Influencia de dos tipos de calentamiento sobre la fuerza explosiva del tren inferior en estudiantes de Educación Física / Influence of two types of warm-ups on the explosive force of the lower body in physical education students

Resumen Influencia de dos tipos de calentamiento sobre la fuerza explosiva del tren inferior en estudiantes de educación física. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 18(1), 1-13. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar las posibles influencias de dos tipos de calentamiento (tradicional y específico) sobre la fuerza explosiva del tren inferior. Se realizaron dos pruebas (salto con contramovimiento -CMJ- y sprint 5 metros) sobre tres grupos: grupo sin calentamiento (GSC); grupo de calentamiento tradicional (GCT), que incluía movilidad articular, carrera continua y estiramientos estáticos; y grupo de calentamiento específico (GCE), que incluía movilidad articular, carrera continua, estiramientos dinámicos y pliometría. Se realizó un pre y post test y se utilizó la prueba de ANOVA de medidas repetidas para0020comparar la influencia del tipo de calentamiento sobre las pruebas entre los diferentes grupos. Posteriormente, se calculó el tamaño del efecto a través de g de Hedges. Los resultados mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el pre y post test en el GCT y en el GCE; además, se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < .05) entre GSC y el GCE en el post test solo en la prueba de salto. Realizar estiramientos dinámicos y pliometría como parte del calentamiento parece influir positivamente en la capacidad de salto vertical. Los datos sugieren que los profesores de educación física deberían utilizar calentamientos con estiramientos dinámicos y pliometría para mejorar el rendimiento en actividades que incluyan el salto.

Abstract Influence of two types of warm-ups on the explosive force of the lower body in physical education students. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 18(1), 1-13. The present study aimed to determine the possible influences of two types of warm-ups (traditional and specific) on the explosive strength of the lower body. Two tests were conducted (Counter Movement Jump-CMJ and 5-meter sprint) in three groups: a group without warm-up (GSC), a group with traditional warm-ups (GCT) including articulated mobility, continuous running, and static stretching; and another group with specific warm-ups (GCE), including articulated mobility, continuous running, dynamic stretching, and plyometric exercises. A pre and post-test was conducted, and ANOVA was used to compare the influence of the type of warm-ups on tests between groups. Subsequently, the effect size was calculated using Hedges' g. Results showed statistically significant differences between the pre and post-test in GCT and in GCE; furthermore, statistically significant differences (p < .05) were found in CMJ test between GSC and GCE, in the post-test. Performing dynamic stretching and plyometric exercises as part of the warm-ups seems to positively influence the ability to jump vertically. Data suggests that physical education coaches should use warm-ups with dynamic stretching and plyometric exercises to enhance performance in activities that include jumping.

Resumo Influência de dois tipos de aquecimento sobre a força explosiva dos membros inferiores em estudantes de educação física. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 18(1), 1-13. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar as possíveis influências de dois tipos de aquecimento (tradicional e específico) na força explosiva dos membros inferiores. Foram realizadas duas provas (salto com contramovimento - CMJ - e sprint de 5 metros) em três grupos: grupo sem aquecimento (GSA); grupo com aquecimento tradicional (GAT), que incluía mobilidade articular, corrida contínua e alongamentos estáticos; e grupo de aquecimento específico (GAE), que incluía mobilidade articular, corrida contínua, alongamentos dinâmicos e pliometria. Foram realizados um pré-teste e pós-teste e foi utilizada a prova da ANOVA de medidas repetidas para comparar a influência do tipo de aquecimento nas provas entre os diferentes grupos. Posteriormente, foi calculado o tamanho do efeito mediante o g de Hedges. Os resultados mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre o pré-teste e o pós-teste no GAT e no GAE; além disso, foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p < 0,05) entre GSA e o GAE no pós-teste, somente na prova de salto. Realizar alongamentos dinâmicos e pliometria como parte do aquecimento parece influenciar positivamente na capacidade de salto vertical. Os dados sugerem que os professores de educação física deveriam utilizar aquecimentos com alongamentos dinâmicos e pliometria para melhorar o desempenho em atividades que incluam salto.

