[Investigation of hematologic and clinical chemical parameters in serum of newborn fallow deer calves (Dama dama L.). Clinical chemical parameters]. / Untersuchungen zu hämatologischen sowie klinisch-chemischen Parametern im Blutserum neugeborener Damwildkälber (Dama dama L.). Teil 2: Klinisch-chemische Parameter.

59 blood samples from newborn fallow deer calves were clinical-chemically investigated at day of birth. To estimate the metabolic situation post natum we measured the concentration of glucose (6.8 +/- 2.2 mmol/l), total protein (54.0 +/- 8.7 g/l), albumin (19.5 +/- 2.3 g/l), gammaglobulins (3.5 +/- 2.0 g/l), urea (5.2 +/- 1.8 mmol/l), creatinine (86.2 +/- 22.8 mumol/l) and bilirubin (4.4 +/- 4.4 mumol/l). Furthermore the activity of the enzymes AP (3258 U/l), ALAT (10.8 U/)l, ASAT (67.2 U/l), GGT (82.2 U/l) and CK (181.0 U/l) was measured. Additionally following minerals were determined: sodium (135.8 +/- 10.2 mmol/l), chloride (95.6 +/- 7.5 mmol/l), potassium (4.3 +/- 0.6 mmol/l), calcium (2.6 +/- 0.3 mmol/l), inorganic phosphor (2.4 +/- 0.5 mmol/l) and iron (12.1 +/- 8.0 mumol/l).

[Investigations on hematologic and clinical chemical parameters in blood serum of newborn fallow deer calves (Dama dama L.). 1: Birth weight and hematologic parameters]. / Untersuchungen zu hämatologischen sowie klinisch-chemischen Parametern im Blutserum neugeborener Damwildkälber (Dama dama L.). Teil 1: Geburtsgewichte und hämatologische Parameter.

59 newborn fallow deer calves were caught, marked, clinically investigated and weighed within 24 hours after parturition. Simultaneously a blood sample was taken from the jugular vein for hematological investigation. Mean birth weight was 4.84 +/- 0.4 kg. Mean number of erythrocytes was 8.91 +/- 0.77 T/l, the hemoglobin concentration was 8.28 +/- 0.77 mmol/l and the PCV was 40.9 +/- 3.0%. A temporary physiological erythropenia as described for neonates of different species during early postnatal development was not found in newborn fallow deer calves. On the other hand the fallow deer calves were born with a remarkable little number of leukocytes (4.5 +/- 1.34 G/l). Granulocytes are dominant among the white blood cells in newborn and adult fallow deer. Only during the 3rd and 4th month of life the number of lymphocytes raised temporarily.

[Real-time ultrasonographic pregnancy diagnosis (B-mode) in sheep. 3. Determination of the number of embryos and fetuses]. / Die ultrasonographische Trächtigkeitsdiagnostik (B-Mode) beim Schaf. Teil 3: Untersuchungen zur Erfassung der Anzahl von Embryonen und Feten.

Transrectal ultrasound examination was performed once in 1159 German Mutton Merino ewes in a standing position using a 5.0 MHz linear array transducer (group 1), 505 German Mutton Merino ewes were restrained in dorsal recumbency while scanned transrectally using a 7.5 MHz probe (group 2). Referring to actual number of lambs born the prepartal prediction of fetal number was correct in 71.8% (group 1) and 78.6% (group 2) of the ewes from days 17 to 69 p.c. The highest accuracy for determining fetal number (89.1%) was in group 1 at days 35 to 46 of gestation. In group 2 the accuracy was more consistent over the whole period of examinations and reached over 80% from as early as 29 days p.c. As litter size increased, examinations in both groups became increasingly inaccurate in determining correct litter size. A subdivision of living, underdeveloped and dead embryos or foetuses was possible by the presence or the absence of a heartbeat and the crown-rump-length of the embryos or foetuses. The percentage of ewes with embryonic or fetal loss is given.

