Pharmacovigilance in Brazil: The Government Monitoring of Adverse Events Reported from COVID-19 Vaccine-A Narrative Review.

BACKGROUND: Is pharmacovigilance at a moment of prominence for science, and in relation to governments' responsibilities towards their nations, as the new coronavirus pandemic has surprised everyone in a negative and lethal way? OBJECTIVE: Evaluate pharmacovigilance as a resource for controlling and understanding adverse events caused by vaccines in use. METHODS: This is a narrative review of the literature. Scientific articles available in databases, government bulletins and similar bodies were used. The search was carried out using the descriptors: "Pharmacovigilance AND COVID-19 in Brazil", "Vaccine Development AND COVID-19", "Vaccination Hesitancy AND COVID-19", "Public Health Surveillance AND COVID-19". The period from May 2021 to June 2022 was covered. RESULTS: The occurrence of some adverse events was observed, including cases of allergy, myocarditis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is important to highlight that these adverse events were identified as rare, occurring in a small percentage of the vaccinated population. Despite these adverse events, the benefits of vaccines proved to be essential for controlling the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: The information presented highlights the importance of pharmacovigilance to continuously monitor and evaluate the safety of vaccines, identifying any potential adverse events early. This balance between risk and benefit emphasizes the need for a careful and informed approach when making decisions about vaccination policies, prioritizing public health and population safety.

Dimensão ética da alimentação e hidratação artificiais no doente terminal / Ethics, artificial nutrition, and hydration in terminal patients / Dimensión ética de la nutrición e hidratación artificial en los pacientes terminales

Resumo Dada a insuficiente evidência científica, decisões relativas à utilização de nutrição e hidratação artificiais em pacientes terminais configuram um importante dilema ético. Identifica-se um conflito entre as perspetivas de "tratar" e "cuidar", com variação quanto a sua utilização conforme o contexto legal e cultural de diferentes países. O intuito deste estudo é esclarecer se essa prática constitui uma medida de cuidado básico ou um tratamento fútil e desproporcionado. Procede-se a uma revisão das diretrizes e dos códigos deontológicos de diferentes países europeus. Em Portugal, na Itália e na Polônia, tal prática é vista como uma medida de cuidado básico; já em países como França, Inglaterra, Noruega, Irlanda, Alemanha, Finlândia, Holanda, Bélgica e Suíça, é considerada um tratamento fútil. Na Romênia, na Croácia e na Hungria, verifica-se um enquadramento ético e legal insuficiente. As diferenças de abordagem a doentes terminais podem ser reflexo das diferentes perspetivas culturais.

Abstract Given the lack of scientific evidence, decisions regarding the administration of artificial nutrition and hydration in terminally ill patients constitute an important ethical dilemma due to the conflict between "treat" and "care" perspectives and the varying usage depending on the legal and cultural background across countries. This study aims to explain whether this practice configures a basic care intervention or a futile medical treatment. Therefore, we review the national guidelines and codes of ethics from several European countries. Countries such as Portugal, Italy, and Poland view it as a basic care intervention, whereas France, England, Norway, Ireland, Germany, Finland, Netherlands, Belgium, and Switzerland, as a medical treatment. Moreover, countries such as Romania, Croatia, and Hungary lack such legal framework. The different approaches regarding the care of terminally ill patients can reflect differences on cultural perspectives.

Resumen Dada la insuficiente evidencia científica, las decisiones sobre el uso de la nutrición e hidratación artificiales en los pacientes terminales constituyen un importante dilema ético. Se identifica un conflicto entre las perspectivas de "tratar" y "cuidar", con variaciones en su uso según el contexto legal y cultural de los diferentes países. El objetivo de este estudio es dilucidar si esta práctica constituye una medida de atención básica o un tratamiento fútil y desproporcionado. Se realiza una revisión de las directrices y códigos deontológicos de diferentes países europeos. En Portugal, Italia y Polonia, se considera esta práctica como una medida de atención básica; mientras que en países como Francia, Inglaterra, Noruega, Irlanda, Alemania, Finlandia, Holanda, Bélgica y Suiza, se considera un tratamiento fútil. En Rumanía, Croacia y Hungría, el marco ético y jurídico es insuficiente. Las diferencias en el tratamiento de los pacientes terminales pueden reflejar diferentes perspectivas culturales.