Telemedicine in Pediatric Critical Care: A Retrospective Study in an International Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Program.

INTRODUCTION: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is an invaluable rescue technique for critically ill children with imminent or present cardiopulmonary collapse. However, medical team expertise to optimize results and decrease complications is scarce. Telemedicine can be used to enhance the delivery of quality interventions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective review of pediatric patients assisted with ECMO in the cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) at Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia from July 2011 to June 2015 (telemedicine) compared with similar patients from a previous period (pretelemedicine). Collected information included demographic data, cardiac diagnosis, risk adjustment for congenital heart surgery (RACHS-1), hospital mortality, CICU and hospital length of stay (LOS), ECMO type, and ECMO run hours as well as specific telemedicine information. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients in the pretelemedicine and 109 in the telemedicine periods were included in the analysis. Forty-nine teleconsulted patients received 218 teleconsultations, with a recommendation for diagnostic or interventional catheterization in 38 patients (77.5%). A surgical procedure for significant residual lesions was recommended in 30 patients (61.2%). Patients in the telemedicine period were older (4.7 months vs. 1.6 months, p = 0.006), more likely to receive operating room ECMO (43.1% vs. 24.6%, p = 0.02), and had a higher proportion of patients with two-ventricle physiology (73.4% vs. 54.4%, p = 0.013). Hospital survival was higher during the telemedicine period (54.1% vs. 29.8%, p = 0.002), with a longer hospital LOS (67 days vs. 28 days, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The implementation of telemedicine-assisted interventions in a pediatric ECMO program delivered valuable diagnostic and therapeutic advice, was associated with significant changes in selection criteria and model of care, and an increased hospital survival.

DFT study of anisotropy effects on the electronic properties of diamond nanowires with nitrogen-vacancy center.

In the development of quantum computing and communications, improvements in materials capable of single photon emission are of great importance. Advances in single photon emission have been achieved experimentally by introducing nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) centers on diamond nanostructures. However, theoretical modeling of the anisotropic effects on the electronic properties of these materials is almost nonexistent. In this study, the electronic band structure and density of states of diamond nanowires with N-V defects were analyzed through first principles approach using the density functional theory and the supercell scheme. The nanowires were modeled on two growth directions [001] and [111]. All surface dangling bonds were passivated with hydrogen (H) atoms. The results show that the N-V introduces multiple trap states within the energy band gap of the diamond nanowire. The energy difference between these states is influenced by the growth direction of the nanowires, which could contribute to the emission of photons with different wavelengths. The presence of these trap states could reduce the recombination rate between the conduction and the valence band, thus favoring the single photon emission. Graphical abstract Diamond nanowires with nitrogen-vacancy centerᅟ.

Developing a Water Quality Index (WQI) for an Irrigation Dam.

Pollution levels have been increasing in water ecosystems worldwide. A water quality index (WQI) is an available tool to approximate the quality of water and facilitate the work of decision-makers by grouping and analyzing numerous parameters with a single numerical classification system. The objective of this study was to develop a WQI for a dam used for irrigation of about 5000 ha of agricultural land. The dam, La Vega, is located in Teuchitlan, Jalisco, Mexico. Seven sites were selected for water sampling and samples were collected in March, June, July, September, and December 2014 in an initial effort to develop a WQI for the dam. The WQI methodology, which was recommended by the Mexican National Water Commission (CNA), was used. The parameters employed to calculate the WQI were pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), alkalinity (Alk), total phosphorous (TP), Cl-, NO3, SO4, Ca, Mg, K, B, As, Cu, and Zn. No significant differences in WQI values were found among the seven sampling sites along the dam. However, seasonal differences in WQI were noted. In March and June, water quality was categorized as poor. By July and September, water quality was classified as medium to good. Quality then decreased, and by December water quality was classified as medium to poor. In conclusion, water treatment must be applied before waters from La Vega dam reservoir can be used for irrigation or other purposes. It is recommended that the water quality at La Vega dam is continually monitored for several years in order to confirm the findings of this short-term study.

