False-Profile Radiograph Sourcil-Edge and Bone-Edge Measurements Correlate to Different Weightbearing Regions of the Acetabulum: A 3-Dimensional Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The acetabular sourcil is commonly interpreted as a reliable radiographic representation of the weightbearing dome of the acetabulum, despite limited modern data. Assessment of weightbearing acetabular coverage has been described using both the sourcil edge and bone edge as anatomic landmarks, leading to confusion and potential misguidance in surgical decision-making and thus compromised patient outcomes. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to characterize the 3-dimensional (3D) anatomic correlates of the sourcil-edge and bone-edge radiographic measurements on false-profile radiographs. It was hypothesized that the sourcil edge would represent anterolateral coverage and the bone edge would represent anterior coverage. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive laboratory study. METHODS: A total of 80 hips were grouped by large or small differences between bone-edge and sourcil-edge anterior center-edge angles, based on upper and lower quartiles of discrepancy. Three-dimensional surface mesh models and digitally reconstructed radiographs were generated from hip computed tomography scans. Sourcil-edge and bone-edge anterior center-edge angles were identified on digitally reconstructed radiographs and registered to the 3D models with fiducial markers. Intersections of bone-edge and sourcil-edge projection lines with the acetabular rim were obtained from the 3D models. RESULTS: The bone-edge and sourcil-edge projections intersected the acetabular rim at clockface means of 2:05 ± 0:22 and 1:12 ± 0:25, respectively. The 3D models consistently demonstrated that, in both large- and small-discrepancy groups, the sourcil edge corresponded to the acetabular area just posterior to the anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) projection, and the bone edge corresponded to the weightbearing region inferior to the AIIS. Additionally, in large-discrepancy hips, the bone edge corresponded to more prominent acetabular coverage in the region inferomedial to the AIIS when compared with the small-discrepancy hips. CONCLUSION: On false-profile radiographs, the sourcil edge corresponds to superior femoral head coverage, and the bone edge corresponds to anterosuperior coverage. Radiographs with a large discrepancy between sourcil-edge and bone-edge measurements demonstrate acetabular rim prominence in the region of the AIIS. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Characterizing the anatomic weightbearing regions of the acetabulum represented on false-profile radiographs facilitates improved clinical and intraoperative decision-making in hip preservation surgery, including acetabuloplasty and periacetabular osteotomy.

Neighborhood Resources and Health Outcomes Among Stroke Survivors in a Population-Based Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Stroke survivors believe neighborhood resources such as community centers are beneficial; however, little is known about the influence of these resources on stroke outcomes. We evaluated whether residing in neighborhoods with greater resource density is associated with favorable post-stroke outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: We included Mexican American and non-Hispanic White stroke survivors from the Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi project (2009-2019). The exposure was density of neighborhood resources (eg, community centers, restaurants, stores) within a residential census tract at stroke onset. Outcomes included time to death and recurrence, and at 3 months following stroke: disability (activities of daily living/instrumental activities of daily living), cognition (Modified Mini-Mental State Exam), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-8), and quality of life (abbreviated Stroke-Specific Quality of Life scale). We fit multivariable Cox regression and mixed linear models. We considered interactions with stroke severity, ethnicity, and sex. Among 1786 stroke survivors, median age was 64 years (interquartile range, 56-73), 55% men, and 62% Mexican American. Resource density was not associated with death, recurrence, or depression. Greater resource density (75th versus 25th percentile) was associated with more favorable cognition (Modified Mini-Mental State Exam mean difference=0.838, 95% CI=0.092, 1.584) and among moderate-severe stroke survivors, with more favorable functioning (activities of daily living/instrumental activities of daily living=-0.156 [95% CI, -0.284 to 0.027]) and quality of life (abbreviated Stroke-Specific Quality of Life scale=0.194 [95% CI, 0.029-0.359]). CONCLUSIONS: We observed associations between greater resource density and cognition overall and with functioning and quality of life among moderate-severe stroke survivors. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and determine if neighborhood resources may be a tool for recovery.