Photobiomodulation Reduces Periocular Wrinkle Volume by 30%: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate red and amber light-emitting diode protocols for facial rejuvenation at the same light dose. Background: The demand for minimally invasive cosmetic procedures to address skin aging has grown throughout the world. In vitro red and amber photobiomodulation (PBM) has been shown to improve collagen synthesis. Meanwhile, red PBM has already been studied in clinical trials; however, a comparison of the use of different wavelengths at the same light dose to reduce periocular wrinkles has not yet been performed. Methods: This split-face, randomized clinical trial recruited 137 women (40-65 years old) presenting with skin phototypes II-IV and Glogau photoaging scale types II-IV. The individuals received 10 sessions for 4 weeks of red (660 nm) and amber (590 nm) PBM (3.8 J/cm2), one at each side of the face. The outcomes, measured before and after the treatments, were the periocular wrinkle volume measured by VisioFace® RD equipment; hydration measured by the Corneometer CM 825; skin elasticity measured by the Cutometer Dual MPA 580; and quality of life determined by adapted versions of validated questionnaires [Melasma Quality of Life Scale-Brazilian Portuguese (MelasQoL-BP) and Skindex-29]. Results: There was a significant reduction in wrinkle volume after red (31.6%) and amber (29.9%) PBM. None of the treatments improved skin hydration and viscoelasticity. Both questionnaires showed improvements in participants' quality of life. Conclusions: PBM, both at red and amber wavelengths, is an effective tool for rejuvenation, producing a 30% wrinkle volume reduction. The technique has strong potential in patients with diabetes or those presenting with keloids, conditions for which highly inflammatory rejuvenating procedures are not indicated. Clinical trial registration number: REBEC-6YFCBM.

Educar para a bioética: desafio em enfermagem / Educating for bioethics: a challenge in nursing / Educar en bioética: desafío en la enfermería

Resumo Educar para a bioética é um desafio na atualidade. Ainda maior se torna este desafio, quando pensamos no ensino da bioética a estudantes de enfermagem, que irão desempenhar uma profissão que tem como expoente máximo o cuidar da outra pessoa. Tratando-se de uma profissão que implica a relação com o outro e a prestação de cuidados humanizados e adequados a cada situação específica, torna-se importante desenvolver ferramentas de ensino que promovam não só o desenvolvimento técnico e o conhecimento de como fazer, mas essencialmente o desenvolvimento de competências morais, pessoais e profissionais que conduzam a cuidados de saúde de excelência. Este artigo pretende apresentar uma reflexão sobre o ensino da bioética e a sua relação com o desenvolvimento da competência moral dos estudantes de enfermagem, assim como sugerir algumas estratégias no ensino da Bioética que potenciem a formação de enfermeiros cada vez mais competentes.

Abstract Educating for bioethics is a challenge today. This challenge is even greater when we think of the teaching of bioethics to nursing students, who will perform a profession that has as its maximum target the care of other people. Because it is a profession that implies the relationship with the other and the provision of humanized and appropriate care to each situation, it is important to develop teaching tools that promote not only technical improvement and knowledge of how to do a task, but also the development of moral, personal and professional skills that lead to excellent health care. This article presents a reflection on the teaching of bioethics and its relationship with the development of moral competence of nursing students, suggesting some strategies that enhance the teaching of bioethics and the education of increasingly competent nurses.

Resumen Educar en bioética es un desafío en la actualidad. Esto se vuelve más grande cuando pensamos en la enseñanza de bioética a estudiantes de enfermería, quienes desempeñarán una profesión que tiene la máxima expresión la asistencia a las personas. Por ser una profesión que involucra la relación con el otro y la prestación de una asistencia humanizada y adecuada a cada situación específica, es importante desarrollar herramientas didácticas que promuevan no solo el desarrollo técnico y el conocimiento de cómo hacerlo, sino fundamentalmente el desarrollo de competencias morales, personales y profesionales que promuevan una excelente atención en salud. Este artículo reflexiona sobre la enseñanza de la bioética y su relación con el desarrollo de la competencia moral de los estudiantes de enfermería, así como sugiere algunas estrategias para la enseñanza de la Bioética que promueva una formación de profesionales cada vez más competentes.