Patient Outcomes of an International Telepediatric Cardiac Critical Care Program.

BACKGROUND: An optimal model for telemedicine use in the international care setting has not been established. Our objective was to describe variables associated with patient outcome during the implementation of an international pediatric cardiac critical care (PCCC) telemedicine program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of clinical records and a telemedicine database of patients admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) at the Fundacion Cardiovascular de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia, during the initial 10 months of our program, compared with patients admitted during a previous period. Information collected included demographic data, cardiac diagnosis and associated factors, Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS)-1 classification, and perioperative events. Primary outcome was composed of CICU and hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were CICU and hospital length of stay (LOS). RESULTS: Of the 553 patients who were included, teleconsultation was done for 71 (12.4%), with a total of 156 encounters, including 19 for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Three hundred twenty-one recommendations were given, and 42 real-time interventions were documented. RACHS-1 distribution was similar between study periods (p=0.427). Teleconsulted patients were significantly younger (44 versus 24 months; p=0.03) and had higher surgical complexity than nonteleconsulted patients (p=0.01). RACHS-1 adjusted hospital survival was similar between study periods. CICU and hospital LOS intervals were significantly shorter in the telemedicine period (10 versus 17 days [p=0.02] and 22 versus 28 days [p<0.001]). In surgical cases, preoperative CICU LOS was significantly shorter (3 versus 6 days; p<0.001). Variables associated with hospital mortality were higher RACHS-1 categories, lower weight, bypass time longer than 150 min, and use of circulatory arrest, as well as the presence of sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis. Those associated with increased LOS were lower weight, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and cross-clamp time longer than 60 min. CONCLUSIONS: An international telemedicine service in PCCC was associated with lower CICU and hospital LOS. Prospective telemedicine interventions aimed to decrease mortality and LOS should focus on patients with higher RACHS-1 categories, lower-weight infants, and those with prolonged operative time and selective perioperative complications.

Adiposity indices in the prediction of insulin resistance in prepubertal Colombian children.

OBJECTIVE: To compare BMI with abdominal skinfold thickness (ASF), waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio in the prediction of insulin resistance (IR) in prepubertal Colombian children. DESIGN: We calculated age- and sex-specific Z-scores for BMI, ASF, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and three other skinfold-thickness sites. Logistic regression with stepwise selection (P = 0·80 for entry and P = 0·05 for retention) was performed to identify predictors of IR and extreme IR, which were determined by age- and sex-specific Z-scores to identify the ≥ 90th and ≥ 95th percentile of homeostasis model assessment (HOMAIR), respectively. We used receiver operating characteristic curves to compare the area under the curve between models. SETTING: Bucaramanga, Colombia. SUBJECTS: Children (n 1261) aged 6-10 years in Tanner stage 1 from a population-based study. RESULTS: A total of 127 children (seventy girls and fifty-seven boys) were classified with IR, including sixty-three children (thirty-three girls and thirty boys) classified with extreme IR. Only ASF and BMI Z-scores were retained as predictors of IR by stepwise selection. Adding ASF Z-score to BMI Z-score improved the area under the curve from 0·794 (95 % CI 0·752, 0·837) to 0·811 (95 % CI 0·770, 0·851; P for contrast = 0·01). In predicting extreme IR, the addition of ASF Z-score to BMI Z-score improved the area under the curve from 0·837 (95 % CI 0·790, 0·884) to 0·864 (95 % CI 0·823, 0·905; P for contrast = 0·01). CONCLUSIONS: ASF Z-score predicted IR independent of BMI Z-score in our population of prepubertal children. ASF and BMI Z-scores together improved IR risk stratification compared with BMI Z-score alone, opening new perspectives in the prediction of cardiometabolic risk in prepubertal children.

