Development of a Multimodal, Physiotherapist-Led, Vocational Intervention for People with Inflammatory Arthritis and Reduced Work Ability: A Mixed-Methods Design Study.

PURPOSE: Work ability of people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is reduced, but underexamined as a clinical treatment target. The evidence on vocational interventions indicates that delivery by a single healthcare professional (HCP) may be beneficial. Physiotherapist (PT)-led interventions have potential because PTs are most commonly consulted by RA/axSpA patients in the Netherlands. The aim was to develop a PT-led, vocational intervention for people with RA/axSpA and reduced work ability. METHODS: Mixed-methods design based on the Medical Research Council (MRC) framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions, combining a rapid literature review and six group meetings with: patient representatives (n = 6 and 10), PTs (n = 12), (occupational) HCPs (n = 9), researchers (n = 6) and a feasibility test in patients (n = 4) and PTs (n = 4). RESULTS: An intervention was developed and evaluated. Patient representatives emphasized the importance of PTs' expertise in rheumatic diseases and work ability. The potential for PTs to support patients was confirmed by PTs and HCPs. The feasibility test confirmed adequate feasibility and underlined necessity of training PTs in delivery. The final intervention comprised work-focussed modalities integrated into conventional PT treatment (10-21 sessions over 12 months), including a personalized work-roadmap to guide patients to other professionals, exercise therapy, patient education and optional modalities. CONCLUSION: A mixed-methods design with stakeholder involvement produced a PT-led, vocational intervention for people with RA/axSpA and reduced work ability, tested for feasibility and ready for effectiveness evaluation.

Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a multimodal, physiotherapist-led, vocational intervention in people with inflammatory arthritis: study protocol of the Physiotherapy WORKs trial.

BACKGROUND: Although reduced work ability is a substantial problem among people with inflammatory arthritis (IA), work ability is an underexposed area in clinical practice. Evidence on vocational interventions in IA is limited, but favourable results of delivery by a physiotherapist (PT) warrant the need for further research. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the (cost-)effectiveness of a multimodal, PT-led, vocational intervention in (self-)employed people with IA compared to usual care. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial will include 140 people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) who are (self-)employed and have reduced work ability (Work Ability Index - Single Item Scale (WAS) ≤ 7/10) and/or RA/axSpA related sick leave (≤ 6 months). Participants will be randomized 1:1 to the intervention or control condition (usual care). The intervention, delivered by primary care PTs, will be personalized to each patient, consisting of 10 to 21 sessions over 12 months. The intervention will be multimodal, comprising of 1) exercise therapy and a physical activity plan, 2) education/self-management support, 3) work-roadmap to guide participants in finding relevant other care, with optionally 4) online self-management course and 5) workplace examination. Assessments will be performed at baseline and after 3, 6, and 12 months. The primary outcome measure of effectiveness is work ability, as measured with the WAS at 12 months. For the cost-effectiveness analysis, the EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L), self-reported healthcare use, sick leave and productivity while at work will be used to estimate the trial based cost-utility from a societal perspective. A process evaluation, including assessments of adherence and treatment fidelity, will be undertaken using the registrations of the PTs and semi-structured interviews at 12 months follow-up in a random sample of the intervention group. DISCUSSION: The results of this study will provide insights in the (cost-)effectiveness of a multimodal, PT-led, vocational intervention in people with IA and a reduced work ability. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study is registered in the International Clinical Trial Registry Platform (ICTRP) under number NL9343.

