A novel homozygous pathogenic missense variant in COX6B1: Further delineation of the phenotype.

Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) deficiency is a phenotypically diverse group of diseases caused by variants in over 30 genes. Biallelic pathogenic variants in COX6B1 have been described in four patients to date with varying disease manifestations. We describe the clinical features and follow-up of a patient with a novel homozygous pathogenic variant in COX6B1 who presented acutely with severe encephalomyopathy associated with an infection. New findings include ophthalmological evaluation and follow-up of neuroradiological investigations. The novel p.Trp31Arg variant was predicted to be pathogenic in silico, and further functional analyses with biochemical analysis of mitochondrial function showed isolated COX deficiency. Muscle biopsy showed a specific lack of COX6B1 protein together with complex IV deficiency on western blot, enzyme histochemistry, and immuno-histochemistry.

Gender Differences in Self-reported Faculty Developmental Networks.

Scholars have long recognized gender variation in social relationship dynamics. However, how gender shapes developmental networking relationships for career advancement, particularly among university faculty members, is understudied. This area of research is important since women comprise an increasing proportion of faculty and yet report receiving less mentoring and lower career satisfaction, productivity, and advancement than their male counterparts. This cross-sectional study assessed gender differences in self-reported dimensions of faculty participants' developmental networks by collecting information on relationships with developers, who are people who have taken concerted action and offered professional and personal guidance to help participants advance in their careers over the past year. The investigators used egocentric network data from an electronically administered Mentoring Network Questionnaire collected from 159 faculty involved in a mentoring intervention during the pandemic. Faculty were from multiple Southwest and Mountain West institutions. Statistical analyses were performed using the Chi-squared test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and unadjusted multilevel regression. Female faculty chose developers of lower gender diversity than male faculty (p=0.01). Compared to male faculty, female faculty reported receiving more psychosocial support from individual developers (p=0.03). Female faculty members' developers were more often characterized as friends and less often described as sponsors and allies than male faculty, based on relative levels of career and psychosocial support that individual developers provided (p<0.001). No gender differences were found in other network characteristics. Female faculty build developmental networks that have different factors compared to male faculty. Greater levels of psychosocial support and fewer allies and sponsors for female faculty may have long-term implications for differential career advancement for women vs. men in academic careers. Strategies to enhance networking should address gender differences and include a structured framework for assessing network gaps.

Inter-Rater Reliability of the Mentor Behavioral Interaction Rubric.

An objective assessment of a mentor's behavioral skills is needed to assess the effectiveness of mentor training interventions in academic settings. The Mentor Behavioral Interaction (MBI) Rubric is a newly developed, content-valid, observational measure of a mentor's behavioral skill during single-episode interactions with a mentee. The purpose of this study was to assess the inter-rater reliability (IRR) of the MBI Rubric when used to assess video-recorded mentor-mentee interactions. Three of a pool of four faculty raters with expertise in mentor training synchronously rated 26 videos of mentor-mentee interactions using structured guidelines. The MBI Rubric includes six items (Part 1), each with ratings on a 3- or 4-point scale, and ten yes/no items (Part 2) that characterize the content of the interaction. After initial individual ratings were completed, the three raters met, reviewed disagreements, and reached decisions about final item scores by either consensus or majority vote. Mean total Part 1 scores ranged between 1.42-2.69. IRRs ranged from good (Part 1 IRR=0.67) to excellent (Part 2 IRR=0.83). No training effects were observed, with no decrease (i.e., showing less variability) in inter-rater standard deviations over time. Rater effects in initial individual scoring were observed, with a significant difference between one vs. the other three raters on Part 1 individual scores, with no effects for Part 2 scores. Raters tended to score lower on initial individual scores than the final score for both Part 1 and 2. The MBI Rubric is the first observational measure to assess single episodes of video-recorded mentor-mentee interactions and has demonstrated content validity, and now inter-rater reliability. It may be used in parallel with other instruments to measure the efficacy of mentor training. Limitations include possible ceiling effects, and resource-intensive administration in terms of rater expertise and time. Future work will assess the responsiveness of the Rubric to change in mentor skill and construct validity.

Mentoring Network Questionnaire Support Scales Reliable and Valid with University Faculty.

The Developmental Network Questionnaire (DNQ) is used in business to self-assess relationships with developers, or people who support one's career. The Mentoring Network Questionnaire (MNQ) is an online modification of the DNQ and includes two scales that rate developer's contributions to career or psychosocial help. The psychometrics of these scales for different populations are unreported. This study analyzed the construct validity and reliability of the two scales measuring support provided by developers of university faculty. Mentors and mentees (G=156) from multiple Southwestern and Mountain West universities rated 741 developers on the MNQ's five-item career- and psychosocial-support scales. Participants responded on a seven-point scale ranging from "never, not at all" to "to the maximum extent possible." Multilevel confirmatory factor analysis (MCFA) using Mplus and the multi-level reliability coefficient omega assessed construct validity and internal consistency reliability, respectively. Results supported the validity of two latent constructs of career- and psychosocial support, each measured by the established five-item scale: Comparative fit index (CFI)=.93, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI)=.91, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)=.06, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR): W=.09, B=.10. The measurement model was improved when the "removes barriers" item was removed from the career-support scale (CFI=.96, TLI=.95, RMSEA=.05, SRMR: W=.06 B=.09. Factor loadings at both the within- and between-levels were strong and statistically significant. Reliability omegas ranged from .85 to .92. Career and psychosocial support provided to university faculty by developers in their networks may be validly and reliably measured at both the within- and between-levels by a modified four-item career support scale and the original five-item psychosocial support scale from the DNQ and the modified MNQ. Limitations include reduced statistical power due to small sample size and lack of testing at the university level. Future work will assess the responsiveness of these scales to measuring change over time in the amount of support provided.

