A rare presentation of haematuria: hip prosthesis in the bladder.

An 80-year-old woman presented to our department with visible haematuria and stage II acute kidney injury (AKI). She had stage IIB cervical cancer, for which she received chemotherapy and external beam radiotherapy in 2003. Four years later, she had a left dynamic hip screw for an extracapsular neck of femur fracture following a fall. In 2010, she underwent a right total hip replacement owing to osteoarthritis, and it was subsequently revised in 2012 owing to a right acetabular component failure. In this admission, her AKI improved with intravenous fluid administration and her haematuria settled following catheterisation with a three-way catheter and bladder irrigation with saline. She underwent a flexible cystoscopy which revealed that a part of her right hip prosthesis was in the bladder, having eroded through the right bony pelvis. However, she declined any surgical interventions.

An unusual case of fibular (postaxial) polydactyly: extrametatarsal head with fused duplication of the proximal phalanx.

Polydactyly of the foot is a congenital anomaly characterized by the appearance of all or part of 1 or more additional rays. A number of morphologically and anatomically based classifications exist. We present an unusual case of fibular (postaxial) polydactyly characterized by an extrametatarsal head with fused duplication of the proximal phalanx. We describe the method of surgical correction and emphasize the need for careful preoperative planning to achieve a good functional and cosmetic outcome.

Advances in meniscal tissue engineering.

Injuries and lesions to the meniscal cartilage of the knee joint are common. As a result of its limited regenerative capacity, early degenerative changes to the articular surface frequently occur, resulting in pain and poor function. Currently available surgical interventions include repair of tears, and partial and total meniscectomy but the results are inconsistent and often poor. Interest in the field of meniscal tissue engineering with the possibilities of better treatment outcomes has grown in recent times. Current research has focused on the use of mesenchymal stem cells, fibrochondrocytes, meniscal derived cells and fibroblast-like synoviocytes in tissue engineering. Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent cells that have been identified in a number of tissues including bone marrow and synovium. Current research is aimed at defining the correct combination of cytokines and growth factors necessary to induce specific tissue formation and includes transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß), Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) and Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2). Scaffolds provide mechanical stability and integrity, and supply a template for three-dimensional organization of the developing tissue. A number of experimental and animal models have been used to investigate the ideal scaffolds for meniscal tissue engineering. The ideal scaffold for meniscal tissue engineering has not been identified but biodegradable scaffolds have shown the most promising results. In addition to poly-glycolic acid (PGA) and poly-lactic acid (PLLA) scaffolds, new synthetic hydrogels and collagen sponges are also being explored. There are two synthetic meniscal implants currently in clinical use and there are a number of clinical trials in the literature with good short- and medium-term results. Both products are indicated for segmental tissue loss and not for complete meniscal replacement. The long-term results of these implants are unknown and we wait to see whether they will be proved to have benefits in delaying arthritic change and chondral damage.