FapR regulates HssRS-mediated heme homeostasis in Bacillus anthracis.

Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive facultative anaerobe and the causative agent of anthrax, multiplies to extraordinarily high numbers in vertebrate blood, resulting in considerable heme exposure. Heme is an essential nutrient and the preferred iron source for bacteria during vertebrate colonization, but its high redox potential makes it toxic in excess. To regulate heme homeostasis, many Gram-positive bacteria, including B. anthracis, rely on the two-component signaling system HssRS. HssRS comprises the heme sensing histidine kinase HssS, which modulates the activity of the HssR transcription factor to enable bacteria to circumvent heme toxicity. However, the regulation of the HssRS system remains unclear. Here we identify FapR, the transcriptional regulator of fatty acid biosynthesis, as a key factor in HssRS function. FapR plays an important role in maintaining membrane integrity and the localization of the histidine kinase HssS. Specifically, disruption of fapR leads to increased membrane rigidity, which hinders the penetration of HssRS inducers, resulting in the inactivation of HssRS. Furthermore, deletion of fapR affects the loading of HssS onto the cell membrane, compromising its heme sensing function and subsequently reducing endogenous heme biosynthesis. These findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms governing bacterial adaptation to heme stress and provide potential targets for antimicrobial intervention strategies.

Cellular Neonatal Fc Receptor Recycling Efficiencies can Differentiate Target-Independent Clearance Mechanisms of Monoclonal Antibodies.

In vivo clearance mechanisms of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) encompass both target-mediated and target-independent processes. Two distinct determinants of overall mAb clearance largely separate of target-mediated influences are non-specific cellular endocytosis and subsequent pH-dependent mAb recycling mediated by the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), where inter-mAb variability in the efficiency of both processes is observed. Here, we implemented a functional cell-based FcRn recycling assay via Madin-Darby canine kidney type II cells stably co-transfected with human FcRn and its light chain ß2-microglobulin. Next, a series of pH-dependent internalization studies using a model antibody demonstrated proper function of the human FcRn complex. We then applied our cellular assays to assess the contribution of both FcRn and non-specific interactions in the cellular turnover for a panel of 8 clinically relevant mAbs exhibiting variable human pharmacokinetic behavior. Our results demonstrate that the interplay of non-specific endocytosis rates, pH-dependent non-specific interactions, and engagement with FcRn all contribute to the overall recycling efficiency of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. The predictive capacity of our assay approach was highlighted by successful identification of all mAbs within our panel possessing clearance in humans greater than 5 mL/day/kg. These results demonstrate that a combination of cell-based in vitro assays can properly resolve individual mechanisms underlying the overall in vivo recycling efficiency and non-target mediated clearance of therapeutic mAbs.

Dysplastic Hips Have Decreased Iliofemoral Ligament Thickness on Coronal Sequences in Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Matched Cohort Analysis.

PURPOSE: To characterize hip capsule thickness on advanced imaging in patients with and without hip dysplasia and to also evaluate differences in capsular thickness between borderline and true dysplastic patients. METHODS: Patients evaluated by the senior author for concerns of hip pathology from June 2020 to June 2021 were queried and images reviewed to determine dysplasia status by lateral center edge angle (LCEA) ≤ 25 degrees. A group of non-dysplastic patients was identified and matched for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Hip capsular thickness was quantified using MRI. A sub-analysis was conducted to compare true dysplastic patients (LCEA < 20°) to borderline dysplastic patients (LCEAs between 20 - 25°). Analysis included independent samples t-tests, Chi-square tests, and multivariable regression. RESULTS: Eighty total patients were included, with a mean age of 31.8 ± 11.7 years, a mean BMI of 26.6 ± 6.5 points, and 70% (56) female patients. Dysplastic patients had a mean LCEA of 19.8 ± 4.3 degrees. Dysplastic individuals had decreased capsular thickness compared to their non-dysplastic controls (2.75 ± 0.96 vs 3.52 ± 1.22 mm, p = 0.003). Multivariable regression showed decreased capsular thickness associated with decreased LCEAs (ß = 2.804, R = 0.432, p<0.001) and dysplasia (ß = -0.709, R2 = 0.056, p = 0.004). Results of a sub-analysis of the dysplastic group examining differences between accepted definitions of borderline dysplasia and true dysplasia showed no significant differences in capsular thickness between the two groups (p = 0.379). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with hip dysplasia were found to have thinner iliofemoral ligaments in the coronal plane on magnetic resonance imaging on magnetic resonance imaging. Further investigation is needed to evaluate any potential implications with hip instability given the thinner hip capsule demonstrated in this study.