[ADAPTHERA-Statewide cross-sectoral care network for patients with early rheumatoid arthritis shows sustained remission in standard care]. / ADAPTHERA ­ Landesweit transsektorales Versorgungsnetzwerk für Patienten mit früher rheumatoider Arthritis zeigt anhaltende Remissionen in der Regelversorgung.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The majority of patients in Germany miss out on the necessity of early diagnosis and initiation of therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) caused by considerable structural deficits in the health care system. The challenge is to reconcile the individual demand for the best possible therapy result with a sustainable expenditure of resources. METHODS: The cross-sectoral regional care network ADAPTHERA aims to improve early RA diagnosis and treatment in Rhineland-Palatinate. The retrospective triage analyses of suspected early onset RA patients was performed by tracing the selection process of all available enquiries (n = 1045). For analysis of the clinical course of the disease, a subset comprising 143 patients with a minimum observation time of 12 months (5 consecutive visits) was available. Clinical and laboratory parameters were collected quarter yearly, self-administered questionnaires were filled out and the treatment was adapted if necessary. RESULTS: A total of 454 patients were included. The mean waiting time was 23.9 (SD = 18) days. The mean observation period in the subcohort was 29.2 (SD = 12.7) months, with about 50% of the patients presenting within 3 months. Almost 75% of the patients were in remission after 2 years. A sustained remission could be described for 74.8% (6 months) and 53.5% (12 months), respectively. Especially patients with rapid remission induction benefited in terms of longer remissions (p = 0.03). A very early stage of the disease (VERA) was associated with a rarely necessary biologic therapy (p = 0.022). DISCUSSION: The approach of a supply network is not a panacea, but it might improve healthcare for patients with early onset RA. In order to minimize resource utilization, a pinpoint referral and accurate triage of potential cases are crucial.

[The regional network ADAPTHERA : Rheumatology care through coordinated cooperation: comprehensive, trans-sectoral, covering all health insurance. Initial results]. / Das landesweite Netzwerk ADAPTHERA : Erste Ergebnisse einer flächendeckenden, krankenkassenübergreifenden und transsektoralen rheumatologischen Versorgung.

The aim of the rheumatology network ADAPTHERA ("risk-adapted rheumatology therapy") is to achieve a comprehensive improvement in rheumatology care by coordinating treatment in a regional, trans-sectoral network. Accompanying biomedical research projects, training concepts, and the construction of a rheumatology register (gathering data and biomaterials) should furthermore ensure the stable and sustainable optimisation of care. In the pilot phase (2012-2015) the focus of the ADAPTHERA network, required as a "regional key project" within the framework of the Initiative on Health Economy of Rheinland-Palatinate (RL-P), Germany, was placed on the optimisation of the early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, where it is well-known that there is a significant care deficit.Through the intensive, stable, and coordinated cooperation of all health care partners in the field of rheumatology (registered general practitioners and orthopaedic specialists, registered core rheumatologists as well as the Association of Rheumatology of RL-P) a unique regional, comprehensive offer with verifiable care optimisation has been established in RL-P. The network is supported by outstanding collaboration with the Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians and the self-help organisation Rheumatology League.The aims that were established at the start of the project will be achieved by the end of the pilot phase:- significant improvement in the early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (an average of 23.7 days until diagnosis by rheumatologists)- access covering all health insurance (regardless of the particular scheme the patients belong to)- comprehensive (verifiable participation of general practitioners from all over RL-P)- data and biomaterials collection, established as a basis for biomarker research, and a rheumatology register for RL-P.

A new typology of work schedules: Evidence from a cross-sectional study among nurses working in residential elder care.

BACKGROUND: Work schedules contribute substantially to the health and well-being of nurses. Too broad typologies are used in research that do not meet the current variety in work schedules. OBJECTIVE: To develop a new typology for nurses' work schedules based on five requirements and to validate the typology. METHODS: This study is based on a questionnaire returned by 498 nurses (response 51%) including questions regarding nurses' work schedule, socio-demographic, and family characteristics and their appraisal of the work schedule. Frequencies of the different schedules were computed to determine the typology. To validate the typology, differences between the types were tested with ANOVAs, Chi2 and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS: Five main types can be distinguished based on predetermined requirements and frequencies, namely: (1) fixed early shift, (2) rotating two shift pattern without night shift, (3) rotating three shift pattern, (4) fixed and rotating two shift pattern including night shift, and (5) fixed normal day or afternoon shifts. Nurses in these types of work schedule differed significantly with respect to hours worked, days off between shifts, age, education, years in the job, commuting time, contribution to household income, satisfaction with work schedule and work schedule control. Especially nurses with type 3 schedules differed from other types. CONCLUSIONS: A typology of five main types of work schedules is proposed. Content validity of the typology is sufficient and the new typology seems useful for research on work-related aspects of nursing.

