recoger las pastillas. Los ministerios de salud en América Latina deben redoblar sus esfuerzos por educar a los proveedores de servicios de planificación familiar en cuanto al contenido y la razón fundamental de las recomendaciones vinculadas con las pautas nacionales. Asimismo, siempre que se disponga de los resultados de investigaciones, estos se deben presentar a los proveedores de servicios para reforzar ante ellos la credibilidad de las recomendaciones y demostrarles que las prácticas recomendadas han sido puestas a prueba y que su inocuidad está demostrada.