Efficacy of phototherapy to treat facial ageing when using a red versus an amber LED: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: The skin undergoes morphological and physiological changes with the advancing age of an individual. These changes may be caused by intrinsic and extrinsic factors that contribute to cellular ageing and consequent skin ageing. The term photoageing is used to characterise the ageing of the skin caused by solar radiation. Clinically, the skin becomes more flaccid, thicker and hyperpigmented, while there is an early appearance of wrinkles and other skin changes, such as skin cancer. Nowadays, there are numerous treatments for ageing skin, and one of them is with the use of phototherapy, which uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The objective of this study will be to evaluate the percentages of reduction in the volume of periocular wrinkles when treated with red and amber LEDs. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: All of the participants will receive photobiomodulation to treat their periocular wrinkles. They will be using red and amber LEDs, with one colour being used on each hemiface. The facial side to be treated with each colour will be randomised. After an interval of 180 days, the participants will receive a cross-treatment. The primary variable of the study is the volume of periocular wrinkles (crow's feet), which will be measured by a VisioFace equipment. The secondary variables are elasticity (measured by Cutometer) and hydration (measured by Corneometer). Quality of life and self-assessment of the participants will be measured using the adapted Melasma Quality of Life scale - Brazilian Portuguese adaption (MelasQoL-BP) and Skindex-29 questionnaires. All of the variables will be measured before and after a group of 10 sessions. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Nove de Julho University (acceptance number: 2.550.732). This trial has been registered in the Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry) (REBEC number: RBR-6YFCBM). This study is not recruiting yet. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: RBR6YFCBM; Pre-results.

STEM CELLS HEMATOPOIETIC NICHES AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC PROSTHESIS IMPLANTED IN RAT WITH INCISIONAL HERNIAS.

BACKGROUND: Extramedullary hematopoiesis depends on complex pathophysiological mechanisms linked to hematopoietic stem cells and the proteins considered mediators of the inflammation. The identification of hematopoietic cells outside bone marrow in the adult is an occurrence that can occasionally follows the inflammatory response, was considered a secondary occurrence, but current biomolecular studies have changed that concept. AIM: Describe the presence of clusters of precursor cells of platelets (megakaryocytes), and cells of the inflammatory response in the abdominal wall and spleen of rats with experimentally induced incisional hernias and repaired with different synthetic prostheses. METHODS: Twenty-five rats with incisional hernias previously performed, were divided into groups of five animals each: Group 1, repair of the hernia defect without prosthetic implant; Group 2, repair with polypropylene prosthesis; Group 3, repair using polypropylene with low weight; Group 4, the use of polypropylene and polyglecaprone prosthesis; Group 5, of polypropylene and polyglactin prosthesis. All prostheses were cut in rhombus format with area 2,625 cm². The animals were reoperated after 10 days, the abdominal walls were removed with the viscera attached to them and the material was processed for histological study. RESULTS: Megakaryocyte niches in the abdominal wall and spleen, occasionally removed together with the adhesions produced in animals with implantation of prostheses and significant inflammatory reaction. CONCLUSION: The intense inflammatory reaction due to the prostheses with polypropylene in their composition was disproportionate to the expected response, indicating that further studies should be accomplished including immunophenotyping evaluation and specific panels of monoclonal antibodies to better understand the findings.

Stem cells hematopoietic niches and inflammatory response to different synthetic prosthesis implanted in rat with incisional hernias / Nichos de células-tronco hematopoiéticas e resposta inflamatória a diferentes próteses sintéticas na parede abdominal de ratos com hérnias incisionais