[Breeding hygiene regimen and fertility performance in a swine herd of 400]. / Zuchthygieneregime und Fruchtbarkeitsleistungen in einer 400er Sauenherde.

A specific breeding schedule and the subsequent reproductive performance in a 400 swine breeding herd over five years is described. The reduction of the nursing time from 49 to 28 days increased the number of litters per anno to 2.4 and of weaned piglets by six. The reproductive management is based on the 7-day-breeding schedule. Each week 22 to 23 animals are inseminated, among them eight gilts every 14 days. Mating gilts only every 14 days reduce the cost for transportation. The zoo- and biotechnique is as follows: Sows: weaning on Wednesday; 24 h later 900 IE pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) i.m., artificial insemination (AI) on Monday or Tuesday (two times), pregnancy diagnosis by transcutaneous ultrasonography on day 23/24 post insemination. Gilts: transportation (gilts are bought-in) exactly four weeks before insemination; on Saturday/ Sunday transportation induced heat; 23 days after transportation (18th/19th day of female cycle), on Friday 900 IE PMSG (with sows simultaneously); on Monday 150 micrograms GnRH-analogue i.m.; on Wednesday/Thursday AI (two times; the 2nd AI 14 h after the first), pregnancy diagnosis by transcutaneous ultrasonography on day 23/24 post insemination.

[Incidence, diagnosis, therapy and subsequent fertility in goats with hydrometra]. / Auftreten, Diagnose, Therapie und nachfolgende Fruchtbarkeitsleistungen bei Ziegen mit Hydrometra.

The hydrometra is a comparatively common disease in dairy goats. The etiology and pathophysiology of this pathological uterine condition has not been completely clarified yet. In the present study 143 cases of hydrometra were found in 2434 goats which had been subjected to pregnancy diagnosis with transrectal ultrasonography for three years. The mean incidence was 5.78%. The uterus of the goats was filled with a clear or slightly turbid fluid which contained small blobs to a certain extent. The amount of the aseptic fluid in the uterus varied from 0.25 to 8.3 l. Hydrometra occurred in goats which had been mated as well as in those which had not been mated. Hydrometra may also be accompanied by embryonic/fetal mortality. The incidence of hydrometra was significantly increased in older does and in does which had been mated after estrus synchronisation with gestagens and PMSG. Out of the breeding season the incidence was higher than during the breeding season. The breed of the does and the milk yield did not influence the incidence of hydrometra. The application of prostaglandin analoques performed a luteolysis and the cloudburst in the goats with high efficiency. After therapy the performance in breeding was significantly decreased. The performances improved when does were mated in a longer distance to the disease. The goats showed a high risk of developing hydrometra again.

[Care of pregnancy and prevention of lamb diseases in goats]. / Trächtigkeitsfürsorge und Vorbeuge vor Lämmererkrankungen bei der Ziege.

The breeding of dairy goats has spread in Saxony for over 200 years. Recently the keeping of bigger flocks (30-300 animals) for milk and cheese production has become more common. Within the care of the pregnant she goats the feeding recommendation is a main point of the veterinary herd management. The special performances done by the pregnant animals are discussed. The daily need of energy intake is given with about 11 Megajoule Nettoenergy-lactation as well as the daily need of protein with 230 g. Additionally the minimal daily intake of minerals and vitamins is mentioned. Supervising she goats during lambing and avoiding temperatures lower than 18 degrees C in the stables is considered as necessary to prevent hypoglycemia of the newborn lambs. The enzootic process of Clostridium-perfringens-type-B-infection is discussed in connection with the intake of colostrum and the increasing density of pathogen microorganism during the lambing period.

[Dermonecrosis along the course of the caudal branch of the lateral saphenous vein in foals due to a Staphylococcus aureus infection]. / Dermonekrose im Verlauf des Ramus caudalis der Vena saphena lateralis beim Fohlen infolge einer Staphylococcus-aureus-Infektion.