AFLP analysis reveals a clonal population of Phytophthora pinifolia in Chile.

Phytophthora pinifolia is the causal agent of the recently discovered needle disease of Pinus radiata in Chile, referred to as "Daño Foliar del Pino" (DFP). The genetic structure of the pathogen population is unknown, which hinders our understanding of its appearance and spread in Chile since 2004. In this study, a population of 88 cultures of P. pinifolia isolated from P. radiata at several localities in Chile was evaluated for genotypic diversity using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Results of the AFLP analyses showed that the P. pinifolia population in Chile consists of two near identical genotypes but with no genetic differentiation based on geography, year of isolation or the part of the tree from which the isolates were obtained. Mating experiments did not lead to the production of gametangia suggesting that the organism is sterile. The fact that a single clonal genotype dominates the population of P. pinifolia in Chile supports the hypothesis that P. pinifolia was recently introduced into this country and that its impact is due to a new and susceptible host encounter.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in scholars from Bucaramanga, Colombia: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity and metabolic syndrome are strongly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases, thus the increasing trend in their prevalence among children and adolescents from developing countries requires a further understanding of their epidemiology and determinants. METHODS AND DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was designed to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among 6-10 year-old children from Bucaramanga, Colombia. A two-stage random-cluster (neighborhoods, houses) sampling process was performed based on local city maps and local statistics. The study involves a domiciliary survey; including a comprehensive socio-demographic, nutritional and physical activity characterization of the children that participated in the study, followed by a complete clinical examination; including blood pressure, anthropometry, lipid profile determination, fasting glucose and insulin levels. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome will be determined using definitions and specific percentile cut-off points for this population. Finally, the association between components of metabolic syndrome and higher degrees of insulin resistance will be analyzed through a multivariable logistic regression model. This study protocol was designed in compliance with the Helsinki declaration and approved by the local ethics board. Consent was obtained from the children and their parents/guardians. DISCUSSION: A complete description of the environmental and non-environmental factors underlying the burden of metabolic syndrome in children from a developing country like Colombia will provide policy makers, health care providers and educators from similar settings with an opportunity to guide primary and secondary preventive initiatives at both individual and community levels. Moreover, this description may give an insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms mediating the development of cardio-metabolic diseases early in life.

Are nutrition-induced epigenetic changes the link between socioeconomic pathology and cardiovascular diseases?

The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM 2) is decreasing in developed countries despite the increase in the percentage of subjects with obesity and other well-recognized cardiovascular risk factors. In contrast, the recent transition of the economic model experienced by developing countries, characterized by the adoption of a Western lifestyle, that we have named "socioeconomic pathology," has led to an increase in the burden of CVD. It has been demonstrated that conventional cardiovascular risk factors in developed and developing countries are the same. Why then does the population of developing countries currently have a higher incidence of CVD than that of developed countries if they share the same risk factors? We have proposed the existence of a higher susceptibility to the development of systemic inflammation at low levels of abdominal obesity in the population of developing countries and the consequent endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, DM 2, and CVD. In contrast, an important percentage of obese people living in developed countries have a healthy phenotype and low risk of developing CVD and DM 2. Human epidemiologic studies and experimental dietary interventions in animal models have provided considerable evidence to suggest that nutritional imbalance and metabolic disturbances early in life may later have a persistent effect on an adult's health that may even be transmitted to the next generations. Epigenetic changes dependent on nutrition could be key in this evolutionary health behavior, acting as a buffering system, permitting the adaptation to environmental conditions by silencing or increasing the expression of certain genes.