ABSTRACT Background: Extramedullary hematopoiesis depends on complex pathophysiological mechanisms linked to hematopoietic stem cells and the proteins considered mediators of the inflammation. The identification of hematopoietic cells outside bone marrow in the adult is an occurrence that can occasionally follows the inflammatory response, was considered a secondary occurrence, but current biomolecular studies have changed that concept. Aim: Describe the presence of clusters of precursor cells of platelets (megakaryocytes), and cells of the inflammatory response in the abdominal wall and spleen of rats with experimentally induced incisional hernias and repaired with different synthetic prostheses. Methods: Twenty-five rats with incisional hernias previously performed, were divided into groups of five animals each: Group 1, repair of the hernia defect without prosthetic implant; Group 2, repair with polypropylene prosthesis; Group 3, repair using polypropylene with low weight; Group 4, the use of polypropylene and polyglecaprone prosthesis; Group 5, of polypropylene and polyglactin prosthesis. All prostheses were cut in rhombus format with area 2,625 cm². The animals were reoperated after 10 days, the abdominal walls were removed with the viscera attached to them and the material was processed for histological study. Results: Megakaryocyte niches in the abdominal wall and spleen, occasionally removed together with the adhesions produced in animals with implantation of prostheses and significant inflammatory reaction. Conclusion: The intense inflammatory reaction due to the prostheses with polypropylene in their composition was disproportionate to the expected response, indicating that further studies should be accomplished including immunophenotyping evaluation and specific panels of monoclonal antibodies to better understand the findings.

RESUMO Racional: A hematopoiese extramedular depende de mecanismos fisiopatológicos complexos, havendo relação destas células-tronco hematopoiéticas com proteínas mediadoras da inflamação. A identificação de células hematopoiéticas fora da medula óssea no adulto, situação que ocasionalmente pode acompanhar a resposta inflamatória era considerada ocorrência secundária, mas estudos biomoleculares modificaram este conceito. Objetivo: Descrever agrupamentos de células precursoras das plaquetas (megacariócitos) e células da resposta inflamatória, na parede abdominal e no baço de ratos com hérnias incisionais induzidas experimentalmente e reparadas com diferentes próteses sintéticas. Métodos: Vinte e cinco ratos com hérnias incisionais previamente realizadas foram distribuídos em grupos com cinco animais: Grupo 1, reparo do defeito herniário sem implante de prótese; Grupo 2, reparo com prótese de polipropileno; Grupo 3, reparo empregando polipropileno com baixa gramatura; Grupo 4, utilização de prótese de polipropileno e poliglecaprone; Grupo 5, prótese de polipropileno e poliglactina. Todas as próteses foram recortadas na forma de losangos com área de 2,625 cm². Os animais foram reoperados após 10 dias, as paredes abdominais foram retiradas em bloco com as vísceras a elas aderidas e o material foi processado em rotina histológica. Resultados: Foram evidenciados nichos de megacariócitos na parede abdominal e no baço coletado juntamente com as aderências em animais com implante de próteses, além de reação inflamatória significativa. Conclusão: A intensa reação inflamatória, local e sistêmica em relação às próteses com polipropileno em sua composição, foi desproporcional à resposta esperada, requerendo aprofundamento do estudo com avaliação da imunofenotipagem e painéis específicos de anticorpos monoclonais para melhor esclarecimento.

Mapping the different methods adopted for diagnostic imaging instruction at medical schools in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To map the different methods for diagnostic imaging instruction at medical schools in Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a questionnaire was sent to each of the coordinators of 178 Brazilian medical schools. The following characteristics were assessed: teaching model; total course hours; infrastructure; numbers of students and professionals involved; themes addressed; diagnostic imaging modalities covered; and education policies related to diagnostic imaging. RESULTS: Of the 178 questionnaires sent, 45 (25.3%) were completed and returned. Of those 45 responses, 17 (37.8%) were from public medical schools, whereas 28 (62.2%) were from private medical schools. Among the 45 medical schools evaluated, the method of diagnostic imaging instruction was modular at 21 (46.7%), classic (independent discipline) at 13 (28.9%), hybrid (classical and modular) at 9 (20.0%), and none of the preceding at 3 (6.7%). Diagnostic imaging is part of the formal curriculum at 36 (80.0%) of the schools, an elective course at 3 (6.7%), and included within another modality at 6 (13.3%). Professors involved in diagnostic imaging teaching are radiologists at 43 (95.5%) of the institutions. CONCLUSION: The survey showed that medical courses in Brazil tend to offer diagnostic imaging instruction in courses that include other content and at different time points during the course. Radiologists are extensively involved in undergraduate medical education, regardless of the teaching methodology employed at the institution.