Necrosis of the skin on both lateral aspects of the hind limbs following the caudal branch of the lateral saphenous vein in 22 suckling foals is described. The first clinical signs were observed on days 2-5 post natum. S. aureus was isolated from the wounds. Decubitus in the region of the malleolus lateralis tibiae was considered the starting point of an ascending infection. This type of dermonecrosis was only observed in boxes with hard floors where the straw bedding was pushed aside by the lying foals regularly, never, however, in boxes with deep and permanent sawdust or straw bedding. Therapeutic and preventive measures are discussed.

[Bacterial infections in felines in zoological gardens]. / Bakterielle Infektionen bei Feliden in Zoologischen Gärten.

The significance of selected bacterial infections of felines in zoological gardens is discussed. Anthrax and malleus are in Germany of historical interest only, tuberculosis went down very strongly. Isolated cases of pseudotuberculosis must be expected in future. Infections with bacteria of the genera Chlamydia, Pasteurella and of the family Enterobacteriaceae are also considered. The significance of Clostridium perfringens in the so called tiger disease is discussed.

[Use of different superovulation regimes and laparoscopic studies of ovarian function in African dwarf goats]. / Anwendung verschiedener Superovulationsregimes und laparoskopische Untersuchung der Ovarfunktion bei afrikanischen Zwergziegen.

17 African dwarf goats were treated with 4 different superovulation regimes. The results of the treatments were assessed spectroscopically and checked laparoscopically. The quantitative basis of the investigation is too small to allow statistically well-founded statements, but is indicative of distinctive trends. A proportion of 73% CL and CLA in the overall ovarian changes after treatment with 750 IE PMSG (2 days before removal of the sponge) and 125 micrograms PGF2 alpha (at the time of the sponge removal) proved an acceptable method of treating African dwarf goats as regards the requirement of labour and material as well as the superovulation effect.

[Recovery and light microscopic evaluation of follicular oocytes of swine and relationship between the degeneration rate of oocytes and the estrus phase]. / Gewinnung und lichtmikroskopische Beurteilung follikulärer Oozyten des Schweines sowie Beziehungen zwischen der Degenerationsrate der Oozyten und der Zyklusphase.

Cumulus-oocyte complexes were recovered from 25 gilts by aspiration of follicular fluid or cutting of follicles from all Graafian follicles of greater than or equal to 3 mm in diameter during diestrus, proestrus or estrus. In 5 gilts the oocytes were collected post ovulation by flushing of oviducts. The recovery rate of follicular oocytes differed between 75.5% during the late diestrus (days 13-17) and 43.5% during the proestrus (days 18-21). During the proestrus and on day 1 of the estrus the recovery of oocytes was more difficult as a result of the higher viscosity of follicular fluid and the mucification of cumulus-oocyte complexes. The degeneration rate of oocytes was high during the diestrus with a peak at the time of regression of corpora lutea. From diestrus to the estrus the degeneration rate decreased. Following degeneration rates were found in the oocytes during the cycle: days 7-12: 38.8%, days 13-17: 50.0%, days 18-21: 29.6%, day 1 of the estrus: 10.8%, day 2 of the estrus ante ovulation: 11.8%, day 2 of the estrus post ovulation: 6.2%. Signs of degeneration were: Loss of cumulus cells (during diestrus and proestrus), damaged zona pellucida, enlargement of perivitelline space, deformation of oocyte, alteration of structure of the ooplasm, diameter of vitellus less than 100 microns. It was concluded that the selection of dominant follicles takes place in pigs during a long time of the cycle, especially during the diestrus. There were not any indications of a 2-wave hypothesis of follicular growth during the cycle in pig.

