Blood Cytokine Profile in Rats with Different Behavioral Characteristics after Metabolic Stress.

Changes in the blood cytokine profile in rats with various parameters of behavior were studied under conditions of 5-day starvation not followed by the recovery period or with subsequent normalization of food intake. Metabolic stress had no effect on the content of most cytokines. The concentration of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in blood plasma of rats was shown to increase significantly by the end of a 5-day recovery period after food deprivation. These changes in behaviorally passive specimens were more pronounced than in active animals. Therefore, differences in the strain of immune reactions in mammals with different prognostic resistance to extreme factors are most pronounced during the post-stress period. These data illustrate the necessity of an individual approach to studying the systemic organization of physiological functions under normal and pathological conditions.

[The structure of macronutrient consumption by the population of various regions of Russian Federation].

The article presents data on the consumption of macronutrients by the population of large cities of all eight Federal Districts of the Russian Federation. Dietary intake assessment was investigated using method of 24-hour recall. The analyzed sample consisted of 11 850 people. The criterion for not inclusion was people working in harmful working conditions and engaged in heavy physical labor. In each of the four age groups (12-17, 18-30, 31-45, 46-60 years), there were at least 150 subjects surveyed for each gender. It has been established that in all districts of Russia the level of consumption of total fats (33.2-38.8% of the energy value of the diet) was exceeded. The level of protein intake was 9.3-11.5% with a rate of 12% of the caloric intake. The share of carbohydrates in the caloric content of the diet was 50.3-56.4% with the recommended rates of 50-60%.

[Consumption of carbohydratecontaining beverages and their contribution to the total calorie content of the diet].

The article presents data on the frequency of consumption of carbohydrate-containing sweet carbonated drinks by the population of the Russian Federation and their contribution to the overall caloric intake of the diet. Questioning 11 850 people of different ages (from 12 to 60 years) and sex in all eight Federal Districts of Russia has been conducted. The frequency of food consumption has been studied, and in parallel dietary intake has been assessed using 24-hour recall method. The survey showed a fairly low frequency of consumption of sweet carbonated beverages and no significant differences in the frequency of their consumption by the population of various federal districts of Russia. With a certain frequency from 55.5 to 67.3% of the population consumed sweet carbonated drinks, while 18.1-20.9% of the respondents did not consume them more often 1-3 times a month, and 1.3% of the surveyed (from 0.3% in the North- West to 3.9% in the Southern Federal District) - 2 times a day or more often. Analysis of the data obtained showed that the contribution of the carbohydrate component contained in sweet carbonated beverages, even when consumed frequently (5-6 times a week) did not exceed 3.71% of the total diet calorie intake and not more than 7.1% of the caloric value of carbohydrates' intake.

[Effect of B-vitamin deficiency on biochemical, immunologic markers and trace element status of rats and mice of various lines].

Biochemical, vitamin, trace element and immunological changes were searched for the combined nutritional deficiency of vitamins B1, B2, B6 on in vivo models in rats and mice. Female rats of Wistar (W) strain and hybrids of the 1st generation of Dark Aguti and Wistar (DA x W) strains, female mice of BALB/c strain and DBCB tetrahybrids were used in experiment. Animals received for 35 days a balanced diet (control) according to AIN-93 or a similar diet with the exception of vitamins B1, B2, B6 (experimental groups). The content of vitamins B1, B2 in liver, riboflavin blood plasma level and urinary excretion of thiamine, riboflavin and 4-pyridoxic acid were determined, as well as in rats: blood and liver content of α-tocopherol and retinol, blood biochemical indices of lipid and nitrogen metabolism, activity of cytochrome P isoforms-450 (CYP) in liver; in mice: the circulating levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines of blood plasma, in animals of both species - the content of essential and toxic elements in the kidneys. DAxW rats compared to W and DBCB mice compared to BALB/c were more sensitive to the development of B-vitamin deficiency judging by the B-vitamin status indicators. In the rats of the experimental groups, there were signs of a deterioration in blood and liver levels of vitamin E, multidirectional shifts in vitamin A sufficiency, increased activity of the CYP3A isoform (6ß-TG), a decrease in triglycerides, total protein and albumin fraction levels with an increase in urea level. Manifestation degree of these effects depended on the choice of the animal's line. In mice, the B-vitamin deficiency was characterized by an increase in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-10, IL-Ιß, IL-6 and a decrease in IFN-γ and IL-17A. The content of magnesium, copper, zinc, chromium and silver was lowered, of cesium - was increased in the kidneys of the rats of the experimental groups. In mice, B-vitamin deficiency resulted in diminishment of magnesium, copper, zinc, chromium, selenium, cadmium and lead content, excess accumulation of cobalt and cesium. Some of these biomarkers are supposed to be used in pre-clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of new vitamin complexes, specialized foods and dietary supplements, as well as studies of interactions of various vitamins.