Short-term Outcomes After Hip Arthroscopic Surgery in Patients Participating in Formal Physical Therapy Versus a Home Exercise Program: A Prospectively Enrolled Cohort Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Physical therapy is frequently utilized in the postoperative care of femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS). There has been limited research into the efficacy of a structured home exercise program (HEP) compared with formal physical therapy (FPT) in this patient population. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose was to evaluate the short-term outcomes of patients utilizing FPT versus an HEP after hip arthroscopic surgery for FAIS. It was hypothesized that both groups would show similar improvements regarding outcome scores, which would improve significantly compared with their preoperative scores. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS: Patients undergoing hip arthroscopic surgery for FAIS at a single center between October 2020 and October 2021 were prospectively enrolled. Patients were allowed to self-select FPT or an HEP and were administered a survey preoperatively and at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months postoperatively. The survey included the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation, visual analog scale for pain, 12-item International Hip Outcome Tool, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Physical Function, and patient satisfaction with physical therapy and overall care. Statistical analysis was conducted between the 2 groups and within groups to compare preoperative and postoperative scores. RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 32.6 ± 10.4 years, with 47.2% being female and 57.4% choosing the HEP. At 12 months postoperatively, no significant differences were reported between the FPT and HEP groups regarding the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score (P = .795), visual analog scale for pain score (P > .05), Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Physical Function T-score (P = .699), 12-item International Hip Outcome Tool score (P = .582), and patient satisfaction (P > .05). Outcome scores at 12 months postoperatively were significantly improved from the preoperative scores across all measures in both groups (P < .001). CONCLUSION: There were no significant differences regarding patient outcomes between FPT and the HEP at 1-year follow-up after hip arthroscopic surgery for FAIS when patients selected their own treatment, with both groups demonstrating significant improvements in their outcome scores from their preoperative values. These findings suggest that a structured HEP may be a viable alternative to FPT after hip arthroscopic surgery in patients who prefer a self-directed rehabilitation program.

Physeal Location on the Distal Femoral Cortical Surface Is Consistently Proximal to Apparent Location on the Perfect Lateral Radiograph: A 3-Dimensional Digitally Reconstructed Radiograph Study.

