ABSTRACT
Quantification of global forest change has been lacking despite the recognized importance of forest ecosystem services. In this study, Earth observation satellite data were used to map global forest loss (2.3 million square kilometers) and gain (0.8 million square kilometers) from 2000 to 2012 at a spatial resolution of 30 meters. The tropics were the only climate domain to exhibit a trend, with forest loss increasing by 2101 square kilometers per year. Brazil's well-documented reduction in deforestation was offset by increasing forest loss in Indonesia, Malaysia, Paraguay, Bolivia, Zambia, Angola, and elsewhere. Intensive forestry practiced within subtropical forests resulted in the highest rates of forest change globally. Boreal forest loss due largely to fire and forestry was second to that in the tropics in absolute and proportional terms. These results depict a globally consistent and locally relevant record of forest change.
Subject(s)
Conservation of Natural Resources , Geographic Mapping , Maps as Topic , Trees , Brazil , IndonesiaABSTRACT
The data on complete safety and high immunogenic potency of intranasal live influenza vaccine from the recombinant A/Brazil/11/78 (H1N1) and A/Bangkok/1/79 (H3N2) strains prepared with a special donor of attenuation, a cold-adapted A/Leningrad/134/47/57 (H2N2) virus, have been obtained. The possibility of using a bivaccine from the recombinant strains constructed on the basis of a single donor of attenuation and inheriting from it most of the genes coding for nonglycosylated proteins was demonstrated. Administration of this bivaccine to children was not accompanied by any increase in the rate of postvaccination febrile reactions, but produced in the vaccinees an intensive immune response to the antigenic components of the vaccine which was in agreement with the data obtained after separate administration of monovaccines.