Curriculum-based Faculty Training in Networking: Knowledge and Self-efficacy Outcomes.

Although the advantages of developmental networks are well-known, most faculty do not know how to participate in such networks actively. Additionally, institutions face challenges in teaching faculty the best practices of networking. This deficiency constitutes a critical gap in the literature, which may slow career advancement for faculty, particularly from underrepresented groups. The study's purpose was to examine the effectiveness of a curriculum-based faculty training in developmental networks, utilizing the Extension for Community Health Outcomes (ECHO) platform. In this pre-post study, 33 faculty members participated in the intervention utilizing eight modules involving four competencies. Each module followed a standard format, including a short didactic, two facilitated case study discussions based on real-life scenarios, and self-reading of selected literature. Outcomes included (i) change in knowledge scores obtained from two questions per module and (ii) self-efficacy scores measured on a scale of 0-100. Paired student's t-test and mixed model regression analyses were used. A significant increase in knowledge score was documented using mixed model regression for 4 of the eight modules (mean change score 0.4-0.8, p≤0.03 for all analyses). The proportion of faculty participants reporting correct knowledge items for all modules increased from 49.8% (pre) to 64.3% (post), which was statistically significant (p<0.001). Significant increases in paired self-efficacy scores were reported for each of the eight modules (mean change score 17-37, p<0.05 for all analyses). This study highlights the importance of curriculum-based training in networking. Participants showed a significant increase in pre-post networking self-efficacy and knowledge scores. Our ECHO-based curriculum, facilitator training, and manual enable easy implementation in other institutions, ensuring scalability and adaptability. Our analysis provides the evidence basis for examining the impact of a developmental network intervention in enhancing individual career networks.

Barriers and Challenges for Career Milestones Among Faculty Mentees.

'Critical' career milestones for faculty (e.g., tenure, securing grant funding) relate to career advancement, job satisfaction, service/leadership, scholarship/research, clinical or teaching activities, professionalism, compensation, and work-life balance. However, barriers and challenges to these milestones encountered by junior faculty have been inadequately studied, particularly those affecting underrepresented minorities in science (URM-S). Additionally, little is known about how barriers and challenges to career milestones have changed during the COVID-19 pandemic for URM-S and non-URM faculty mentees in science. In this study, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 31 faculty mentees from four academic institutions (located in New Mexico, Arizona, Idaho, and Hawaii), including 22 URM-S (women or racial/ethnic). Respondents were given examples of 'critical' career milestones and were asked to identify and discuss barriers and challenges that they have encountered or expect to encounter while working toward achieving these milestones. We performed thematic descriptive analysis using NVivo software in an iterative, team-based process. Our preliminary analysis identified five key themes that illustrate barriers and challenges encountered: Job and career development, Discrimination and a lack of workplace diversity; Lack of interpersonal relationships and inadequate social support at the workplace; Personal and family matters; and Unique COVID-19-related issues. COVID-19 barriers and challenges were related to online curriculum creation and administration, interpersonal relationship development, inadequate training/service/conference opportunities, and disruptions in childcare and schooling. Although COVID-19 helped create new barriers and challenges for junior faculty mentees, traditional barriers and challenges for 'critical' career milestones continue to be reported among our respondents. URM-S respondents also identified discrimination and diversity-related barriers and challenges. Subsequent interviews will focus on 12-month and 24-month follow-ups and provide additional insight into the unique challenges and barriers to 'critical' career milestones that URM and non-URM faculty in science have encountered during the unique historical context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Development and Content Validity Testing of the Mentor Behavioral Interaction Rubric.