Transplante cardiaco en niños: reporte del primer caso atendido en la Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia / Cardiac transplantation in children: report of the first case treated in the Colombian Cardiovascular Foundation

En los últimos años, el trasplante cardiaco ha mejorado sustancialmente la calidad de vida y la sobrevida de los niños con enfermedad cardiaca terminal. En la actualidad, es un procedimiento rutinario en centros especializados; sin embargo, pese a los numerosos avances, existen complicaciones a largo plazo, como el rechazo tardío, la enfermedad vascular del injerto y los desórdenes linfoproliferativos que limitan la sobrevida y la calidad de vida (2). Estas limitaciones podrían disminuirse con la identificación oportuna de los donantes potenciales, lo cual permite disponer de órganos de mejor calidad, el mejoramiento del soporte al donante, un adecuado sistema de transporte y de preservación de los órganos, la actualización y el mejoramiento de los protocolos de manejo, y la utilización de nuevos fármacos.

During the last years, cardiac transplantation has substantially improved survival and life quality in children with terminal heart disease. It is actually a routine procedure in specialized centers. Nevertheless, in spite of the numerous advances, there are long-term complications, such as late rejection, implant vascular disease and lymphoproliferative disorders that limit survival and life quality (2). These limitations could be diminished by an opportune identification of the potential donors, allowing best quality organs disposal, improvement of donor support, adequate transport and preservation system, updating and improvement of treatment protocols and new medicines utilization. The scarce donors’ availability obliges the implement of strategies tending to sensitize the community on the need of adopting a culture of organs’ donation. In order to achieve the treatment’s goals, to offer an integral rehabilitation and to have a prompt reincorporation to society of the transplanted patient, educational programs and multidisciplinary support are required, not only for the patients, but also for their families.

Estudio del riesgo cardiovascular en la infancia a través de un modelo clínico-investigativo / Study of cardiovascular risk in infancy through a clinical-investigative model

Antecedentes: desde el 2004, el Área de Investigación en Pediatría de la Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, ha desarrollado la línea de investigación: factores de riesgo cardiovascular en la infancia, a través del planteamiento de un modelo clínico investigativo. Objetivo: describir la experiencia de la Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia en el desarrollo de actividades clínico-investigativas orientadas al estudio y la prevención primaria de las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Método: no aplica.Resultados: no aplican.Conclusiones: a partir de este modelo se han desarrollado diversas actividades de investigación encaminadas a la cuantificación de la magnitud del problema que representan estos factores de riesgo en la población pediátrica de Bucaramanga, pasando de estudios de tamizaje a estudios de carácter poblacional, y derivando de sus resultados la creación de programas clínicos y comunitarios enfocados a la sensibilización de la población general y a la prevención e intervención oportuna de las enfermedades cardiovasculares.

Antecedents: since 2004, the Pediatric Area of Research from the Colombian Cardiovascular Foundation has developed the investigation line: cardiovascular risk factors in infancy, through a clinical-investigative model. Objective: to describe the Colombian Cardiovascular Foundation experience in the development of clinical-investigative activities oriented to the study and primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Method: does not apply. Results: do not apply. Conclusions: several investigative activities have been developed based on this model, tending to quantify the magnitude of the problem represented by these risk factors in the pediatric population of Bucaramanga, passing from screening studies to population-based studies, allowing by its results the creation of clinical and communitarian programs focused in the awareness of the general population and the prevention and opportune intervention of cardiovascular diseases.

Mortalidad quirúrgica de la corrección de cardiopatías congénitas en la Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia: 2000-2005 / Surgical mortality in the correction of congenital heart disease at the Colombian Cardiovascular Foundation: 2000-2005

Antecedentes: la cirugía cardiaca se reconoce como uno de los mayores logros de la medicina. En las últimas décadas, ha experimentado enormes progresos en relación con el perfeccionamiento de las técnicas quirúrgicas, anestésicas y de cuidado crítico, técnicas que en conjunto han permitido corregir de manera oportuna y definitiva la mayoría de cardiopatías congénitas.Objetivo: describir el porcentaje de mortalidad quirúrgica institucional de los pacientes intervenidos por cardiopatías congénitas según su nivel de complejidad (Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium RACHS-1 - based method for Risk Adjusment for Surgery congenital Heart disease).Métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes intervenidos mediante cirugía para corrección de cardiopatías congénitas de enero de 2000 a octubre de 2005. Se contemplaron las siguientes variables: grupo etáreo, clasificación del riesgo del procedimiento y número de muertes operatorias.

