Oxidative stress is involved in LLLT mechanism of action on skin healing in rats.

The skin injury healing process involves the main phases of homoeostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. The present study aimed to analyze the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on hematological dynamics, oxidative stress markers, and its relation with tissue healing following skin injury. Wistar rats were divided into control, sham, skin injury, and skin injury LLLT. The biochemical and morphological analyses were performed in the inflammatory (1 and 3 days) and regenerative phases (7, 14, and 21 days) following injury. The skin injury was performed in the dorsal region, between the intrascapular lines, using a surgical punch. LLLT (Al-Ga-In-P, λ=660 nm, energy density of 20 J/cm2, 30 mW power, and a time of 40 s) was applied at the area immediately after injury and on every following day according to the experimental subgroups. LLLT maintained hematocrit and hemoglobin levels until the 3rd day of treatment. Surprisingly, LLLT increased total leukocytes levels compared to control until the 3rd day. The effects of LLLT on mitochondrial activity were demonstrated by the significant increase in MTT levels in both inflammatory and regenerative phases (from the 1st to the 7th day), but only when associated with skin injury. The results indicated that LLLT modulated the inflammatory response intensity and accelerated skin tissue healing by a mechanism that involved oxidative damage reduction mostly at early stages of skin healing (inflammatory phase).

Oxidative stress is involved in LLLT mechanism of action on skin healing in rats

The skin injury healing process involves the main phases of homoeostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. The present study aimed to analyze the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on hematological dynamics, oxidative stress markers, and its relation with tissue healing following skin injury. Wistar rats were divided into control, sham, skin injury, and skin injury LLLT. The biochemical and morphological analyses were performed in the inflammatory (1 and 3 days) and regenerative phases (7, 14, and 21 days) following injury. The skin injury was performed in the dorsal region, between the intrascapular lines, using a surgical punch. LLLT (Al-Ga-In-P, λ=660 nm, energy density of 20 J/cm2, 30 mW power, and a time of 40 s) was applied at the area immediately after injury and on every following day according to the experimental subgroups. LLLT maintained hematocrit and hemoglobin levels until the 3rd day of treatment. Surprisingly, LLLT increased total leukocytes levels compared to control until the 3rd day. The effects of LLLT on mitochondrial activity were demonstrated by the significant increase in MTT levels in both inflammatory and regenerative phases (from the 1st to the 7th day), but only when associated with skin injury. The results indicated that LLLT modulated the inflammatory response intensity and accelerated skin tissue healing by a mechanism that involved oxidative damage reduction mostly at early stages of skin healing (inflammatory phase).

Sentiment Analysis in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders in an Ingroup/Outgroup Setting.

People punish transgressors with different intensity depending if they are members of their group or not. We explore this in a cross-sectional analytical study with paired samples in children with developmental disorders who watched two videos and expressed their opinion. In Video-1, a football-player from the participant's country scores a goal with his hand. In Video-2, a player from another country does the same against the country of the participant. Each subject watched the two videos and their answers were compared. The autism spectrum disorder (ASD) group showed negative feelings in Video 1 (M = - .1; CI 95% - .51 to .31); and in Video 2 (M = - .43; CI 95% .77 to - .09; t(8) = 1.64, p = .13), but the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, learning disabilities, intellectual disability groups showed positive opinion in Video-1 and negative in Video-2. This suggests that children with ASD respect rules regardless of whether those who break them belong or not to their own group, possibly due to lower degrees of empathy.

Cryotherapy: biochemical alterations involved in reduction of damage induced by exhaustive exercise.

When exercises are done in intense or exhaustive modes, several acute biochemical mechanisms are triggered. The use of cryotherapy as cold-water immersion is largely used to accelerate the process of muscular recovery based on its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The present study aimed to study the biochemical effects of cold-water immersion treatment in mice submitted to exercise-induced exhaustion. Swiss albino mice were divided into 4 treatment groups: control, cold-water immersion (CWI), swimming exhaustive protocol (SEP), and SEP+CWI. Treatment groups were subdivided into times of analysis: 0, 1, 3, and 5 days. Exhaustion groups were submitted to one SEP session, and the CWI groups submitted to one immersion session (12 min at 12°C) every 24 h. Reactive species production, inflammatory, cell viability, and antioxidant status were assessed. The SEP+CWI group showed a decrease in inflammatory damage biomarkers, and reactive species production, and presented increased cell viability compared to the SEP group. Furthermore, CWI increased acetylcholinesterase activity in the first two sessions. The present study showed that CWI was an effective treatment after exercise-induced muscle damage. It enhanced anti-inflammatory response, decreased reactive species production, increased cell viability, and promoted redox balance, which could decrease the time for the recovery process.