Many mentor training interventions in higher education focus on improving interactions between mentors and mentees. Existing measures of interactions are based on reported perceptions of the mentor or mentee. However, there are currently no objective assessments of the mentor's behavioral skill. The purpose of this study was to develop a Mentor Behavioral Interaction (MBI) Rubric as a measure of a mentor's behavioral skill during single-episode interactions with a mentee. Subsequently, the content validity was assessed. The six items (Part 1), evaluated by five mentoring experts as quantifiable behaviors in any mentor-mentee interaction, were based on the Mentoring Competency Assessment (Fleming et al., 2013). The experts developed scoring criteria (highest, middle, and lowest performance) for each item, and created another eleven items (Part 2) to characterize the content (yes/no) of the interaction. Seven content experts rated the items and scoring criteria using a scale ranging from very (4) to not relevant (1) (Lynn, 1986). Five of the six Part 1 items and scoring criteria, and nine of the eleven Part 2 items had item content validity indices (I-CVI) ≥ 0.86. The Part 1 "motivates" item and scoring, and the Part 2 "personal/professional preferences" item were revised based on expert recommendations. One Part 2 item was deleted. Average scale content validity indices (S-CVI/Ave) were ≥ 0.90. The MBI Rubric is the first measure developed to assess single episodes of videoed mentor-mentee interactions. The Rubric may be used with other measures to assess the effectiveness of mentor training. Limitations include: evaluation of the mentor's behavior without accounting for the mentee's behavior; inability to infer cognitive processes; and focus on the quality of one interaction, rather than the effectiveness of the relationship over time. Future work will assess inter-rater reliability, sensitivity to change, and construct validity for the Rubric.

Organizations' Mentoring Culture is Associated With Mentoring Climate and Involvement.

Organizational culture is the shared, often unspoken, basic values, beliefs, and assumptions. Underlying culture influences organizational climate, the observable policies, practices, and procedures that faculty experience. Yet little is known about mentoring culture and climate in higher education. The purpose of this study was to a) conduct a psychometric evaluation of the 4-item Organizational Culture Mentoring Values (OCuM-V) scale and b) determine if organizational culture, operationalized as values related to mentoring, is associated with organizational mentoring climate (OMC) and involvement with mentoring. 298 [55 under-represented minority (URM)] faculty from University of New Mexico and Arizona State University completed a cross-sectional survey, including the OCuM-V scale and the 15-item OMC Availability (OMCA) scale. Items for both scales were rated No (1), Don't know (0), or Yes (1). Faculty reported if they were being mentored or providing mentoring. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Cronbach's alpha were used for scale evaluation. Spearman correlation and logistic regression were used to assess OCuM-V association with climate and mentoring involvement, respectively. Overall, 24% of faculty were being mentored (27% for URM), and 43% were mentoring (38% for URM). OCuM-V items loaded on a single factor in EFA (Cronbach's alpha=0.84 for all; 0.88 for URM). OCuM-V was positively correlated with OMCA (including institutional expectations, mentor-mentee relationships, and resources subscales) for both all and URM faculty (r>0.4 p<.001 for all). Greater OCuM-V was associated with an increased odds of being mentored (OR=1.75±1.19-2.61) and providing mentoring (OR=1.83±1.30-2.58). Mentoring culture is associated with mentoring climate. Faculty who perceive stronger OCuM-V report a stronger OMC (available structure, programs/activities, policies/guidelines) and are being mentored or providing mentoring more often. Limitations include a small sample size for the URM group and cross-sectional data collection. Organizational leaders should explicitly promote values related to mentoring to strengthen both mentoring culture and climate at their institutions.

Glaucoma de ángulo cerrado secundario a quistes del cuerpo ciliar tratado con ciclofotocoagulación transescleral subliminal. A propósito de un caso / Angle-closure glaucoma secondary to ciliary body cysts treated with subliminal transscleral cyclophotocoagulation. Report of a case

El glaucoma de ángulo cerrado secundario a quistes del cuerpo ciliar es una entidad infrecuente. Se han descrito diferentes modalidades de tratamiento tanto farmacológicas como quirúrgicas. Entre estas, la ciclofotocoagulación transescleral subliminal es una alternativa comprometedora por menores complicaciones oculares y la misma eficacia reductora de la presión intraocular. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 33 años con antecedente de hipertensión ocular de 6 años de evolución sin control y glaucoma de un mes de evolución, tratada con múltiples fármacos e intervenciones quirúrgicas, con persistencia de la presión intraocular elevada. Acudió a consulta por presentar dolor ocular y fotofobia de ojo derecho de 3 días de evolución previos a su visita. Se le realizó una ultrabiomicroscopia, encontrando quistes en el cuerpo ciliar por lo que se optó por la realización de ciclofotocoagulación transescleral subliminal, consiguiendo una reducción de la presión intraocular mantenida en el seguimiento a los 3 meses (AU)

Angle-closure glaucoma secondary to ciliary body cysts is a rare condition. Different pharmacological and surgical treatment modalities have been described. Among these, subliminal transscleral cyclophotocoagulation is a promising alternative due to fewer ocular complications and the same intraocular pressure reducing efficacy. The case is presented of a 33-year-old woman with a 6-year history of uncontrolled ocular hypertension, and a one-month history of glaucoma, treated with multiple drugs and surgical interventions, with persistent elevated intraocular pressure. She came to the clinic due to eye pain and photophobia of the right eye of 3 days onset prior to her visit. An ultrasound biomicroscopy was performed, finding cysts in the ciliary body. It was then decided to perform subliminal transscleral cyclophotocoagulation, achieving a reduction in intraocular pressure, which was maintained after three months of follow-up (AU)

Angle-closure glaucoma secondary to ciliary body cysts treated with subliminal transscleral cyclophotocoagulation. Report of a case.