[Sources of added sugar and their possible significance in the formation of obesity and overweight].

The results of a study on the frequency of consumption of added sugar by the population of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation are presented obtained on the basis of a questioning of 2043 persons of both sexes (Moscow, Kaluga, Michurinsk, Tambov). The sample in each age group of the subjects (12-17, 18-30, 31-45, 46-60 years) was about 150 persons of each sex. The gender distribution within the sample was uniform with a slight predominance of females (53.6%). Analysis of the results showed that 58% of those surveyed daily consumed added sugar with hot drinks; of these, 30% of interviewees consumed 1 teaspoon of sugar 2-3 times a day (56-84 kcal per day); 8% of respondents - 4-5 times a day (28-35 g, which corresponded to 112-140 kcal); 6% of the population - 6 or more times a day (42 g or more, more than 168 kcal). Only 22% of the surveyed did not consume sugar with tea and coffee. There was no correlation between BMI, the presence of excessive body weight and the consumption of added sugar with hot drinks. Only frequent intake of added sugar with drinks (2-3 to 4-5 times or more per day) had a statistically determined dependence with an increase in body mass index in the age groups of 31-45 and 46-60 years.

[Frequency of consumption of sweet carbonated drinks by the population of different age groups of the Russian Federation].

The article analyzes the frequency of consumption of sweet carbonated beverages by various age groups (from 12 to 60 years) of the population of all Federal districts of Russian Federation. The presence of general regularities in the frequency of consumption of these drinks, regardless of the region, was established. About 5-8% of the population of different age and sex groups consumed sweet carbonated drinks with a fairly high frequency (5-6 times a week). The analysis showed that there was no dependence of the body mass index on the frequency of consumption of carbonated beverages and the absence of gender and age differences.

Evaluation In Vitro of Immunoregulatory Cytokines Secretion by Dendritic Cells in Mountain Skiers.

In vitro production of immunoregulatory cytokines (IFN-α, IL-31, TNF-ß, IL-17A, IL-7, IL-1RA, IL-1α, IL-10, IL-15, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, and IL-9) by dendritic cell cultures was compared in ski athletes and healthy donors. Effect of prolonged intense physical exercise on secretory activity of immune cells was investigated. In both groups, secretion of IL-1RA, IL-10, IL-1α by dendritic cells was revealed, but there were significant differences in IL-1RA, IL-1α content (p<0.05) with lower level in the group of athletes. Production of IL-17A and IL-7 by dendritic cells in the group of athletes was not detected. In athletes, several proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-α, IL-31, and TNF-ß) were secreted by cells in high concentrations, in contrast to the control group. In both groups, dendritic cells did not secrete IL-15, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, and IL-9.

[L-carnitine: properties and perspectives for use in sports practice].

The analysis of published data relating to the use in sports practice metabolic non-doping agent--L-carnitine. The review discusses some aspects of the mechanism of its action on the human body. The information is given about the role of carnitine in the energy processes, mechanisms of carnitine deficiency. On the basis of the literature is given scientific rationale for applying this metabolite in athletes, particularly with cardiovascular and immune disorders.