INTRODUCTION: The perfect knee lateral radiograph visualizes anatomic landmarks on the distal femur for clinical and scientific purposes. However, radiographic imaging is a two-dimensional (2D) representation of a three-dimensional (3D) physis. The aim of this study was to characterize the perceived radiographic projection of the femoral physis using perfect lateral digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) and to evaluate discrepancies from this projection to the physis at the lateral and medial cortices. METHODS: Pediatric patients from a cohort of CT scans were analyzed. Inclusion criteria were an open physis; exclusion criteria were any implant or pathology affecting the physis. CT scans were imported into 3D imaging software and transformed into lateral DRRs and 3D renderings of the femur. The physis was divided into four equal segments, with fiducial markers placed at the "anterior," "midpoint," and "posterior" points. Lines extended from these points in the lateral and medial direction. The vertical distance from these lines, representing the radiographic projection of the physis, was measured relative to the physis at the lateral and medial cortex of the femur on coronal CT slices. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients were included. On the perfect lateral radiograph DRR, the physis on the medial cortex was located proximal to the visualized physis by 6.64 ± 1.74 mm, 11.95 ± 1.67 mm, and 14.30 ± 1.75 mm at the anterior (25%), midpoint (50%), and posterior (75%) locations, respectively. On the lateral side, the physis on the lateral cortex was proximal to the visualized physis by 2.19 ± 1.13 mm, 3.71 ± 1.19 mm, and 6.74 ± 1.25 mm at the anterior, midpoint, and posterior locations, respectively. DISCUSSION: In this cohort of pediatric patients, the location of the cortical physis was, in all areas measured, proximal to the projection of the visualized physis as seen on the perfect knee lateral DRR. The distance from radiographic physis to cortical physis was greater at the medial cortex compared with the lateral cortex. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive laboratory study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III, observational radiographic anatomic study.

The Role of the Hip Capsule in Restoring Stability in the Initial Phase of Hip Distraction: An In Vivo Analysis.

Background: The labral suction seal has been shown to provide the majority of resistance in the initial phase of hip distraction. However, the effect of an unrepaired interportal capsulotomy and capsular repair on the initial phase of hip distractive stability in vivo is not well understood. Purpose: To investigate the effect of capsular repair on the initial phase of distractive stability of hip joints in patients with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Patients undergoing primary hip arthroscopy for FAI between March and August 2020 were prospectively enrolled. Total joint space was measured on fluoroscopic images at the medial and lateral edges of the sourcil at 12.5-lb (5.7-kg) axial traction intervals (up to 100 lb [45.4 kg]) in 3 capsular states: (1) native capsule, (2) interportal capsulotomy, and (3) capsular repair. Distraction on anteroposterior radiographs was calculated as the difference between total joint space at each traction interval and baseline joint space at 0 lb, normalized to millimeters. The native, capsulotomy, and capsular repair states were compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank and McNemar tests. Results: Included were 36 hips in 35 patients. The median force required to distract ≥3 mm was 75 lb (34.0 kg; 95% CI, 70-80 lb [31.8-36.3 kg]) in both the native and capsular repair states (P = .629), which was significantly greater than the median force required to distract ≥3 mm in the capsulotomy state (50 lb [22.7 kg]; 95% CI, 45-55 lb [20.4-24.9 kg]) (P < .001). The most rapid rates of change in joint space were observed at the traction interval at which hips first achieved ≥3 mm of distraction (n = 33 hips; 92%). Conclusion: The traction force at which hips distracted ≥3 mm was 75 lb (34.0 kg) in both the native capsular and capsular repair states. Significantly less traction force (50 lb [22.7 kg]) distracted hips ≥3 mm in the capsulotomy state. Complete capsular closure after interportal capsulotomy resulted in restoration of initial distractive stability relative to the unrepaired capsulotomy state at time zero after primary hip arthroscopy. Clinical Relevance: This study provides surgeons with an improved understanding of the additional stability to the hip joint from capsular repair after hip arthroscopy for FAI syndrome.

Gene flow from Fraxinus cultivars into natural stands of Fraxinus pennsylvanica occurs range-wide, is regionally extensive, and is associated with a loss of allele richness.