Angle-closure glaucoma secondary to ciliary body cysts is a rare condition. Different pharmacological and surgical treatment modalities have been described. Among these, subliminal transscleral cyclophotocoagulation is a promising alternative due to fewer ocular complications and the same intraocular pressure reducing efficacy. The case is presented of a 33-year-old woman with a 6-year history of uncontrolled ocular hypertension, and a one-month history of glaucoma, treated with multiple drugs and surgical interventions, with persistent elevated intraocular pressure. She came to the clinic due to eye pain and photophobia of the right eye of 3 days onset prior to her visit. An ultrasound biomicroscopy was performed, finding cysts in the ciliary body. It was then decided to perform subliminal transscleral cyclophotocoagulation, achieving a reduction in intraocular pressure, which was maintained after three months of follow-up.

Faculty Rating of the Importance and Availability of Organizational Mentoring Climate.

Organizational climate is the shared perception of and the meaning attached to the policies, practices, and procedures employees experience. University faculty can assess their organizational mentoring climate (OMC) using recently published, reliable, and valid OMC importance (OMCI) and availability (OMCA) scales. Factors affecting the OMC's importance and availability are, however, not known. By studying these factors, organizational leaders can determine whether and how to change the OMC to improve faculty mentoring outcomes. In this cross-sectional study, 300 faculty from the University of New Mexico (Main, Health Sciences Center [HSC] and branch campuses) and Arizona State University (a non-HSC campus) completed the online OMCI and OMCA scales, each with three subscales: Organizational Expectations, Mentor-Mentee Relationships, and Resources. OMCI scale items were rated from very unimportant (1) to very important (5); and, for OMCA, -1 (no), 0 (don't know), 1 (yes). The study used linear regression analysis after normalizing the scales to M=0 and SD=1. Although not explicitly targeted for recruitment, the respondents were predominantly women, non-Hispanic White, senior, tenure-track faculty members who were neither providing mentoring nor receiving mentoring. In the multivariable models, women faculty attached greater importance to mentoring climate components than men. HSC faculty and those receiving mentoring reported greater availability of mentoring climate components than their respective counterparts. Underrepresented minority (URM) faculty did not rate OMCI or OMCA differently than non-URM faculty. Faculty subgroups in this study attached varying levels of importance to the OMC and rated the availability of climate components differently. Factors impacting the importance of the OMC differed from those affecting the perceived availability of the climate components. Based on their relative importance and lack of availability, organizational leaders should create, modify and implement structures, programs, and policies to improve organizational mentoring expectations, mentor-mentee relationships, and mentoring resources, thereby strengthening their OMC.

Developmental Networks Among Mentors and Mentees Involved in a Mentoring Intervention.

The growing application of social network-based theories and methods (Burt et al., 2013) in scholarship on mentoring illustrates that mentoring goes beyond dyadic relationships comprising a senior mentor and a junior protégé (Higgins & Kram, 2001). However, limited data exist on the state of developmental networks of university faculty. This study examines developmental network characteristics among mentors and mentees participating in an ongoing intervention that aims to enhance career success through improved mentoring. Cross-sectional data come from 81 faculty mentors and mentees at three universities in the Southwestern United States. Using the online Modified Mentoring Network Questionnaire (MNQ), participants provided information on relationships with developers, who are people that have taken concerted action, and provided professional and/or personal guidance to help participants advance in their careers. An individual's developmental network comprises relationships with developers. We conducted exploratory analyses examining key characteristics of mentors' and mentees' developmental networks. Participants received psychosocial and career support from an average of 4.9 developers (4.8 and 5.1 for mentors and mentees respectively) from 2.3 arenas (2.2 and 2.4 arenas for mentors and mentees, respectively). While the most common arena was the respondents' current job/position (62%, 64% and 59% for all participants, mentors, and mentees respectively), developers were from graduate school (11%, 6% and 17%); prior jobs/positions (13%, 16% and 9%) and family (8%, 5% and 11%). Our preliminary findings suggest that developers are important for university faculty and that methods and insights from social network analysis can be applied to examine their support networks. As our study is part of an ongoing longitudinal intervention, these findings will inform future analyses that will examine changes in developmental network characteristics and its impact on participants' careers.

Síndrome del túnel carpiano: análisis epidemiológico de los casos atendidos en los servicios hospitalarios de México / Carpal tunnel syndrome: Epidemiological analysis of cases treated in hospital services in Mexico