OBJETIVO: Mapear os diferentes métodos para o ensino de diagnóstico por imagem nas escolas médicas brasileiras. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, realizado por meio de envio de questionários para os coordenadores de 178 escolas médicas brasileiras. As seguintes características foram questionadas: modelo de ensino; carga horária; infraestrutura; número de alunos e profissionais envolvidos; temas expostos; modalidades e políticas de ensino em diagnóstico por imagem. RESULTADOS: Dos 178 questionários encaminhados, 45 (25,3%) foram respondidos, sendo 17 (37,8%) de escolas públicas e 28 (62,2%) de escolas privadas. O método de ensino de diagnóstico por imagem foi o modular em 21 (46,7%) escolas, o clássico (disciplina independente) em 13 (28,9%), o híbrido (clássico e modular) em 9 (20,0%) e outro método em 3 (6,7%). A disciplina diagnóstico por imagem é parte do currículo formal em 36 (80,0%) das escolas, curso eletivo em 3 (6,7%) e outra modalidade em 6 (13,3%). Os docentes envolvidos no ensino de diagnóstico por imagem são radiologistas em 43 (95,5%) das escolas. CONCLUSÃO: O levantamento mostrou que os cursos de medicina no Brasil tendem a oferecer o conteúdo de diagnóstico por imagem em unidades curriculares que associam outros conteúdos e em diferentes momentos do curso. Há um grande envolvimento de radiologistas no ensino de graduação, independentemente do método de ensino disponível na instituição.

Mapping the different methods adopted for diagnostic imaging instruction at medical schools in Brazil / Mapeamento dos métodos adotados para o ensino de diagnóstico por imagem nas escolas médicas brasileiras

Abstract Objective: To map the different methods for diagnostic imaging instruction at medical schools in Brazil. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a questionnaire was sent to each of the coordinators of 178 Brazilian medical schools. The following characteristics were assessed: teaching model; total course hours; infrastructure; numbers of students and professionals involved; themes addressed; diagnostic imaging modalities covered; and education policies related to diagnostic imaging. Results: Of the 178 questionnaires sent, 45 (25.3%) were completed and returned. Of those 45 responses, 17 (37.8%) were from public medical schools, whereas 28 (62.2%) were from private medical schools. Among the 45 medical schools evaluated, the method of diagnostic imaging instruction was modular at 21 (46.7%), classic (independent discipline) at 13 (28.9%), hybrid (classical and modular) at 9 (20.0%), and none of the preceding at 3 (6.7%). Diagnostic imaging is part of the formal curriculum at 36 (80.0%) of the schools, an elective course at 3 (6.7%), and included within another modality at 6 (13.3%). Professors involved in diagnostic imaging teaching are radiologists at 43 (95.5%) of the institutions. Conclusion: The survey showed that medical courses in Brazil tend to offer diagnostic imaging instruction in courses that include other content and at different time points during the course. Radiologists are extensively involved in undergraduate medical education, regardless of the teaching methodology employed at the institution.

Resumo Objetivo: Mapear os diferentes métodos para o ensino de diagnóstico por imagem nas escolas médicas brasileiras. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado por meio de envio de questionários para os coordenadores de 178 escolas médicas brasileiras. As seguintes características foram questionadas: modelo de ensino; carga horária; infraestrutura; número de alunos e profissionais envolvidos; temas expostos; modalidades e políticas de ensino em diagnóstico por imagem. Resultados: Dos 178 questionários encaminhados, 45 (25,3%) foram respondidos, sendo 17 (37,8%) de escolas públicas e 28 (62,2%) de escolas privadas. O método de ensino de diagnóstico por imagem foi o modular em 21 (46,7%) escolas, o clássico (disciplina independente) em 13 (28,9%), o híbrido (clássico e modular) em 9 (20,0%) e outro método em 3 (6,7%). A disciplina diagnóstico por imagem é parte do currículo formal em 36 (80,0%) das escolas, curso eletivo em 3 (6,7%) e outra modalidade em 6 (13,3%). Os docentes envolvidos no ensino de diagnóstico por imagem são radiologistas em 43 (95,5%) das escolas. Conclusão: O levantamento mostrou que os cursos de medicina no Brasil tendem a oferecer o conteúdo de diagnóstico por imagem em unidades curriculares que associam outros conteúdos e em diferentes momentos do curso. Há um grande envolvimento de radiologistas no ensino de graduação, independentemente do método de ensino disponível na instituição.