In North America, a comparatively small number of Fraxinus (ash) cultivars were planted in large numbers in both urban and rural environments across the entire range of Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh (green ash) over the last 80 years. Undetected cultivar gene flow, if extensive, could significantly lower genetic diversity within populations, suppress differentiation between populations, generate interspecific admixture not driven by long-standing natural processes, and affect the impact of abiotic and biotic threats. In this investigation we generated the first range-wide genetic assessment of F. pennsylvanica to detect the extent of cultivar gene flow into natural stands. We used 16 EST-SSR markers to genotype 48 naturally regenerated populations of F. pennsylvanica distributed across the native range (1291 trees), 19 F. pennsylvanica cultivars, and one F. americana L. (white ash) cultivar to detect cultivar propagule dispersal into these populations. We detected first generation cultivar parentage with high confidence in 171 individuals in 34 of the 48 populations and extensive cultivar parentage (23-50%) in eight populations. The incidence of cultivar parentage was negatively associated with allele richness (R2 = 0.151, p = 0.006). The evidence for a locally high frequency of cultivar propagule dispersal and the interspecific admixture in eastern populations will inform Fraxinus gene pool conservation strategies and guide the selection of individuals for breeding programs focused on increasing resistance to the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire), an existential threat to the Fraxinus species of North America.

Association between sleep-disordered breathing and post-stroke fatigue in patients with ischemic stroke.

OBJECTIVES: Post-stroke fatigue (PSF) is common and often disabling. Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is highly prevalent among stroke survivors and can cause fatigue. We explored the relationship between SDB and PSF over time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ischemic stroke (IS) patients within the BASIC project were offered SDB screening with a well-validated cardiopulmonary sleep apnea test at 0, 3-, 6-, and 12-months post-stroke. The primary exposure was the respiratory event index (REI; sum of apneas plus hypopneas per hour). The primary outcome was PSF, measured by the SF-36 vitality scale. Associations between REI and PSF were evaluated using linear regression including time-by-REI interactions, allowing the effect of REI to vary over time. RESULTS: Of the 411 IS patients who completed at least one outcome interview, 44 % were female, 61 % Mexican American (MA), 26 % non-Hispanic white, with a mean age of 64 (SD 10). Averaged across timepoints, REI was not associated with PSF. In a time-varying model, higher REI was associated with greater PSF at 3-months (ß = 1.75, CI = 0.08, 3.43), but not at 6- or 12-months. Across timepoints, female sex, depressive symptoms, and comorbidity burden were associated with greater PSF, whereas MA ethnicity was associated with less PSF. CONCLUSIONS: Higher REI was associated with modestly greater PSF in the early post-stroke period, but no association was observed at 6 months and beyond. SDB may be a modest modifiable risk factor for early PSF, but its treatment is unlikely to have a substantial impact on long-term PSF. MA ethnicity seems to be protective against PSF.

Intraoperative Anesthetic Strategies to Mitigate Early Allograft Dysfunction After Orthotopic Liver Transplantation: A Narrative Review.

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the most effective treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD). Hepatic insufficiency within a week of OLT, termed early allograft dysfunction (EAD), occurs in 20% to 25% of deceased donor OLT recipients and is associated with morbidity and mortality. Primary nonfunction (PNF), the most severe form of EAD, leads to death or retransplantation within 7 days. The etiology of EAD is multifactorial, including donor, recipient, and surgery-related factors, and largely driven by ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). IRI is an immunologic phenomenon characterized by dysregulation of cellular oxygen homeostasis and innate immune defenses in the allograft after temporary cessation (ischemia) and later restoration (reperfusion) of oxygen-rich blood flow. The rising global demand for OLT may lead to the use of marginal allografts, which are more susceptible to IRI, and thus lead to an increased incidence of EAD. It is thus imperative the anesthesiologist is knowledgeable about EAD, namely its pathophysiology and intraoperative strategies to mitigate its impact. Intraoperative strategies can be classified by 3 phases, specifically donor allograft procurement, storage, and recipient reperfusion. During procurement, the anesthesiologist can use pharmacologic preconditioning with volatile anesthetics, consider preharvest hyperoxemia, and attenuate the use of norepinephrine as able. The anesthesiologist can advocate for normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) and machine perfusion during allograft storage at their institution. During recipient reperfusion, the anesthesiologist can optimize oxygen exposure, consider adjunct anesthetics with antioxidant-like properties, and administer supplemental magnesium. Unfortunately, there is either mixed, little, or no data to support the routine use of many free radical scavengers. Given the sparse, limited, or at times conflicting evidence supporting some of these strategies, there are ample opportunities for more research to find intraoperative anesthetic strategies to mitigate the impact of EAD and improve postoperative outcomes in OLT recipients.