Cryotherapy: biochemical alterations involved in reduction of damage induced by exhaustive exercise

When exercises are done in intense or exhaustive modes, several acute biochemical mechanisms are triggered. The use of cryotherapy as cold-water immersion is largely used to accelerate the process of muscular recovery based on its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The present study aimed to study the biochemical effects of cold-water immersion treatment in mice submitted to exercise-induced exhaustion. Swiss albino mice were divided into 4 treatment groups: control, cold-water immersion (CWI), swimming exhaustive protocol (SEP), and SEP+CWI. Treatment groups were subdivided into times of analysis: 0, 1, 3, and 5 days. Exhaustion groups were submitted to one SEP session, and the CWI groups submitted to one immersion session (12 min at 12°C) every 24 h. Reactive species production, inflammatory, cell viability, and antioxidant status were assessed. The SEP+CWI group showed a decrease in inflammatory damage biomarkers, and reactive species production, and presented increased cell viability compared to the SEP group. Furthermore, CWI increased acetylcholinesterase activity in the first two sessions. The present study showed that CWI was an effective treatment after exercise-induced muscle damage. It enhanced anti-inflammatory response, decreased reactive species production, increased cell viability, and promoted redox balance, which could decrease the time for the recovery process.

The Importance of Wild Canids in the Epidemiology of Rabies in Northeast Brazil: A Retrospective Study.

Rabies is an endemic disease in Brazil, where it is considered a serious public health problem. Although the number of human and dog-transmitted cases has declined in recent decades, rabies in wildlife has emerged considerably. Among the sylvatic animals, wild canids have been considered important hosts of the rabies virus. We performed a retrospective study of reported cases of rabies in wild canids and human victims in Ceará state (Northeast Brazil) during 2003 to 2013. Information was provided by governmental laboratories involved in rabies detection and by the Ministry of Health. From January 2003 to December 2013, a total of 11 931 animal samples were examined for rabies. Positivity were detected in 438 samples (3.67%), of which 229 (52.28%) were domestic animals, 105 (23.97%) wild canids and 104 (23.74%) other wild animals (bats, marmosets and raccoons). Approximately 33% of wild canids surveyed (n = 317) were positive for rabies. During the studied period, a total of 1923 attacks on humans by wild canids were registered. Males (n = 1405) were more affected than females (n = 520; 72.98% versus 27.01%), and the median age of all cases was 36.5 years. Injuries to individuals up to 19 years old corresponded to approximately 30% (n = 565) of all cases. Most of the victims lived in rural areas (72.46%; n = 1395), and the majority showed bites (81.13%; n = 1677) or scratches (12.23%; n = 253). Injuries were considered profound (52.1%; n = 1003), superficial (40.91; n = 788) or multiple with severe laceration (6.98%; n = 134). Only 1300 (67.53%) victims were enrolled for the complete rabies post-exposure prophylaxis scheme. Data from the present study confirm that wild canids are important hosts of rabies virus in northeastern Brazil and jeopardize rabies control in this area. Local authorities should focus their efforts in education of health professionals. In addition, strategies should be formulated to preserve wildlife.