Photo-physical properties of 2-(1-ethynylpyrene)-adenosine: influence of hydrogen bonding on excited state properties.

The photo-physical properties of 2-(1-ethynylpyrene)-adenosine (PyA), a fluorescent probe for RNA dynamics, were examined by solvation studies. The excited-state dynamics display the influence of the vicinity on the spectral features. Combining improved transient absorption and streak camera measurements along with a new analysis method provide a detailed molecular picture of the photophysics. After intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR), two distinct states are observed. Solvent class (protic/aprotic) and permittivity strongly affect the properties of these states and their population ratio. As a result their emission spectrum is altered, while the fluorescence quantum yield and the overall lifetime remain nearly unchanged. Consequently, the hitherto existing model of the photophysics is herein refined and extended. The findings can serve as basis for improving the information content of measurements with PyA as a label in RNA.

Capture of sandhill cranes using alpha-chloralose: a 10-year follow-up.

Seasonal adjustment of alpha-chloralose captures of sandhill cranes was associated with a modest increase in capture efficacy (+13%), decreased morbidity from exertional myopathy (-1.4%), and overall mortality (-1.7%) rates despite little change in sedation scores. Postcapture fluid administration also decreased confinement times by several hours over most sedation scores.

Effect evaluation of a self-management program for dutch workers with a chronic somatic disease: a randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of a Self-Management Program for workers with a chronic disease. This program is based on the Chronic Disease Self-Management Program of Stanford University, modified for workers with a chronic somatic disease. METHODS: In a randomized controlled trial, the effectiveness of a Self-Management Program was evaluated. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 57) and the control group (n = 47). The experimental group received an intervention, the control group received care as usual. Primary outcome measures were self-efficacy at work and the attitude towards self-management at work. Secondary outcomes were the SF-12 health survey questionnaire, job satisfaction and intention to change job. The results were measured at baseline, after the intervention and 8 months after the intervention. RESULTS: The attitude towards self-management at work (enjoyment) improved after 8 months for the intervention group (p = 0.030). No other outcome variable differed significantly. As an interaction effect, it was found that low educated workers developed a better physical health quality (SF-12) in the intervention group compared with the control group. The attitude towards self-management at work (importance) improved in the intervention group for older and female workers and the attitude toward enjoying self-management at work improved for female workers only. CONCLUSION: The results show that low educated workers, older workers and women benefit significantly more from the training than higher educated workers, younger workers and men.

Nitroxide spin labeled RNA for long range distance measurements by EPR-PELDOR.

Long range distance measurement on RNA allow the determination of RNA folds. Here we report the site specific incorporation of nitroxide spin labels at U,C and A by "on column synthesis". PELDOR (Pulsed Electron Double Resonance) measurements of several RNAs in the range of 2-6 nm were successful.

The fluoride cleavable 2-(cyanoethoxy)methyl (CEM) group as reversible 3'-O-terminator for DNA sequencing-by-synthesis - synthesis, incorporation, and cleavage.

A new and promising sequencing technology called sequencing-by-synthesis (SBS) enables fast determination of DNA sequences. 2'-Deoxynucleotides containing the (2-cyanoethoxy)methyl (CEM) group at the 3'-O-position are potential reversible terminators for the SBS technology. Herein we describe the synthesis, the incorporation by several polymerases, and the cleavage of this 3'-O-blocking group using 3'-O-CEM-thymidinyl-5'-O-triphosphate 7 as an example.

Homo and heterodimers of ddI, d4T and AZT: influence of (5'-5') thiolcabonate-carbamate linkage on anti-HIV activity.