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO: El síndrome del túnel carpiano es la neuropatía más común del sistema nervioso periférico y de la extremidad superior. A pesar de los diversos estudios realizados a nivel mundial, algunos autores sugieren más estudios para comprender mejor la incidencia y prevalencia del síndrome del túnel carpiano. El objetivo es analizar los casos de síndrome del túnel carpiano atendidos durante el período comprendido entre 2011 y 2017 en México. Materiales y métodos: Estudio epidemiológico, observacional, transversal y retrospectivo que incluyó todos los casos de síndrome del túnel carpiano que requirieron atención hospitalaria y fueron registrados en la base de datos de egreso hospitalario de la secretaría de salud entre 2011 y 2017. Se incluyeron las variables sexo, peso, talla, lugar en donde ocurrió la atención, servicio hospitalario que prestó la atención, diagnóstico de ingreso y egreso, fecha de atención, así como días de estancia hospitalaria. Los análisis estadísticos se efectuaron con Stata® 14. RESULTADOS: Se atendieron 3.459 pacientes en el período estudiado, teniendo 494,1 ± 51,73 (492,41-495,86) casos por año. La frecuencia fue mayor entre las mujeres (87,42%) que entre los hombres (12,5%). Con respecto a la edad, la media fue de 49,07 (± 12,29) años. En la distribución por grupos de edad, se observó una mayor frecuencia de casos en los grupos entre 40 y 49 años y entre 50 y 59 años. Con respecto al índice de masa corporal, la media fue de 27,78 ± 5,35; se encontró que dos terceras partes de los pacientes presentaron sobrepeso u obesidad. CONCLUSIONES: El síndrome del túnel carpiano es más frecuente en mujeres, en edades entre 40 y 59 años, y en personas con sobrepeso y obesidad

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common neuropathy of the peripheral nervous system and upper limb. Not with standing the studies conducted worldwide, some authors suggest more research for a better understanding of carpal tunnel syndrome incidence and prevalence. The objective is to analyze the caseload of carpal tunnel syndrome in Mexico during the period between 2011 and 2017. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An epidemiological, observational, cross-sectional, and retrospective study was conducted using cases of carpal tunnel syndrome that required hospital care and were recorded in the hospital discharge database of the Ministry of Health between 2011 and 2017. Variables such as sex, weight, height, the Mexican state where the care was provided, the hospital service providing the care, admission and discharge diagnosis, date of care, and the number of days of hospital stay were included. The statistical analyses were carried out with STATA ® 14. RESULTS: During the study period, 3,459 patients were treated, there being 494.1 ± 51.73 (492.41-495.86) cases per year. The frequency of cases was higher among women (87.42%) than among men (12.5%). The mean age was 49.07 (± 12.29) years. By age group a higher frequency of cases was observed in the groups aged from 40-49 and 50-59. The mean body mass index was 27.7 8± 5.35 and two-thirds of the patients were overweight or obese. CONCLUSIONS: Carpal tunnel syndrome is more common in women, in people between the ages of 40 and 59, and in people who are overweight or obese

[Main causes of orthopedic external consultation in a Second Level Clinic in Mexico]. / Principales motivos de consulta externa ortopédica en un hospital de segundo nivel en México.

INTRODUCTION: The epidemiology of diseases allows the generation of preventive measures, for the modification of their natural evolution or to prevent their appearance. In second-level hospitals of care, most of the pathologies of each medical specialty are treated. Therefore, knowing the main reasons for external consultation in orthopedics and their seasonal predominance is a tool for implementing strategies for the benefit of patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational study carried out with the patient population of the external orthopedic consultation service of a second-level hospital of care, from January to December 2017. Patients over the age of 18 who first attended consultation were included. RESULTS: 11,704 consultations granted in the period, 7,862 (67.17%) women and 3,842 (32.82%) men. The average age of patients was 51.84 ± 0.14. The most common cause of consultation was arthropathies (47.65%). During the autumn, the largest number of consultations (32.33) were granted. CONCLUSIONS: Arthropathies, specifically gonarthrosis, were the main reason for external consultation, accounting for nearly half of the consultations granted. It is transcendental to identify the modifiable risk factors of these pathologies with the aim of reducing the negative impact it generates at the functional, economic and quality of life level. Clinical relevance: Further epidemiological studies on orthopedic pathologies will improve preventive strategies and optimize resources to improve patient care.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La epidemiología de las enfermedades permite la generación de medidas preventivas para la modificación de su evolución natural o para evitar su aparición. En los hospitales de segundo nivel de atención se tratan la mayor parte de las patologías de cada especialidad médica. Por lo tanto, saber los principales motivos de consulta externa en ortopedia y su predominio estacional es una herramienta para la implementación de estrategias en beneficio de los pacientes. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional realizado con la población de pacientes del servicio de consulta externa de ortopedia de un hospital de segundo nivel de atención de Enero a Diciembre del año 2017. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años que acudieron a consulta por primera vez. RESULTADOS: De 11,704 consultas otorgadas en el período, 7,862 (67.17%) fueron mujeres y 3,842 (32.82%) hombres. La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 51.84 ± 0.14. La causa más frecuente de consulta fueron las artropatías (47.65%). Durante el otoño se otorgó el mayor número de consultas (32.33%). CONCLUSIONES: Las artropatías, específicamente la gonartrosis, fue el principal motivo de consulta externa, representando casi la mitad de las consultas otorgadas. Es transcendental identificar los factores de riesgo modificables de estas patologías con el objetivo de disminuir el impacto negativo que genera a nivel funcional, económico y de calidad de vida. Importancia clínica: La realización de más estudios epidemiológicos sobre las patologías ortopédicas permitirá mejorar las estrategias preventivas y optimizar los recursos para mejorar la atención de los pacientes.