Aproximación a la experiencia de cuerpo y sexualidad de un grupo de mujeres chilenas con discapacidad física congénita / Approach to the experience of body and sexuality of a group of Chilean women with congenital physical disability

La presente investigación de carácter cualitativo y exploratorio, tuvo por objetivo aproximarse a la experiencia de cuerpo y sexualidad de un grupo de mujeres chilenas con discapacidad física congénita. Para ello se realizó una entrevista en profundidad a 5 mujeres, las cuales fueron analizadas mediante el método comparativo constante de Glasser & Strauss. Los resultados sugieren que las participantes han experimentado variados procesos de legitimación corporal y sexual, principalmente en contextos institucionales socio sanitarios y familiares. El mayor problema al que se enfrentan las participantes reside en las actitudes estereotipadas y discriminatorias de las que han sido objeto como consecuencia del imaginario social asociado a la discapacidad y al género. Sin embargo, se destaca la presencia de experiencias performativas que tensionan el discurso hegemónico, posibilitando así, cambios sobre las definiciones existentes del cuerpo discapacitado y su sexualidad. Concluimos que, al ser la sexualidad una actividad cotidiana y significativa en la vida de las personas, es importante que los Terapeutas Ocupacionales desarrollemos una praxis reflexiva que permita develar la reproducción del discurso normalizador de la sexualidad y que aporte a la consagración del derecho a la diversidad sexual en todas sus formas.

The current qualitative and exploratory research had the purpose of focusing on the sexuality and body experience of a group of congenital handicapped Chilean women. For that purpose, five women were interviewed in depth using the Glasser & Strauss Constant Comparative Method. Results suggest that the participants have experienced several processes of corporeal and sexual legitimation in both familiar and sociosanitario contexts. The major problem that the participants have to face lies in the prejudiced and clichéd attitudes they have been subjected to, which a result of the collective imagination association to disability and gender. Nonetheless, the presence of performative experiences which push the hegemonic speech is highlighted, thus favoring changes on the existing definitions of the disabled body and its sexuality. We conclude that, being an everyday sexuality and significant activity in the lives of persons, it is important that occupational therapists develop a reflective practice that allows unveil the re-production of normalizing discourse of sexuality and contribution to the recognition of the right sexual diversity in all its forms.

Effect of glucans from Caripia montagnei mushroom on TNBS-induced colitis.

In this study, we evaluated the effect of different doses of polysaccharides extracted from Caripia montagnei mushroom at different intervals of treatment on colonic injury in the model of colitis induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). The FT-IR analysis and NMR showed that the polysaccharides from this species of mushroom are composed of α- and ß-glucans. The colonic damage was evaluated by macroscopic, histological, biochemical and immunologic analyses. The results showed the reduction of colonic lesions in all groups treated with the glucans. Such glucans significantly reduced the levels of IL-6 (50 and 75 mg/kg, p < 0.05), a major inflammatory cytokine. Biochemical analyses showed that the glucans from C. montagnei acted on reducing levels of alkaline phosphatase (75 mg/kg, p < 0.01) and myeloperoxidase (p < 0.001), a result confirmed by the reduction of cellular infiltration observed microscopically. The increase of catalase activity possibly indicates a protective effect of these glucans on colonic tissue, confirming their anti-inflammatory potential.

Evaluación de la transferencia de oxígeno en un biorreactor convencional con aireador externo / Evaluation of oxygen transfer in a conventional bioreactor with external aerator

En el cultivo de microorganismos aerobios se ha observado que los biorreactores convencionales conducen a inconvenientes asociados a la limitación de oxígeno. Para dar solución a esta problemática se diseñó, construyó y evaluó un prototipo de biorreactor con aireador externo. Este sistema permitió incrementar la velocidad de transferencia del oxígeno desde la fase gaseosa a la fase líquida, superando la limitación de oxígeno. Sin embargo, esta nueva configuración carece de modelos empíricos o teóricos para predecir la transferencia de oxígeno a través del cálculo del coeficiente global de transferencia de oxígeno (KLa). En ese sentido, en este trabajo se propuso el uso de análisis dimensional (Teorema Pi de Buckingham), como herramienta para evaluar el efecto sobre el KLa de las diferentes variables involucradas en el proceso, como las de operación, las propiedades de los fluidos y dimensiones geométricas. Luego de desarrollar el análisis propuesto, se encontró una correlación de 0.89 entre los valores generados por el modelo y los datos experimentales disponibles. Se encontró que las variables con mayor incidencia sobre el coeficiente KLa son el flujo de medio de cultivo que circula por el aireador externo denominado flujo de recirculación, la presión en el aireador externo y la velocidad de agitación.