Correlation between indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase mRNA and CDKN2A/p16 mRNA: a combined strategy to cervical cancer diagnosis.

Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide. The relation of the human papillomavirus (HPV) with CC and its precursor lesions was first suspected for over 40 years. The indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) is an immune modulator enzyme responsible for the immune system tissue protection mechanism, which may be the key to the tumoural persistence. HPV oncoprotein E7 promotes the increase in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16 (CDKN2A/p16). The isolated and combined analysis of CDKN2A/p16 mRNA to CC diagnosis was done with promising results. The aim of this study is to evaluate the correlation between IDO mRNA and CDKN2A/p16 mRNA. We will explore the potential of both as diagnostic tools. RNA was extracted from tissue samples. cDNA was generated with High Capacity RNA-to-cDNA kit. The real-time PCR results were analysed using nonlinear curve estimation, ROC curve, Chi-squared test, the proportion of variance explained and Galen and Gambino formulas. From 270 patients attended, colposcopy examination was performed in 110 and the biopsy in 75 patients. We found a positive correlation in patients older than 28 years old with low-risk lesions, but the correlation is lost in high-risk lesions. Although cytology, IDO mRNA and CDKN2A/p16 mRNA could not differentiate the risk groups, IDO combined with CDKN2A/p16 mRNA results could (p = 0.028). The best diagnostic result was achieved by IDO coupled with CDKN2A/p16 mRNA, which may considerably increase the sensitivity of screening for CC.

Experimental models of renal dysfunction in female rats. Functional and histological aspects after unilateral nephrectomy or ligation of right renal vein with kidney preservation

PURPOSE: To compare renal dysfunction after right nephrectomy and ligation of the right renal vein with preservation of kidney. METHODS: Animals' weight, pH, density, protein in urine and histological samples of the kidneys were evaluated. Fifteen female rats (Wistar) were divided into three groups. In the control group, right renal vein dissections were performed. In the second group, the right nephrectomy was performed. In the third group, the right renal vein was ligated and the kidney was preserved. Urine samples were taken before, three and seven days after the procedure. On the seventh postoperative day the kidneys were removed to histopathological study. Analysis by Student's t test was performed. RESULTS: weight loss, alterations of urine pH (p 0.05), in specific gravity, proteinuria (p 0.05) were found in groups 2 and 3; hemorrhagic infarction and edema were found after ligation of the right renal vein; changes in the left kidney were also observed on the seventh day.(AU)

Experimental models of renal dysfunction in female rats. Functional and histological aspects after unilateral nephrectomy or ligation of right renal vein with kidney preservation

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To compare renal dysfunction after right nephrectomy and ligation of the right renal vein with preservation of kidney. METHODS: Animals' weight, pH, density, protein in urine and histological samples of the kidneys were evaluated. Fifteen female rats (Wistar) were divided into three groups. In the control group, right renal vein dissections were performed. In the second group, the right nephrectomy was performed. In the third group, the right renal vein was ligated and the kidney was preserved. Urine samples were taken before, three and seven days after the procedure. On the seventh postoperative day the kidneys were removed to histopathological study. Analysis by Student's t test was performed. RESULTS: weight loss, alterations of urine pH (p<0.05), in specific gravity, proteinuria (p<0.05) were found in groups 2 and 3; hemorrhagic infarction and edema were found after ligation of the right renal vein; changes in the left kidney were also observed on the seventh day. CONCLUSIONS:.

Experimental models of renal dysfunction in female rats. Functional and histological aspects after unilateral nephrectomy or ligation of right renal vein with kidney preservation.

PURPOSE: To compare renal dysfunction after right nephrectomy and ligation of the right renal vein with preservation of kidney. METHODS: Animals' weight, pH, density, protein in urine and histological samples of the kidneys were evaluated. Fifteen female rats (Wistar) were divided into three groups. In the control group, right renal vein dissections were performed. In the second group, the right nephrectomy was performed. In the third group, the right renal vein was ligated and the kidney was preserved. Urine samples were taken before, three and seven days after the procedure. On the seventh postoperative day the kidneys were removed to histopathological study. Analysis by Student's t test was performed. RESULTS: weight loss, alterations of urine pH (p<0.05), in specific gravity, proteinuria (p<0.05) were found in groups 2 and 3; hemorrhagic infarction and edema were found after ligation of the right renal vein; changes in the left kidney were also observed on the seventh day.