[Basis for the multidisciplinary approach to shoulder pseudoparesis and pseudoparalysis due to rotator cuff pathology]. / Bases para el abordaje multidisciplinario de la seudo paresia y seudo parálisis de hombro por patología del manguito rotador.

INTRODUCTION: The painful shoulder is an entity that generates much of the orthopedic consultations worldwide, although it can affect at any stage of life, its prevalence is higher as age increases. Rotator cuff condition is often the most relevant cause of pain and dysfunction. Two common consequences of rotator cuff condition are pseudoparesis and pseudoparalysis, and even though they share similar etiology and symptomatology, their clinical differentiation is critical for optimal management and timely resolution. OBJECTIVE: To review the theoretical and clinical bases for the differentiation and management of pseudoparesis and pseudoparalysis due to rotator cuff pathology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive review of the concepts of pseudoparesis and pseudoparalysis from the orthopedic, physiotherapy and rehabilitation perspective. RESULTS: Once the differences in rotator cuff injury mechanisms and how they translate into painful shoulder semiology are understood, it is possible to integrate a differential diagnosis between pseudoparesia and pseudoparalysis. Diagnosis should integrate specific evaluations and exercises to identify both conditions and, once distinguished and identified, allow optimal guidance of therapeutic approach. CONCLUSION: The differentiation between pseudoparalysis and pseudoparesis allows us to understand the mechanisms of injury and, finally, to provide the optimal treatment for patients with painful shoulder due to rotator cuff pathology.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El hombro doloroso es una entidad que genera gran parte de las consultas de ortopedia a nivel mundial, si bien puede afectar en cualquier etapa de la vida, su prevalencia es mayor conforme aumenta la edad. La afección del manguito rotador suele ser la causa más relevante de dolor y disfunción. Dos consecuencias comunes de la afección del manguito rotador son la seudo paresia y la seudo parálisis y aun cuando comparten una etiología y sintomatología semejantes, su diferenciación clínica es fundamental para su manejo óptimo y resolución oportuna. OBJETIVO: Revisar las bases teóricas y clínicas para la diferenciación y manejo de la seudo paresia y seudo parálisis por patología del manguito rotador. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Revisión descriptiva de los conceptos de seudo paresia y seudo parálisis desde la perspectiva ortopédica, de fisioterapia y rehabilitación. RESULTADOS: Una vez que se comprenden las diferencias en los mecanismos de lesión del manguito rotador y el modo en el que se traducen en la semiología del hombro doloroso, es posible integrar un diagnóstico diferencial entre seudo paresia y seudo parálisis. El diagnóstico debe integrar las evaluaciones y ejercicios específicos para que permitan identificar ambas condiciones y, una vez que se han distinguido e identificado, permitirá orientar el abordaje terapéutico de manera óptima. CONCLUSIÓN: La diferenciación entre seudo parálisis y seudo paresia permite comprender los mecanismos de lesión y, finalmente, proporcionar el tratamiento óptimo a los pacientes con hombro doloroso por patología del manguito rotador.

[Prevalence in Mexico of giant cell tumor, osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma (2013-2017)]. / Prevalencia en México del tumor de células gigantes, osteosarcoma y condrosarcoma (2013-2017).

INTRODUCTION: Primary bone tumors make up 1% of cancers in adults, the most common being osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma. Giant cell tumor (GCT) is a locally aggressive benign neoplasm, accounting for 4-10% of all primary bone tumors, but in certain populations it accounts for up to 20%. The main objective of this work was to determine the proportion of GCTs, osteosarcomas and chondrosarcomas in a period of five years, and describe the characteristics of the patients from whom they come. Clinical implications: More information about the epidemiology of bone tumors is required to know their epidemiology in the Mexican population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive observational study of a retrospective cross section including all patients who underwent surgery for tumoral resection, in public hospitals at national level, and whose histopathological pieces were processed and resulted in tissue compatible with a) GCT, b) osteosarcomas and c) chondrosarcomas. RESULTS: Between 2013 and 2017, 138 cases of the three primary bone tumors studied were reported, giant cell tumor (50%), osteosarcoma (25.36%) and chondrosarcoma (24.64%). The states with the highest number of cases were the state of Mexico (45.65%) and Mexico City (26.81%). Women had a higher prevalence (57.25%) than men (42.75%). The average age of presentation of the tumors was 36.80 years. CONCLUSIONS: GCT is not an uncommon tumor in the Mexican population, since it has its own characteristics.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los tumores óseos primarios constituyen 1% de los cánceres en el adulto, siendo los más frecuentes el osteosarcoma y el condrosarcoma. La tumoración de células gigantes (TCG) es una neoplasia benigna localmente agresiva, que representa de 4-10% de todos los tumores óseos primarios, pero en ciertas poblaciones representa el hasta 20%. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue determinar la proporción de los TCG, osteosarcomas y condrosarcomas en un período de cinco años y describir las características de las pacientes de los cuales proceden. Importancia clínica: se requieren más datos acerca de la epidemiología de los tumores de los huesos, para conocer su epidemiología en la población mexicana. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal retrospectivo incluyendo a la totalidad de pacientes que fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente mediante resección tumoral, en los hospitales públicos a nivel nacional, y cuyas piezas histopatológicas fueron procesadas y dieron como resultado tejido compatible con: a) TCG, b) osteosarcomas y c) condrosarcomas. RESULTADOS: Entre el 2013 y 2017 se reportaron 138 casos de los tres tumores óseos primarios estudiados, el tumor de células gigantes (50%), el osteosarcoma (25.36%) y el condrosarcoma (24.64%). Los estados que tuvieron mayor número de incidencias fueron el Estado de México (45.65%) y la Ciudad de México (26.81%). Las mujeres presentaron una mayor prevalencia (57.25%) que los hombres (42.75%). La edad media de presentación de los tumores fue 36.80 años. CONCLUSIONES: El TCG no es una tumoración infrecuente en la población mexicana, ya que cuenta con características propias.