Relationship Between Hip Capsular Thickness and Instability After Previous Hip Arthroscopic Surgery: A Matched-Cohort Analysis.

Background: Thinner anterior hip capsules are associated with hip laxity, but there is little known about the impact of capsular thickness on the development of instability after primary hip arthroscopic surgery. Purpose: To investigate the relationship between hip capsular thickness as measured on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the development of hip instability after hip arthroscopic surgery for femoroacetabular impingement. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We reviewed revision hip arthroscopic procedures performed between January 1, 2019, and May 1, 2021, at a single institution. Inclusion criteria were preoperative MRI/magnetic resonance arthrography, completion of the study traction protocol, and asymmetric distraction between the hips of ≥3 mm on examination under anesthesia. A comparison group of patients treated for femoroacetabular impingement with primary hip arthroscopic surgery who did not develop capsular instability were matched 1:1 to the patients with instability. Superolateral hip capsular thickness was measured on MRI before index surgery. Analysis was conducted using independent-samples t tests and multivariable linear regression. Results: A total of 44 patients were included, with 22 patients each in the instability and no-instability groups. The mean capsular thickness was lower in the patients with hip instability than in those without (1.9 ± 0.6 vs 3.4 ± 1.1 mm, respectively; P < .001). Decreased capsular thickness was significantly associated with hips with instability versus no-instability (ß = -1.468 [95% CI, -2.049 to -0.887]; P < .001). Conclusion: Thinner preoperative hip capsules in the region of the iliofemoral ligament were seen in patients who subsequently underwent revision arthroscopic surgery for hip instability compared to patients who underwent primary hip arthroscopic surgery without subsequent revision. Patients at a higher risk for the development of postoperative hip instability had a superolateral hip capsular thickness of <2 mm.

Collaborative drug therapy modification (CDTM): Facilitators, barriers, and perceptions of individual pharmacist participation in Georgia.

BACKGROUND: Georgia Board of Pharmacy (BOP) regulations permit pharmacists to engage in collaborative drug therapy modification (CDTM) with physicians, allowing them to perform patient assessments, adjust pharmacotherapy, and order laboratory tests. Pharmacist-led CDTM can positively affect health outcomes leading to reduced healthcare expenditures. CDTM is underutilized, with < 1% of Georgia pharmacists holding an active license to practice CDTM. OBJECTIVE(S): The objective of this study was to examine CDTM licensed pharmacists' perceptions of facilitators and barriers in providing CDTM. METHODS: Georgia-licensed CDTM pharmacists were invited to participate in a 60-minute qualitative interview. Interview questions were developed from electronic survey responses. The interview was designed to elicit information regarding perceived benefits and barriers to CDTM implementation. Guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, thematic analysis was applied to identify themes using ATLAS.ti software to code. Themes were described qualitatively and prevalence of each was reported. RESULTS: Nine interviews were conducted, and data saturation was achieved at interview 6. After resolution of discrepancies, 100% coding agreement was reached among 2 independent researchers. Nine themes were identified, and each was categorized as a facilitator or barrier to establishing pharmacist-led CDTM in Georgia. Themes associated with facilitating were (prevalence %) (1) practice autonomy (100), (2) personal attributes (100), (3) having support (100), and (4) institutional logistics (88). Barrier themes included issues concerning (5) the Georgia BOP (100), (6) pharmacist autonomy (88), (7) lack of provider status (88), (8) institutional restrictions (75), and (9) personal development (e.g., confidence) (22). CONCLUSION: Facilitators to the establishment of pharmacist-led CDTM exist and pharmacists can capitalize on these to create successful CDTM programs. Barriers are varied, and it may be difficult to systematically address individual barriers such as pharmacist autonomy and personal development. Barriers associated with institutional restrictions, the Georgia BOP, and lack of provider status can likely be removed or addressed by policy.