[Rational use of animal models for research and microsurgery training]. / Uso racional de modelos animais para pesquisa e ensino de microcirurgia.

The objective of this study is to disclose an experimental model of low cost, which complies with the regulatory norms of animal experiments by using dead animals from other experiments, contributing to the improvement of microsurgery learning. Cadavers of Wistar rats, originated from disposal of other courses, are used. The corpses of thawed mice are used for basic microsurgical training of medical students at the Nove de Julho University, aiming to contribute to the students' training. Their use is justified by the low cost of the material used, many animals being spared during the intermediate phase of skill development for realization of micro-anastomoses. This experimental model is inexpensive and allows the rational use of animals, corroborating with the ethical standards of experimental research and contributing to the education and training of microsurgery.

Uso racional de modelos animais para pesquisa e ensino de microcirurgia / Rational use of animal models for research and microsurgery training

O objetivo deste estudo é divulgar um modelo experimental de baixo custo, que respeita as normas regulamentadoras das experiências com animais Utilizando animais mortos em outros experimentos contribuindo com a melhora do aprendizado de microcirurgia. São utilizados cadáveres de ratos da raça Wistar, oriundo de descarte de outros cursos. Os cadáveres dos ratos descongelados são utilizados para o treinamento básico de microcirurgia dos acadêmicos do curso de medicina da Universidade Nove de Julho, visando contribuir para o treinamento de acadêmicos, sua utilização se justifica pelo baixo custo do material empregado e muitos animais são poupados durante a fase intermediária do desenvolvimento de habilidades para realização das micro-anastomoses. Este modelo experimental é de baixo custo e permite a utilização racional de animais, corroborando com as normas éticas da pesquisa experimental e contribuindo com o ensino e treinamento da microcirurgia.

The objective of this study is to disclose an experimental model of low cost, which complies with the regulatory norms of animal experiments by using dead animals from other experiments, contributing to the improvement of microsurgery learning. Cadavers of Wistar rats, originated from disposal of other courses, are used. The corpses of thawed mice are used for basic microsurgical training of medical students at the Nove de Julho University, aiming to contribute to the students' training. Their use is justified by the low cost of the material used, many animals being spared during the intermediate phase of skill development for realization of micro-anastomoses. This experimental model is inexpensive and allows the rational use of animals, corroborating with the ethical standards of experimental research and contributing to the education and training of microsurgery.

Estudo histopatológico do efeito da nicotina nos testículos e epidídimos de ratos / Histopathologic study of the effect of nicotine in testis and epididymis of rats

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A importância da avaliação do testículo e do epidídimo de ratos tratados com nicotina se deve ao fato desta estar relacionada com o alto índice de infertilidade em pacientes fumantes. A isso se alia o fato de nos últimos anos a qualidade do esperma humano e da sua fertilidade potencial terem diminuído significativamente. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar histopatologicamente os possíveis efeitos da nicotina na morfologia epididimária e testicular de ratos, bem como correlacionar as alterações do tecido epididimário e testicular observada com o processo de infertilidade, sob a análise crítica da morfologia tecidual. MÉTODO: Ratos Wistar machos adultos divididos em grupo tratados com solução fisiológica e grupo tratado com nicotina, ambos por via subcutânea. A seguir, foram coletadas amostras do epidídimo e do testículo, as quais foram processadas histologicamente,coradas em HE, para a análise da influência da nicotina. RESULTADOS: A análise macroscópica do epidídimo e testículo dos ratos tratados com nicotina não apresentaram alterações. No estudo microscópio o epidídimo e o testículo apresentaram congestão e hemorragia. CONCLUSÃO: A administração de nicotina, na dose e durante o período utilizado neste experimento, foi capaz de promover importantes alterações vasculares no epidídimo e testículo, podendo comprometer a fertilidade em ratos machos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The importance of evaluation of testis and epididymis of rats treated with nicotine is based on its relation to the high rate of infertility in smokers. This is concerned to the fact that in recent years the quality of human sperm and fertility potential has markedly decreased. The objective of this study isto evaluate histopathologically the possible effects of nicotine on epididymal and testicular morphology in rats. To establish a correlation from the observation of the epididymis and testicular tissue to the infertility process, under critical view of tissular morphology. METHOD: Adult male Wistar rats were divided into groups treated with saline or nicotine subcutaneously. Next, samples were collected from the epididymis and testis, which were processed histologically and stained by HE, for the analysis of the influence of nicotine. RESULTS: There were no evidence of changes in testis and epididymis on macroscopic observation. The microscopy showed testis and epididymis with congestion and hemorrhage. CONCLUSION: Nicotine administration, in dose and period used in this experiment can play significant role on vascular changes in the epididymis and testis that might impair fertility in male rats.