Riesgo de caídas y de sensibilidad periférica entre adultos mayores con diabetes / Risk of falls and peripheral sensitivity among older adults with diabetes

Objetivo: Determinar el riesgo de caídas, de neuropatía periférica, antecedentes de caídas y factores de riesgo en el hogar entre adultos mayores con diabetes mellitus tipo2. Materiales y métodos: Se empleó un diseño observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal en una población de adultos mayores con diabetes. La obtención de los datos fue realizada en dos fases: a) revisión de expedientes clínicos, y b) visitas para la aplicación de un cuestionario ad hoc y de las pruebas estandarizadas de riesgo de caídas y sensibilidad periférica. Resultados: El 88% de los participantes presentó niveles elevados de glucosa en ayuno, y el 85%, riesgo de neuropatía diabética. La media de caídas en el último año fue de 1 (± 0,7). En cuanto al riesgo de caídas con la escala Tinetti, el 3% no tuvo riesgo, el 81% tuvo riesgo y el 16%, riesgo grave; con la escala J.H. Downton, el 2% tuvo riesgo leve, el 70%, moderado, y el 28%, grave. Estadísticamente se produjo una correlación positiva entre el número de caídas y la puntuación Tinetti (CC 0,83), la sensibilidad periférica (0,96) y el número de obstáculos en el hogar (CC 0,62). Conclusiones: Entre los adultos mayores con diabetes tipo 2 existe un riesgo de caídas y de neuropatía periférica

Objective: To determine the risk of falls, peripheral neuropathy, as well as the antecedents of falls and risk factors in the home among elderly people diagnosed with type2 diabetes. Materials and methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on an elderly population with diabetes. The data was obtained in two phases: a) review of clinical files, and b) application of a survey and standardised tests for fall risk and peripheral sensitivity in the participants' homes. Results: Of the participants, 88% had high fasting glucose levels and 85% risk of diabetic neuropathy. The mean number of falls in the last year was 1 (± 0.7). Regarding the assessment of fall risk, 3% had no risk, 81% had risk and 16% serious risk with the Tinetti scale; with the J.H. Downton test, 2% had minor risk, 70% moderate risk and 28% severe risk. Statistically, a positive correlation was found between the number of falls and the Tinetti score (CC 0.83), peripheral sensitivity (0.96) and the number of obstacles at home (CC 0.62). Conclusions: A risk prevails among elderly people with diabetes for peripheral neuropathy and falls

Reparación de lesiones en nervios mediante el implante de prótesis obtenidas de segmentos acelulares de nervio isogénico / Repair of nerve injury by implanting prostheses obtained from isogenic acellular nerve segments

Introducción. Cuando se produce una sección nerviosa con separación significativa de los cabos es necesario utilizar una prótesis, a modo de puente, para suturarlos. La mejor prótesis es un segmento de nervio autógeno, pero presenta importantes inconvenientes. Nuestro objetivo es comparar la eficacia de la sutura simple con la tubulización para el implante de una prótesis de nervio isogénico descelularizado. Material y método. Se utilizan 4 grupos de ratas Wistar. Grupo 0: animales donantes de nervio ciático. Grupo 1: recibió el implante con sutura término-terminal. Grupo 2: recibió el implante dentro de un tubo de ??-caprolactona. Grupo 3: lo recibió en un tubo de poliláctico-co-glicólico. Se evaluó la función motora (índice ciático) y la extensión de la regeneración (estudio histológico) a las 3 semanas del implante. Resultados. La regeneración ha sido irregular en los 3 grupos experimentales. En todos hay implantes en los que las fibras nerviosas regeneran la longitud máxima estudiada (15mm) y otros en los que la regeneración es muy escasa. La longitud media de regeneración es mayor en el grupo de sutura directa (G1), aunque la velocidad es similar en los 3. El grupo 1 muestra el mayor porcentaje de regeneración, aunque la variabilidad de los resultados impide que esta diferencia alcance significación estadística. No hemos hallado diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos con tubos de diferentes polímeros. Conclusión. Para implantar prótesis de nervios isogénicos descelularizados es más eficaz, en nuestras condiciones experimentales, la sutura término-terminal que los tubos de polímeros biocompatibles (AU)