Correlation of Tibial Tubercle Overgrowth With Increased Posterior Tibial Slope: A Novel Radiographic Assessment.

Background: An elevated posterior tibial slope (PTS) is associated with an increased risk for anterior cruciate ligament and meniscal injury. Recent evidence suggests that the PTS is elevated in patients with Osgood-Schlatter disease. Purpose: To determine whether there is an association between objective measures of anterior tibial tubercle growth and PTS. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 100 radiographs were randomly selected from a sample of patients who had received a lateral knee radiograph that captured at least 15 cm of the tibia distal to the knee joint line at a single institution between December 2020 and March 2022. The PTS was measured, and tibial tubercle growth was quantified with 2 novel measurements. For these measurements, a line was drawn on the radiograph from the most anterosuperior point on the tibia to the point on the anterior cortex of the tibia 10 cm distal from the starting point. The tibial tubercle height (TTH) was measured as the perpendicular distance from this line to the most prominent portion of the anterior tibia. The anterior tibial tubercle angle (TTA) was measured as the angle between the endpoints of the line made previously and the most prominent portion of the tibial tubercle, with a more acute angle indicating a more prominent tibial tubercle. The relationship between TTA, TTH, and PTS was evaluated using a univariate linear regression model. Results: The mean patient age was 33.1 ± 14.1 years. The mean TTA was 158.6°± 4.7°, the mean TTH was 8.8 ± 2.0 mm, and the mean PTS was 9.7°± 2.6°. A significant correlation was found between PTS and TTA (r = -0.46; ß = -0.46; P < .001) as well as TTH (r = 0.43; ß = 0.43; P < .001). Conclusion: Objective measures of anterior tibial tubercle overgrowth correlated with an elevated PTS. Every 2.2° of anterior TTA deviation from the mean and every 2.3 mm in TTH deviation from the mean correlated with a 1° difference in the PTS. This suggests a link between the development of the tibial tubercle and PTS, and it potentially helps to explain why the PTS is elevated in certain patients.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Arthrography Are Both Reliable and Similar When Measuring Hip Capsule Thickness in Patients With Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome.

Purpose: To propose an accurate method of measuring hip capsular thickness in patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome and to compare the reliability of these measurements between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA). Methods: A previously established database of patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) was used to identify candidates with preoperative MRI or MRA from November 2018 to June 2021. Two reviewers independently examined preoperative imaging for 85 patients. Capsular thickness was measured in 12 standardized locations. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated using an absolute-agreement, 2-way random-effects model. Using the same method, 30 patients were randomly selected for repeat measurements by 1 reviewer following a washout period. Ten additional patients with preoperative MRI and MRA of the same hip were identified to compare measurements between modalities using paired samples t test. Results: ICCs for measurements on MRIs and MRAs using these proposed measurements to compare inter-rater reliability were 0.981 and 0.985. ICCs calculated using measurements by a single reviewer following a washout period for intrarater reliability were 0.998 and 0.991. When comparing MRI and MRA measurements in the same patient, t test for all pooled measurements found no difference between modality (P = .283), and breakdown of measurements by quadrant found no difference in measurements (P > .05), with the exception of the inferior aspect of the capsule on coronal sequences (P = .023). Conclusions: In patients with FAIS, both MRI and MRA have excellent reliability for quantifying hip capsular thickness. A difference in capsular thickness was found only when comparing MRI and MRA on inferior coronal aspects of the hip capsule, indicating interchangeability of these imaging modalities when measuring the clinically important aspects of the hip capsule. Level of Evidence: Level IV, diagnostic case series.