New homo and heterodimers of ddI, d4T and AZT with (5-5) thiolcarbonate-carbamate linkages have been prepared with the aim of testing them against wild type and NNRTI resistant HIV mutants. The prepared dimers showed a low activity in comparison to the parent drug.

Synthesis and purification of fluorinated benzimidazole and benzene nucleoside-5'-triphosphates.

The expression "universal base" is very often used to express hybridization properties and recognition patterns of nucleosides. Their behaviour in biological applications, however, is of great interest regarding, e.g.,' their incorporation by polymerases. The 4,6-difluorobenzimidazole and the 2,4-difluorobenzene nucleoside analogues have proven to be universal bases that do not discriminate between the four natural nucleobases in RNA duplexes. Therefore, we synthesized the corresponding triphosphates to evaluate their behavior in polymerase catalyzed reactions and to investigate their ability to serve as substrates for the T7 RNA polymerase.

RNA recognition by fluor-aromatic substituted.

RNA exhibits a higher structural diversity than DNA and is an important molecule in the biology of life. It shows a number of secondary structures such as duplexes, hairpin loops, bulges, internal loops, etc. However, in natural RNA, bases are limited to the four predominant structures U, C, A, and G and so the number of compounds that can be used for investigation of parameters of base stacking, base pairing, and hydrogen bond is limited. We synthesized different fluoromodifications of RNA building blocks: 1'-deoxy-1'-phenyl-beta-D-ribofuranose (B), 1'-deoxy-1'-(4-fluorophenyl)-beta-D-ribofuranose (4 FB), 1'-deoxy-1'-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-beta-D-ribofuranose (2,4 DFB), 1'-deoxy- 1'-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-beta-D-ribofuranose (2,4,5 TFB), 1'-deoxy- 1'-(2,4, 6-trifluorophenyl)-beta-D-ribofuranose, 1'-deoxy- 1'-(pentafluorophenyl)-beta-D-ribofuranose (PFB), 1'-deoxy-1'-(benzimidazol-1-yl)-beta-D-ribofuranose (BI), 1'-deoxy-1'-(4-fluoro-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)-1-beta-ribofuranose (4 FBI), 1'-deoxy- 1'-(6-fluoro- 1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)-beta-D-ribofuranose (6FBI), 1'-deoxy- 1'-(4, 6-difluoro- 1H-benzimidazol- 1-yl)-beta-D-ribofuranose (4,6 DFBI), 1'-deoxy- 1'-(4-trifluoromnethyl- H-benzimidazol-1-yl)-beta-D-ribofuranose (4 TFM), 1'-deoxy-1'-(5-trifluoromnethyl-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)-beta-D-ribofuranose (5 TFM), and 1'-deoxy-1'-(6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)-beta-D-ribofuranose (6 TFM). These amidites were incorporated and tested in a defined A, U-rich RNA sequence (12-mer, 5-CUU UUCXUU CUU-3' paired with 3'-GAA AAG YAA GAA-5'). Only one position was modified, marked as X and Y, respectively. UV melting profiles of those oligonucleotides were measured.