Background: Cardiac surgery is recognized as one of the biggest achievements in medicine. In the last decades, it has experienced enormous progresses through the improvement of the surgical, anesthetic and critical care techniques that have allowed the correction of most of the congenital cardiac defects opportunely and definitively. Method: To describe the percentage of institutional surgical mortality of patients operated for cardiac congenital defects according to the complexity level (Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium RACHS-1 - based method for Risk Adjusment for Surgery congenital Heart disease). Results: Between January 2000 and October 2005, 1132 patients were operated. The surgical mortality accumulated in the described period was 7.2%, 7.8% in 2000, 13.8% in 2001, 6.5% in 2002, 7.9% in 2003, 5.1% in 2004 and 3.9% in 2005. The mortality by category of risk was 1.8% in the category 1, 4.8% in the category 2, 11.8% in the category 3, 11.5% in the category 4, 0% in the category 5 and 50% in the category 6. Conclusions: In the last six years, an important decrease in pediatric mortality due to cardiovascular surgical procedures has been observed. Maintaining an adequate register in the long term will allow the systematic analysis of the survival performance (tendencies) which will permit to establish comparisons with the main reference centers worldwide.

Construtivismo e psicoterapia / Constructivism and psychotherapy

Este trabalho aborda o construtivismo enquanto nicho metateórico para a psicoterapia. Nesse sentido, busca-se, inicialmente: 1)caracterizar alguns princípios, surgidos na pós-modernidade, que estão na base de um pensamento construtivista: a natureza ativa da mente, o caráter subjetivo da realidade, o abandono da verdade na idéia de conhecimento, a adoção dos critérios epistêmicos de coerência e viabilidade para a ciência; 2)contextualizar o construtivismo no fluxo do desenvolvimento histórico da Psicologia. Em seguida, discutem-se três características centrais à metateoria (natureza proativa dos processos cognitivos, organização morfogênica nuclear e natureza auto-organizadora do desenvolvimento) e os seus planos de demarcação (ontológico e epistemológico, com predominância do epistemológico). Por último, é lembrada a necessidade de considerar o construtivismo como co-construtivismo, em que o desenvolvimento é pensado no interior de processos interativos (AU)

Construtivismo e psicoterapia / Constructivism and psychotherapy

Este trabalho aborda o construtivismo enquanto nicho metateórico para a psicoterapia. Nesse sentido, busca-se, inicialmente: 1)caracterizar alguns princípios, surgidos na pós-modernidade, que estão na base de um pensamento construtivista: a natureza ativa da mente, o caráter subjetivo da realidade, o abandono da verdade na idéia de conhecimento, a adoção dos critérios epistêmicos de coerência e viabilidade para a ciência; 2)contextualizar o construtivismo no fluxo do desenvolvimento histórico da Psicologia. Em seguida, discutem-se três características centrais à metateoria (natureza proativa dos processos cognitivos, organização morfogênica nuclear e natureza auto-organizadora do desenvolvimento) e os seus planos de demarcação (ontológico e epistemológico, com predominância do epistemológico). Por último, é lembrada a necessidade de considerar o construtivismo como co-construtivismo, em que o desenvolvimento é pensado no interior de processos interativos.

