ABSTRACT
Objective: To examine the influence of initial infant feeding on obesity in later life...
Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Breast Feeding , Child Nutrition , Obesity , Social Class , SmokingABSTRACT
The objective was to examine the influence of initial breastfeeding on type 2 diabetes and blood glucose and insulin concentrations...
Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Breast Feeding , Child Nutrition , Blood GlucoseABSTRACT
Objective: We aimed to examine whether breastfeeding is associated with lower blood cholesterol concentrations in adulthood...
Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Adult , Breast Feeding , Cholesterol , Child Nutrition , Cholesterol, LDLABSTRACT
Evidence from observational studies has suggested that breastfeeding may reduce the prevalence of obesity in later life...
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant , Statistics as Topic , Weight Gain , Child Nutrition , Child HealthABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between cardiovascular risk factors and retinal arteriolar tortuosity in a multi-ethnic child population. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cross sectional study of 986 UK primary school children of South Asian, black African Caribbean, and white European origin aged 10 to 11 years. Anthropometric measurements and retinal imaging were carried out and a fasting blood sample collected. Digital images of retinal arterioles were analyzed using a validated semiautomated measure of tortuosity. Associations between tortuosity and cardiometabolic risk factors were analyzed using multi-level linear regression, adjusted for gender, age, ethnicity, arteriole branch status, month, and school. Levels of arteriolar tortuosity were similar in boys and girls and in different ethnic groups. Retinal arteriolar tortuosity was positively associated with levels of triglyceride, total and LDL cholesterol, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. One standard deviation increases in these risk factors were associated with 3.7% (95% CI: 1.2%, 6.4%), 3.3% (0.9%, 5.8%), 3.1% (0.6%, 5.6%), 2.0% (-0.3%, 4.2%), and 2.3% (0.1%, 4.6%) increases in tortuosity, respectively. Adiposity, insulin resistance, and blood glucose showed no associations with tortuosity. CONCLUSIONS: Established cardiovascular risk factors, strongly linked to coronary heart disease in adulthood, may influence retinal arteriolar tortuosity at the end of the first decade of life.