[Histological and biochemical studies of the uterus of ovariectomized gilts during the first two months of pregnancy after different hormone substitutions. 4. Effect of the conceptus on the activities of alkaline and acid phosphatase and the concentration of glycogen in the uterus during different supplies of progesterone and norgestrel]. / Histologische und biochemische Untersuchungen an Uteri ovarektomierter Jungsauen während der ersten zwei Graviditätsmonate nach unterschiedlicher Hormonsubstitution. 4. Mitteilung: Einfluss des Konzeptus auf die Aktivitäten der alkalischen und sauren Phosphatase sowie die Konzentration des Glykogens im Uterus bei unterschiedlichem Angebot von Progesteron sowie Norgestrel.

Forty-five ovariectomised gilts in early gravidity received injections of progesterone doses between 120 mg and 40 mg as well as 250 micrograms/die of oestradiol-benzoate and oral application of 12 mg/die of norgestrel, the latter being administered in addition to the 40 mg dose of progesterone. The animals were killed between the 20th and 24th or on the 35th days of gravidity, before endometrial activities were determined of alkaline and acid phosphatases at various points of the uterus (centre and sides of ampullae and in-between ampullae). Under conditions of sufficient progesterone supply (120 mg/die and 100 mg/die), endometrial activities of both alkaline and acid phosphatases in the centre of ampullae were found to be higher than those in-between them. Activities were lower with inadequate progesterone supply (40 mg/die), and differences between points of sampling were less strongly pronounced for alkaline phosphatase. Endometrial glycogen concentrations in the centre of ampullae were lower than those in-between. Values in response to inadequate progesterone administration were lower than those following sufficient supply. With regard to glycogen concentrations, differences between points of sampling in the myometrium were below those in the endometrium.

[Histologic and biochemical studies on the uteri of ovariectomized gilts during the first two months of pregnancy after different hormone substitutions. 1. Changes in the structure of the placenta during pregnancy weeks 3-8 after constant high doses of progesterone and estradiol benzoate]. / Histologische und biochemische Untersuchungen an Uteri ovarektomierter Jungsauen während der ersten zwei Graviditätsmonate nach unterschiedlicher Hormonsubstitution. 1. Mitteilung: Veränderungen der Struktur der Plazenta materna während der 3.-8. Graviditätswoche bei gleichbleibend hoher Applikation von Progesteron und Ostradiolbenzoat.

Sixteen pregnant gilts were ovariectomised (Groups 1 and 2: 11th to 15th days of gravidity, Group 3: 19th to 22nd days of gravidity, Group 4: 34th to 45th days of gravidity). Daily intramuscular injections of 120 mg of progesterone and 250 micrograms of oestradiol benzoate were applied to them, beginning on the day of ovariectomy to preserve gravidity. All experimental animals were sacrificed between the 21st and 25th days of gravidity (Group 1) and between the 31st and 37th days (Groups 2 and 3) as well as between the 52nd and 61st days (Group 4). Living and dead embryos were numerically recorded, and histological als well as biochemical studies were conducted in all uteri. Embryo survival rates were normal, that is between 62.8 and 80 percent in Groups 1, 2, and 3, with the numbers of living embryos being 9.5, 7.5, and 8.0. Gravidity-specific uterus alterations were typical, despite constant hormone substitution. The thickness of endometrium declined with significance over the period under review. Plication was intensified, while the surface epithelium was flattened. Vascularisation increased, particularly in the subepithelial region, and the endometrial stroma became more oedematous. Full functionality was retained by the uterine glands in the period under review (increase in glandular epithelium as well as rising activity of alkaline phosphatase). Significant increase was recorded from the activity of acid phosphatase, whereas glycogen concentrations went down in the myometrium.

[Histologic and biochemical studies of the uteri of ovariectomized gilts during the first two months of pregnancy after different hormone substitutions. 2. Effects of reducing the progesterone dosage on the survival rate of embryos and the structure of the placenta and the influence of oral administration of norgestrel]. / Histologische und biochemische Untersuchungen an Uteri ovarektomierter Jungsauen während der ersten zwei Graviditätsmonate nach unterschiedlicher Hormonsubstitution. 2. Mitteilung: Auswirkungen einer Reduzierung der Progesterondosis auf die Uberlebensrate der Embryonen und die Struktur der Plazenta materna sowie Einfluss einer oralen Verabreichung von Norgestrel.