Reconstrução mamária por retalho musculocutâneo do latíssimo do dorso e retalho musculocutâneo transverso do reto do abdome monopediculado / Breast reconstrucion with latissimus dorsi musculoscuta neous flap or monopedicled transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap

Após Halstead instituir a mastectomia como tratamento para o câncer de mama em 1894, melhores técnicas de reconstrução das mamas são pesquisadas pela comunidade médica. Atualmente, existem diversas técnicas disponíveis para a reconstrução da mama e entre as mais utilizadas há o retalho musculocutâneo do latíssimo do dorso e o retalho musculocutâneo monopediculado transverso do reto do abdome. Por meio de uma revisão literária, foram discutidas as principais vantagens e desvantagens das duas técnicas, assim como a melhor indicação cirúrgica. O retalho musculocutâneo monopediculado transverso do reto do abdome mostrou uma ligeira superioridade, levando em consideração o resultado estético final, complicações e satisfação das pacientes. Ao final, as duas técnicas demonstram-se confiáveis e o resultado final, extremamente dependente de uma boa indicação cirúrgica.

After Halstead institute the mastectomy as treatment for breast cancer in 1984, the medical knowledge is trying to research the best breast reconstruction technique. Currently a lot of techniques are available for breast reconstruction, but two of them seem to be the most used, the latissimus dorsi flap and monopedicled TRAM flap. Through a literary review the main advantages and disadvantages of each techniques had been argued, and best surgical indication as well. The monopedicled TRAM flap demonstrated a fast superiority, leading in relation the final aesthetic result, complications and satisfaction of the patients. In the end, the two techniques had demonstrated to be trustworthy, and a satisfactory final result seem to be extremely dependent of a good surgical indication.

Experimental model for fibroblast culture

A utilização de métodos de cultura de células em Cirurgia Plástica abriu um novo horizonte na pesquisa dos mecanismos celulares de proliferação e biossíntese. Vários tipos de células têm sido investigados no compartimento cutâneo. Os queratinócitos e os fibroblastos têm sido estudados objetivando-se o desenvolvimento de biomateriais para substituição de pele. O presente estudo descreve uma padronização metodológica para o estabelecimento de uma cultura primária de fibroblastos, sua utilização em experimentos e seu armazenamento.

Experimental model for collagen estimation in cell culture

Dentro do estudo da Cirurgia Plástica, a cultura de células pode ser utilizada em experimentos relativos às funções de biossíntese de células relacionadas com a pele tais como fibroblastos, queratinócitos, adipócitos, condrócitos e osteócitos. O presente estudo relata modelo experimental para a mensuração estimada do colágeno em cultura de células utilizando-se uma reação de precipitação cromogênica com um corante específico (Sirius Red).

Experimental model for establishment of hypoxia in 75 cm² culture flasks

A cultura de células, na Cirurgia Plástica, representa uma perspective para o estudo dos mecanismos celulares que norteiam o processo cicatricial de diversos tecidos. Algumas etapas do processo de cicatrização dependem de fatores físicos como a pressão parcial de O2. Em uma cultura de células, é possível submeter células a um ambiente hipóxico. O presente estudo relata um método alternativo de baixo custo para o estabelecimento de um ambiente hipóxico em frascos de cultura de células.