Transmural care in the rehabilitation sector: implementation experiences with a transmural care model for people with spinal cord injury.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this article is first to describe the development and content of a transmural care model in the rehabilitation sector, which aims to reduce the number and severity of health problems of people with spinal cord injury (SCI) and improve the continuity of care. Second, the purpose is to describe the applicability and implementation experiences of a transmural care model in the rehabilitation sector. METHODS: The transmural care model was developed in cooperation with the Dutch Association of Spinal Cord Injured Patients, community nurses, general practitioners, rehabilitation nurses, rehabilitation managers, physiatrists and researchers. The core component of the care model consists of a transmural nurse, who 'liaises' between people with SCI living in the community, professional primary care professionals and the rehabilitation centre. The transmural care model provides a job description containing activities to support people with SCI and their family/partners and activities to promote continuity of care. The transmural care model was implemented in two Dutch rehabilitation centres. The following three aspects, as experienced by the transmural nurses, were evaluated: the extent to which the care model was implemented; enabling factors and barriers for implementation; strength and weakness of the care model. RESULTS: The transmural care model was not implemented in all its details, with a clear difference between the two rehabilitation centres. Enabling factors and barriers for implementation were found at three levels: 1. the level of the individual professional (e.g. competencies, attitude and motivation), 2. the organisational and financing level (e.g. availability of facilities and finances), and 3. the social context (the opinion of colleagues, managers and other professionals involved with the care). The most important weakness experienced was that there was not enough time to put all the activities into practice. The strength of the care model lies in the combination of support of patients after discharge, support of and cooperation with primary care professionals, and feedback of experiences to the clinical rehabilitation teams. CONCLUSION: We recommend further improving and implementing the care model and encourage other care professionals and researchers to share their implementation experiences of follow-up care innovations for people with SCI.

Doped natural phosphate: a new and environmentally friendly catalyst in nucleoside synthesis.

Doped natural phosphate is used as acidic or basic catalyst in nucleoside and acyclonucleoside synthesis. Some examples are given.

Synthesis of new homo and heterodimers of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI) using ester linkages.

A series of new homo and heterodimers of ddI has been synthesized. A glutarate diester spacer was used to covalently couple ddI onto ddI, AZT or d4T.

Synthesis of modified RNA-oligonucleotides for structural investigations.

RNA exhibits a higher structural diversity than DNA and is an important molecule in biology of life. It shows a number of secondary structures such as duplexes, hairpin loops, bulges, internal loops etc. However, in natural RNA, bases are limited to the four predominant structures U, C, A, and G and so the number of compounds that can be used for investigation of parameters of base stacking, base pairing and hydrogen bond, is limited. We synthesized different fluoromodifications of RNA building blocks: 1'-deoxy-1'-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)-beta-D-ribofuranose (F), 1'-deoxy-1'-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-beta-D-ribofuranose (M) and 1'-deoxy-1'-(5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)-beta-D-ribofuranose (D). Those amidites were incorporated and tested in a defined A, U-rich RNA sequence (12-mer, 5'-CUU UUC XUU CUU-3' paired with 3'-GAA AAG YAA GAA-5') (Schweitzer, B.A.; Kool, E.T. Aromatic nonpolar nucleosides as hydrophobic isosters of pyrimidine and purine nucleosides. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 7238 pp.). Only one position was modified, marked as X and Y respectively. UV melting profiles of those oligonucleotides were measured.

The effect of universal fluorinated nucleobases on the catalytic activity of ribozymes.

Four fluoro modified universal nucleobases have been synthesized. The universal nucleobases 1 and 2, containing a 2,4-difluorobenzene as nucleobase and a 4,6-difluorobenzimidazole, respectively, were chemically incorporated into a selected hammerhead ribozyme sequence which has already been retrovirally expressed as an anti-HIV ribozyme to investigate their effect on the catalytic activity of the ribozymes. The substitution of the natural nucleosides with either 1 or 2 results only in a small decrease of the catalytic activity. The Km value for the monosubstituted ribozyme with a 2,4-difluorobenzene is 309 nM(-1), the corresponding kcat is 2.91 x 10(-3) min(-1). A disubstituted hammerhead ribozyme carrying one of each modification has also been synthesized. For a further stabilization of the ribozyme/substrate complex 2'-(beta-aminoethoxy) modified fluorinated nucleosides 15 and 16 have been developed.

Specific inhibition of hepatitis C viral gene expression by non-polar (phenylalkyl)phosphonates.

Different phenylalkyl backbone modified antisense oligonucleotides complementary to the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA nucleotides 326-342 were synthesized. The lipohilic character of modified oligonucleotides was determined from RP-HPLC retention times. The inhibitory effect of these antisense oligonucleotides on HCV gene expression was analyzed in an in vitro test system.