Impact of Sleep Disorders and Disturbed Sleep on Brain Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

Accumulating evidence supports a link between sleep disorders, disturbed sleep, and adverse brain health, ranging from stroke to subclinical cerebrovascular disease to cognitive outcomes, including the development of Alzheimer disease and Alzheimer disease-related dementias. Sleep disorders such as sleep-disordered breathing (eg, obstructive sleep apnea), and other sleep disturbances, as well, some of which are also considered sleep disorders (eg, insomnia, sleep fragmentation, circadian rhythm disorders, and extreme sleep duration), have been associated with adverse brain health. Understanding the causal role of sleep disorders and disturbances in the development of adverse brain health is complicated by the common development of sleep disorders among individuals with neurodegenerative disease. In addition to the role of sleep disorders in stroke and cerebrovascular injury, mechanistic hypotheses linking sleep with brain health and biomarker data (blood-based, cerebrospinal fluid-based, and imaging) suggest direct links to Alzheimer disease-specific pathology. These potential mechanisms and the increasing understanding of the "glymphatic system," and the recognition of the importance of sleep in poststroke recovery, as well, support a biological basis for the indirect (through the worsening of vascular disease) and direct (through specific effects on neuropathology) connections between sleep disorders and brain health. Given promising evidence for the benefits of treatment and prevention, sleep disorders and disturbances represent potential targets for early treatment that may improve brain health more broadly. In this scientific statement, we discuss the evidence supporting an association between sleep disorders and disturbances and poor brain health ranging from stroke to dementia and opportunities for prevention and early treatment.

Association of Relative Skeletal Immaturity of the Triradiate Cartilage with Increased Proximal Femoral Deformity in Prophylactic Fixation for Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis: A Radiographic Study.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to describe proximal femoral deformity after contralateral hip prophylactic fixation of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) in patients and the association of relative skeletal immaturity with this deformity. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients presenting with a SCFE was conducted from 2009 to 2015. Inclusion criteria were (1) radiographic evidence of a unilateral SCFE treated with in situ fixation, (2) contralateral prophylactic fixation of an unslipped hip, and (3) at least 3 years of follow-up. Measurements were made on radiographs and included greater trochanter height relative to the center of the femoral head, femoral head-neck offset, and femoral neck length. Skeletal maturity was evaluated by assessing the status of the proximal femoral physis and triradiate cartilage (TRC) of the hip, in addition to the length of time to closure of these physes. Values were compared from initial presentation to final follow-up. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and linear regression. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients were included. Bivariable linear regression demonstrated that an increased relative trochanteric overgrowth was associated with TRC width (ß = 3.048, R = 0.585, P = 0.001) and an open TRC (ß = -11.400, R = 0.227, P = 0.012). Time to proximal femoral physis closure (ß = 1.963, R = 0.444, P = 0.020) and TRC closure (ß = 1.983, R = 0.486, P = 0.010) were predictive of increased deformity. In addition, multivariable elimination linear regression demonstrated that TRC width (ß = 3.048, R = 0.585, P = 0.001) was predictive of an increased relative trochanteric overgrowth. DISCUSSION: Patients with an open TRC and increased TRC width are associated with increased relative trochanteric overgrowth when undergoing prophylactic fixation for a unilateral SCFE. Increased caution should be exercised when considering contralateral hip prophylactic fixation in skeletally immature patients presenting with a unilateral SCFE. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, case series.

Don't worry, they get the idea: instructions have no impact on dehumanization ratings on the Ascent of Human Scale.

A common method for assessing blatant dehumanization asks participants to rate "how evolved" they think members of various social groups are using the Ascent of Human scale (AOH) that transitions in stages from a crawling ape to a fully upright modern human. However, little is known about how task instructions affect participant ratings. In this pre-registered study, participants saw alternative forms of instruction including the traditional instructions emphasizing "evolution", a prompt without any reference to evolution, and a prompt that clearly explained that the scale assesses dehumanization. Instruction type had no effect on dehumanization ratings on the AOH scale. These results support the idea that the AOH scale is a robust means of assessing blatant dehumanization.