In aerobic microorganism culture, it has been observed that conventional bioreactors lead to disadvantages associated with oxygen limitation. To solve this problem it was designed, built and tested a bioreactor prototype with external aerator. This system allowed increasing the speed of oxygen transfer from gas phase to liquid phase, overcoming the limitation of oxygen. However, this new configuration doesn't have theoretical or empirical models to predict the oxygen transfer by calculating the global volumetric coefficient of transfer of oxygen (KLa).In that way, this paper proposed the use of dimensional analysis (Buckingham's Pi Theorem), as a tool to evaluate the effect of various operating variables, fluid properties and geometrical dimensions involved in the process over KLa. After developing the proposed analysis, we found a correlation of 0.89 between the values generated by the model and the available experimental data. It was found that the main variables which affect the coefficient KLa are: the medium flow flowing through the external aerator called recirculation flow, the pressure in the external aerator, and the stirring speed.

Trypanosoma cruzi: alpha-2-macroglobulin regulates host cell apoptosis induced by the parasite infection in vitro.

A2M is a broad spectrum proteinase inhibitor and cytokine carrier, besides presenting anti-apoptotic activity through the binding to its receptor, LRP. During Trypanosoma cruzi infection, apoptosis of host cells and intracellular parasites is commonly observed both in vivo and in vitro. Since plasma as well as tissue A2M levels are increased in both murine and human acute T. cruzi infection, we evaluated the possible role of A2M (its methylamine transformed Fast form-A2M-F) in regulating apoptotic events in peritoneal macrophages and cardiomyocytes during in vitro interaction with the parasite. Our data showed that DNA fragmentation (a hallmark of apoptosis) of both host cells and parasites was inhibited by A2M-F. Impaired apoptosis was also noted when A2M-F was added to the cultures maintained under serum deprivation. In addition, macrophages from C57/BL6 mice, known to display higher LRP levels as compared to those of C3H lineage, displayed higher reduction in the apoptotic levels during the A2M-F treatment.

[Syphilis in adolescent mothers in the city of Posadas, Province of Misiones]. / Sifilis en madres adolescentes en la ciudad de Posadas, Provincia de Misiones.

During three months (April to June 1997) 1,238 consecutive pregnant women were studied at the time of delivery at the Madariaga public Hospital. Syphilis was confirmed in 26 (2.1%) women, and 15 cases (57.7%) of congenital syphilis were demonstrated in newborns one of whom was a stillborn. Of the syphilitic women 61.5% were 20 years old (average), 65.4% were single, 19.2% had a stable partner and 15.4% were married; 70% of them had finished elementary school (seven years), but despite this discrete level of instruction and that they were benefited with free health attention, 73% of them had not started or completed the pregnancy control. None of these women acted as sexual workers or were drug users; 57.7% were unemployed and the remainder worked as domestic servants or were still going to school. Menarca started at 13 (average) and the age of the first sexual activity was 15 (average). The distribution of the cases of syphilis within the city area shows four clusters that coincide with the lower income population, but not with marginal groups. The failure to submit to medical control during pregnancy among syphilitic women is directly linked with an increased risk for congenital syphilis. The specific prevalence of syphilis in women (20 years old or less) pregnant or not, shows an alarming hidden epidemic situation. An interinstitutional and communitary program, with direct interventions within the detected population clusters, is now underway in order to control syphilis. Undesired pregnancy and syphilis seem to be associated with adolescent unsafe sex conducts. A coordinated program between Public Health Service and National Misiones University is operating, visiting home by home, in order to decrease or eliminate congenital syphilis and is considered a priority health problem. Unfortunately, if sexual conducts do not undergo changes in the near future, at least by the correct use of condoms, HIV will replace syphilis.