Studies were conducted into ovariectomised gilts in early gravidity, with the view to finding out if reduction of daily progesterone doses had an impact upon embryo survival rate and on the structure of the placenta and if experimentally induced progesterone deficit could be offset by oral administration of norgestrel, a synthetic progestagen. Embryo survival were found to drop from 80 to 26.1 percent in response to reduced progesterone dosage from 120 mg to 40 mg, average numbers of living embryos per animal being 9.6 or 3.0. Oral administration of 12 mg of norgestrel, in addition to injection of 40 mg of progesterone, enhanced the survival rate to 64.6 percent, the average number of living embryos coming to 8.9. Reduction of progesterone doses compared to animals with sufficient progesterone supply. Depressed the beginning decrease of the thickness endometrium and surface epithelium oedematisation of the endometrial stroma was mitigated, and subepithelial hyperaemia disappeared altogether. The secretory activity of uterine glands declined, and so did the endometrial activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases. Administration of norgestrel proved helpful in substantive removal of manifestations observed in the progesterone deficit group.

[Histologic and biochemical studies of the uteri of ovariectomized gilts during the first two months of pregnancy after different hormone substitutions. 3. Local effects of the conceptus on the structure of the placenta and its modification by different progesterone and norgestrel administration]. / Histologische und biochemische Untersuchungen an Uteri ovarektomierter Jungsauen während der ersten zwei Graviditätsmonate nach unterschiedlicher Hormonsubstitution. 3. Mitteilung: Lokale Effekte des Konzeptus auf die Struktur der Plazenta materna und ihre Beeinflussung durch unterschiedliche Progesteron- bzw. Norgestrelapplikation.

Optical light microscopy was used in investigations of ovariectomised gravid gilts to which progesterone doses between 120 mg and 40 mg as well as 250 micrograms of oestradiol benzoate had been daily applied to preserve gravidity, with 12 mg of norgestrel being additionally administered to some of them. These investigations were conducted for the purpose of studying locally delimited effects of conception on the placental structure. Uterus tissue was sampled from living and dead embryos (centre and sides of ampullae) as well as from uterus regions free of foetal membranes (in-between ampullae). With adequate progesterone supply, embryos were shown to clearly affect the endometrial structures. Endometrium in the centre of ampullae, with living embryos, was lower than at points without embryos. Surface epithelium was flattened, and endometrial stroma was more strongly oedematised. Strongly pronounced hyperaemia occurred to subepithelial stroma in the centre of ampullae, and uterine glandular function was unambiguously stimulated. These embryo-triggered effects were much less or no longer detectable at all under conditions of inadequate progesterone supply (40 mg/die). Administration of 12 mg of norgestrel, in addition to 40 mg/die of progesterone, enabled embryos to exercise gravidity-specific influence upon the endometrium, as in cases of sufficient progesterone supply.

[Analysis of several years of breeding hygiene work in swine]. / Analyse mehrjähriger Zuchthygienearbeit beim Schwein.

An analysis of disturbances in sow fertility in breeding units in regard to the clinical appearance, the cause and pathology as well as the possibilities of prophylaxis, was conducted. The important reductions or disturbances in fertility are: --An- and subestrous of gilts --disturbances in ovulation, silent estrous as well as prolonged resting phases of old sows --cyst development and subsequent anestrous of old sows --persisting lactation anestrous. The main source of disturbance in the fertility of the sows was found to be the nutrition not adequately adapted to physiological needs especially in advanced pregnancy and other stress situations. The correction of the mentioned causes through management is the most important measure in prophylaxis.