Introduction. When a nerve section with a significant gap occurs, it is necessary to use a prosthesis to suture it. To date an autologous nerve segment graft appears to be the best treatment; but it has several important disadvantages. Our goal is to study the effectiveness of an isogenic acellular nerve prosthesis comparing a simple suture with tubulisation. Material and method. Four groups of Wistar rats were used. The animals in Group 0 served as donors of nerve segments to graft. Group 1 received the implant with an end-to-end suture. In group 2, the implant was sutured inside an ??-caprolactone tube. Group 3 received it in a polylactic-co-glycolic acid tube. We evaluated the motor function (sciatic index and step test in motion), and the regeneration length by histological study of regeneration, after a maximum of 3 weeks. Results. Regeneration was uneven in the three groups. In all groups, there were implants with regenerated nerve fibres at the maximum studied length (15mm) and others where regeneration was scarce. The mean regeneration length was greater in the direct end-to-end suture group (G1), although the regeneration speed was similar in the three groups. Group 1 showed the highest percentage of regeneration, but the variability of results prevents this difference reaching statistical significance. We found no significant differences between the two groups with polymer tubes. Conclusion. For the implantation of isogenic acellular nerve prosthesis, under our experimental conditions, the direct end-to-end suture was more effective than when it isprotected with biopolymer tubes (AU)

Repair of nerve injury by implanting prostheses obtained from isogenic acellular nerve segments. / Reparación de lesiones en nervios mediante el implante de prótesis obtenidas de segmentos acelulares de nervio isogénico.

INTRODUCTION: When a nerve section with a significant gap occurs, it is necessary to use a prosthesis to suture it. To date an autologous nerve segment graft appears to be the best treatment; but it has several important disadvantages. Our goal is to study the effectiveness of an isogenic acellular nerve prosthesis comparing a simple suture with tubulisation. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Four groups of Wistar rats were used. The animals in Group 0 served as donors of nerve segments to graft. Group 1 received the implant with an end-to-end suture. In group 2, the implant was sutured inside an ɛ-caprolactone tube. Group 3 received it in a polylactic-co-glycolic acid tube. We evaluated the motor function (sciatic index and step test in motion), and the regeneration length by histological study of regeneration, after a maximum of 3 weeks. RESULTS: Regeneration was uneven in the three groups. In all groups, there were implants with regenerated nerve fibres at the maximum studied length (15mm) and others where regeneration was scarce. The mean regeneration length was greater in the direct end-to-end suture group (G1), although the regeneration speed was similar in the three groups. Group 1 showed the highest percentage of regeneration, but the variability of results prevents this difference reaching statistical significance. We found no significant differences between the two groups with polymer tubes. CONCLUSION: For the implantation of isogenic acellular nerve prosthesis, under our experimental conditions, the direct end-to-end suture was more effective than when it isprotected with biopolymer tubes.

Uso de probióticos en las vaginosis bacterianas / Use of probiotics in bacterial vaginosis

Introducción. La vaginosis bacteriana (VB) es una alteración de la microbiota vaginal por sobrecrecimiento bacteriano de los microorganismos habituales que produce síntomas de malestar vaginal, aumento de flujo vaginal maloliente, etc. Está en entredicho el papel de los probióticos en estas situaciones, aunque se ha visto en la práctica clínica que mejoran las tasas de recurrencias. Se presenta una revisión bibliográfica sobre la VB para valorar la efectividad del uso de probióticos como tratamiento adyuvante en VB. Método. Revisión en PubMed, Cochrane y SCOPUS de los últimos 5 años de las publicaciones que utilicen probióticos para el tratamiento de mujeres diagnosticadas de VB. Resultados. Se analizaron 10 artículos que hacen referencia al uso de probióticos en adición con tratamientos antibióticos. Conclusiones. Todos los artículos concluyen que el uso de probióticos es beneficioso en los casos de VB en adición a los tratamientos convencionales. No obstante, las conclusiones no son categóricas porque hay gran variedad de estudios y probióticos utilizados (AU)

Introduction. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a change in the vaginal microbiota due to bacterial overgrowth of normal microorganisms, which produces symptoms of vaginal discomfort, increased malodorous vaginal discharge, etc. Although they been seen to improve recurrence rates in clinical practice, the role of probiotics is questioned in these situations. A literature review on BV is presented in order to evaluate the effectiveness of using probiotics as adjuvant therapy in BV. Method. PubMed, Cochrane and SCOPUS review of the last 5 years publications using probiotics to treat women diagnosed with BV. Results. An analysis was performed on the 10 items that refer to the use of probiotics in addition to antibiotic treatments. Conclusions. All items conclude that the use of probiotics is beneficial in cases of BV in addition to conventional treatments. However, the conclusions are not categorical due to there being a wide variety of studies and probiotics used (AU)