Comparison of hemp and cotton fiber implants in muscle rat tissue. Study of the inflammatory response / Estudio comparativo de la respuesta inflamatoria de los implantes de fibra de cañamo y algodón, en músculo de rata

Hemp fiber is obtained from the plant Musa textilis. The cost of preparation of its raw fibers is low. The purpose of this paper was to compare the inflammatory response in the rat muscle tissue originated by both hemp and cotton fibers. Both types of fibers, were sacrificed at 15, 30 and 60 postoperative days. Muscle tissue sections were stained with hematoxilyneosin. The inflammatory response was measured by subtracting the suture surface area from the total granulomatous area. At 15 days, the inflammatory response were similar (P>0.05). We cannot conclude that the hemp fiber is superior to cotton, nevertheless, they behave the same. Therefore, hemp constitutes an alternative as suture material

Perguntas de alunos: uma análise funcional / Student's questions: a functional analysis

Pretende identificar tipos de relaçöes entre a pergunta do aluno e as falas anteriores e posteriores da professora em uma classe de 1ª série do ensino fundamental. Os dados obtidos através de gravaçäo e registro manual permitem a elaboraçäo de categorias descritivas da estrutura dessas relaçöes, tanto para episódios breves como para extensos. O levantamento de frequência das categorias obtidas mostra o predomínio da ausência de controle entre as verbalizaçöes da professora e dos alunos. Há um número reduzido de ocorrências de controle mútuo e uma maior proporçäo de verbalizaçöes da professora controladas pelas perguntas dos alunos do que a proporçäo de perguntas dos alunos controladas por alguma fala da professora. A discussäo considera o padräo de consequenciaçäo estabelecido pela professora em relaçäo às perguntas dos alunos e as possibilidades de análise oferecidas pela construçäo de categorias relacionais.

Interaçäo professor-aluno: o que perguntam os alunos? / Teacher-student interaction: what do the students ask?

Registra as verbalizaçöes de uma professora de primeira série do ensino fundamental e de seus 31 alunos, durante atividades de classe. Do tratamento e análise dos dados resulta um sistema de categorias que descreve a natureza das perguntas dos alunos, das verbalizaçöes da professora e das atividades acadêmicas. Discute os resultados em termos da restriçäo à curiosidade do aluno imposta pelas condiçöes de sala de aula.

Interacao professor-aluno: o que perguntam os livros?

Ao longo de seis meses do periodo letivo, num total de 9 horas e 45 minutos, foram registradas as verbalizacoes de uma professora de primeira serie do Ensino Fundamental e de seus alunos, durante atividades de classe. Do tratamento e analise dos dados resultou um sistema de categorias que descreve a natureza das perguntas dos alunos, das verbalizacoes da professora e das atividades academicas. Grande parte das perguntas consistia em solicitacoes de permissao para participar de atividade academica ou para ir ao banheiro, e de informacao relativa a conteudo academico. Aproximadamente metade das verbalizacoes da professora foi composta de instrucao ou ordem de natureza academica ou disciplinar. Embora nao se pudesse afirmar que tipo de pergunta apareceria caracteristicamente em cada atividade, algumas tendencias foram encontradas na distribuicao das perguntas em relacao a forma de apresentacao das atividades. Os resultados sao discutidos principalmente em termos da restricao a curiosidade do aluno imposta pelas condicoes de sala de aula.

Perguntas de alunos: uma analise funcional

O presente trabalho pretende identificar tipos de relacoes funcionais entre a pergunta do aluno e as falas anteriores e posteriores da professora em uma classe de primeira serie do ensino fundamental. Os dados obtidos atraves de gravacao e registro manual permitiram a elaboracao de categorias descritivas da estrutura dessas relacoes, tanto para epsodios breves como para extensos. O levantamento de frequencia das categorias obtidas mostra o predominio da ausencia de controle entre as verbalizacoes da professora e dos alunos. Ha um numero reduzido de ocorrencias de controle mutuo e uma maior proporcao de verbalizacoes da professora controladas pelas perguntas dos alunos do que a proporcao de perguntas dos alunos controladas por alguma fala da professora. A discussao considera o padrao de consequenciacao estabelecido pela professora em relacao as perguntas dos alunos e as possibilidades de analise oferecidas pela construcao de categorias relacionais.