Evaluación de las complicaciones mecánicas inmediatas en accesos venosos centrales / Evaluation of the inmediates mechanicals complications in centrals venous accesses

Se estudiaron 127 pacientes, desde marzo de 1995 hasta diciembre de 1996, que requirieron la colocación de un acceso venoso central por punción para monitoreo hemodinámico (MH) o nutrición parenteral total (NTP). El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar las complicaciones mecánicas inmediatas (CMI) con la aplicación de una nueva técnica para obtener accesos venosos centrales en el servicio de Terapia Intensiva y correlacionarlo con factores predisponentes. Del total de punciones el 83,4 por ciento fueron en la Vena Yugular Interna (VYI), el 4,7 por ciento en Vena Subclavia (VS) y Vena Yugular Externa (VYE) respectivamente y el 7 por ciento en Venas Braquiales (VB). El lado elegido para la punción fue el derecho en el 85,8 por ciento. Del total de vías 127 fueron colocadas por punción (74 por ciento) y 33 por recambio sobre cuerda (26 por ciento). Se colocaron 98 catéteres de una sola luz, 19 de dos luces y 10 de tres luces. 120 midieron presión venosa central (PVC) inmediatamente después de la colocación (94,4 por ciento) y 7 no midieron (5,5, por ciento). La ubicación de la punta fue correcta por definición en 107 casos (93 por ciento) de los casos consignados. En 120 punciones (94,5 por ciento) no hubo complicaciones inmediatas y sí en siete (5,5, por ciento). Una complicación fue neumotórax hipertensivo y seis punciones arteriales carotídeas sin repercusión para el paciente. La permanencia promedio del catéter fue de 4,05 días. Del análisis de las complicaciones deducimos que las observadas están dentro de lo esperable e incluso en porcentaje más bajo respecto a grandes series. Como factores predisponentes están excitación psicomotriz, rigidez articular y shock, pero en nuestro estudio la falta de experiencia del operador no fue causante de mayor índice de complicaciones mecánicas. La medición de PVC es un buen indicador de la correcta posición del catéter

Evaluación de las complicaciones mecánicas inmediatas en accesos venosos centrales / Evaluation of the inmediates mechanicals complications in centrals venous accesses

Se estudiaron 127 pacientes, desde marzo de 1995 hasta diciembre de 1996, que requirieron la colocación de un acceso venoso central por punción para monitoreo hemodinámico (MH) o nutrición parenteral total (NTP). El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar las complicaciones mecánicas inmediatas (CMI) con la aplicación de una nueva técnica para obtener accesos venosos centrales en el servicio de Terapia Intensiva y correlacionarlo con factores predisponentes. Del total de punciones el 83,4 por ciento fueron en la Vena Yugular Interna (VYI), el 4,7 por ciento en Vena Subclavia (VS) y Vena Yugular Externa (VYE) respectivamente y el 7 por ciento en Venas Braquiales (VB). El lado elegido para la punción fue el derecho en el 85,8 por ciento. Del total de vías 127 fueron colocadas por punción (74 por ciento) y 33 por recambio sobre cuerda (26 por ciento). Se colocaron 98 catéteres de una sola luz, 19 de dos luces y 10 de tres luces. 120 midieron presión venosa central (PVC) inmediatamente después de la colocación (94,4 por ciento) y 7 no midieron (5,5, por ciento). La ubicación de la punta fue correcta por definición en 107 casos (93 por ciento) de los casos consignados. En 120 punciones (94,5 por ciento) no hubo complicaciones inmediatas y sí en siete (5,5, por ciento). Una complicación fue neumotórax hipertensivo y seis punciones arteriales carotídeas sin repercusión para el paciente. La permanencia promedio del catéter fue de 4,05 días. Del análisis de las complicaciones deducimos que las observadas están dentro de lo esperable e incluso en porcentaje más bajo respecto a grandes series. Como factores predisponentes están excitación psicomotriz, rigidez articular y shock, pero en nuestro estudio la falta de experiencia del operador no fue causante de mayor índice de complicaciones mecánicas. La medición de PVC es un buen indicador de la correcta posición del catéter (AU)

Epifisiolise proximal do femur: osteotomia na base do colo. / Proximal epiphysiolysis of the femur: osteotomy of the base of the femur neck

Os autores avaliam os resultados de 8 casos de E.P.F., tratados no Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG, segundo a tecnica proposta por Kramer, Craig e Noel. Sugerem este metodo como opcao no tratamento dos casos moderados e graves da E.P.F. e apresentam os resultados obtidos. Os casos selecionados foram classificados quanto ao tipo de deslizamento, sendo 2 moderados e 6 graves obtendo-se, como resultado pos-operatorio, 50% de resultados excelente e bom, segundo a classificacao de Southwick