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1.
Bioorg Med Chem Lett ; 18(21): 5758-62, 2008 Nov 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18835709

ABSTRACT

A novel series of pyrazolo[1,5-b]pyridazines have been synthesized and identified as cyclin dependant kinase inhibitors potentially useful for the treatment of solid tumors. Modification of the hinge-binding amine or the C(2)- and C(6)-substitutions on the pyrazolopyridazine core provided potent inhibitors of CDK4 and demonstrated enzyme selectivity against VEGFR-2 and GSK3beta.


Subject(s)
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyridazines/chemical synthesis , Pyridazines/pharmacology , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/antagonists & inhibitors , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta , Models, Molecular , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/antagonists & inhibitors
2.
J Biol Chem ; 277(48): 46609-15, 2002 Nov 29.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12244092

ABSTRACT

Chk1 is a serine-threonine kinase that plays an important role in the DNA damage response, including G(2)/M cell cycle control. UCN-01 (7-hydroxystaurosporine), currently in clinical trials, has recently been shown to be a potent Chk1 inhibitor that abrogates the G(2)/M checkpoint induced by DNA-damaging agents. To understand the structural basis of Chk1 inhibition by UCN-01, we determined the crystal structure of the Chk1 kinase domain in complex with UCN-01. Chk1 structures with staurosporine and its analog SB-218078 were also determined. All three compounds bind in the ATP-binding pocket of Chk1, producing only slight changes in the protein conformation. Selectivity of UCN-01 toward Chk1 over cyclin-dependent kinases can be explained by the presence of a hydroxyl group in the lactam moiety interacting with the ATP-binding pocket. Hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen-bonding interactions were observed in the structures between UCN-01 and the Chk1 kinase domain. The high structural complementarity of these interactions is consistent with the potency and selectivity of UCN-01.


Subject(s)
Alkaloids/pharmacology , Protein Kinase Inhibitors , Alkaloids/chemistry , Amino Acid Sequence , Checkpoint Kinase 1 , Models, Molecular , Molecular Sequence Data , Protein Conformation , Protein Kinases/chemistry , Staurosporine/analogs & derivatives , Structure-Activity Relationship
3.
Biophys Chem ; 95(1): 79-90, 2002 Jan 23.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11880175

ABSTRACT

All kinases require an essential divalent metal for their activity. In this study, we investigated the metal dependence of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). With Mg(2+) as the essential metal and MgATP being the variable substrate, the maximum velocity, V, was not affected by changes in metal concentration, whereas V/K was perturbed, indicating that the metal effects were mainly derived from a change in the K(m) for MgATP. Analysis of the metal dependence of initial rates according to a simple metal binding model indicated the presence on enzyme of one activating metal-binding site with a dissociation constant, K(d(a)), of 5 +/-1 mM, and three inhibitory metal-binding sites with an averaged dissociation constant, K(d(i)), of 12+/-1 mM and that the binding of metal to the activating and inhibitory sites appeared to be ordered with binding of metal to the activating site first. Substitution of Mn(2+) for Mg(2+) yielded similar metal dependence kinetics with a value of 1.0+/-0.1 and 4.7+/-0.1 for K(d(a)) and K(d(i)), respectively. The inhibition constants for the inhibition of CDK4 by MgADP and a small molecule inhibitor were also perturbed by Mg(2+). K(d(a)) values estimated from the metal variation of the inhibition of CDK4 by MgADP (6+/-3 mM) and a small molecule inhibitor (3+/-1 mM), were in good agreement with the K(d(a)) value (5+/-1 mM) obtained from the metal variation of the initial rate of CDK4. By using the van't Hoff plot, the temperature dependence of K(d(a)) and K(d(i)) yielded an enthalpy of -6.0 +/- 1.1 kcal/mol for binding of Mg(2+) to the activating site and -3.2 +/- 0.6 kcal/mol for Mg(2+) binding to the inhibitory sites. The values of associated entropy were also negative, indicating that these metal binding reactions were entirely enthalpy-driven. These data were consistent with metal binding to multiple sites on CDK4 that perturbs the enzyme structure, modulates the enzyme activity, and alters the affinities of inhibitor for the metal-bound enzyme species. However, the affinities of small molecule inhibitors for CDK4 were not affected by the change of metal from Mg(2+) to Mn(2+), suggesting that the structures of enzyme-Mg(2+) and enzyme-Mn(2+) were similar.


Subject(s)
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/metabolism , Magnesium/chemistry , Manganese/chemistry , Proto-Oncogene Proteins , Algorithms , Chromatography, Ion Exchange , Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 , Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Glutathione/chemistry , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Kinetics , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry , Temperature , Thermodynamics
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