Socioeconomic inequalities in contraceptive use among Brazilian women: A multilevel analysis stratified by parity.

Objective: To investigate if individual and contextual socioeconomic factors are associated with contraceptive use in Brazilian women from 18 to 49 years old, stratified by parity. Methods: Cross-sectional, population-based study that analyzed data from 16,879 women from 18 to 49 years old, respondents of the 2013 National Health Survey. Individual factors such as reproductive history, access to health services, and sociodemographic characteristics were considered; and as contextual factors, Human Development Index (HDI), Sociodemographic Index (SDI) Primary Health Care Coverage (PHC coverage) and Average Monthly Income were included. Multilevel logistic regression models were estimated, stratified by parity, with women being level 1 and States and Federal District of level 2 units. Results: Nulliparous women had lower prevalence of contraceptive use (77.9 %) when compared with primiparous and multiparous (88.7 %), as well as greater variability in the chance of using contraception (ICC = 2.1 vs. ICC = 1.1, respectively). Women who lived in States with higher levels of HDI, average monthly income and SDI were more likely to use contraception. The greater PHC coverage was positively associated with the use of contraceptives for primiparous/multiparous women and negatively for the nulliparous. Furthermore, higher education increased the chances of using contraception, both for nulliparous and primiparous/multiparous women. Conclusions: The high contraceptive coverage in Brazil hides important inequities in access, highlighting contextual characteristics associated with the use of contraceptives, in addition to individual factors. The lower prevalence and chance of using contraceptives for nulliparous women with greater social vulnerability reveal inequity and priority in public policies. Implications for practice: The need to improve access to contraception is highlighted, considering both the individual and contextual vulnerabilities of women, which implies ensuring timely and qualified access to contraceptive methods, especially for young and nulliparous women who are more socially vulnerable.

Trends in cesarean section rates in Brazil by Robson classification group, 2014-2020.

OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the trends in cesarean sections from 2014 to 2020 across both public and private sectors, utilizing the Robson Classification. METHODS: this time series study analyzed the proportion of women who underwent cesarean sections between 2014 and 2020, considering both the Robson classification and the type of healthcare service. Trend analysis was conducted using the Prais-Winsten regression. RESULTS: higher proportions of cesarean sections were observed in all Robson groups within the private sector compared to the public sector. This was despite a decreasing trend in the private sector and an increasing trend in the public sector. Notably, elevated proportions of cesarean sections were recorded in groups that are typically favorable to normal childbirth (Robson 1, 4, and 5). CONCLUSIONS: although there was a decreasing trend in cesarean sections within the private sector, an increasing trend was observed in the public sector. Additionally, there was a high proportion of cesarean sections among women with conditions favorable to normal childbirth. It is crucial to continuously monitor these indicators to evaluate and implement interventions aimed at reducing unnecessary cesarean sections.

Evolution of mortality rates among women of reproductive age in Brazilian municipalities: an ecological analysis using Global Burden of Disease estimates.

OBJECTIVES: Women's mortality at a reproductive age has been a global concern, and its decrease has been incorporated as a target of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The aim of this study was to describe the spatial-temporal evolution of mortality rates among women of reproductive age in Brazilian municipalities by groups of causes and socioeconomic indicators from 2000 to 2018. STUDY DESIGN: Ecological analysis. METHODS: This work was an ecological, descriptive study that analyzed estimates of mortality rates among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) by main groups of causes of death from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study in three consecutive trienniums, T1 (2000-2002), T2 (2009-2011), and T3 (2016-2018). To quantify the temporal evolution in mortality rates, the present study calculated the percentage change for each triennium. The spatial analysis of mortality rates was carried out using Moran's index. The Pearson coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between the data. RESULTS: A significant decline in mortality rates was found for all groups of causes in all regions of the country. Despite the downward trend, the percentage change from 2009 to 2011 to 2016 to 2018 showed a decrease in the group of Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) and external causes. The decline in mortality rates of women due to external causes showed only a minimal change in the North and Northeast regions from T2 to T3, whereas a cluster of neighboring municipalities with high mortality rates persisted in the municipalities of the South region and in the state of Roraima. The ranking of the main causes of death in Brazilian municipalities showed an increase in neoplasms in detriment to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). CONCLUSIONS: The main causes of death in women of reproductive age at a more local level could be used to recognize inequalities and to develop interventions aimed at tackling premature and preventable deaths.

Gravidez em meninas menores de 14 anos: análise espacial no Brasil, 2011 a 2021 / Pregnancy in girls under 14 years old: Spatial analysis in Brazil, 2011-2021

Resumo O objetivo foi analisar a distribuição espacial da gravidez em menores de 14 anos e seis meses segundo regiões e municípios brasileiros e características sociodemográficas e de saúde das parturientes e nascidos vivos. Estudo ecológico, analisando o Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC), 2011-2021, em três grupos etários (<14 anos e 6 meses, 15-19 e 20 anos e mais), segundo variáveis demográficas e do parto. Foram aplicados os Índices Global e Local de Moran. No período foram 127.022 nascidos vivos de meninas 10-14 anos, na maioria negras, 21,1% em união estável ou casadas, com menor proporção de 7 consultas de pré-natal e captação no primeiro trimestre, maior proporção de baixo peso ao nascer e baixo índice de Apgar, residentes nas regiões Norte e Nordeste. A taxa média de nascidos vivos de 10-14 anos mostrou autocorrelação significativa com o espaço, especialmente em municípios do Centro-Oeste e Norte. A gravidez de 10 a 14 revela uma sequência de vulnerabilidades sofridas por essas meninas, pela gravidez em idade precoce, maior frequência entre negras, com implicações na morbimortalidade para ela e seus filhos; e pela violência presumida nesses casos, incluindo o acesso negado ao aborto legal.

Abstract The objective was to analyze the spatial distribution of pregnancy in children under 14 years and six months by Brazilian region and municipality and sociodemographic and health characteristics of pregnant women and live births. Ecological study analyzing the Live Birth Information System (SINASC) from 2011 to 2021 in three age groups (< 14 years and six months, 15-19 years, and 20 years and above) by demographic and birth variables. We applied the Global and Local Moran. A total of 127,022 live births to girls aged 10-14 years were identified during the period, most of whom were Black, 21.1% in common-law or married relationships, with a lower proportion of seven prenatal care appointments and enrollment in the first trimester, a higher proportion of low birth weight and low Apgar score, residing in the North and Northeast. The mean live birth rate for 10-to-14-year-old girls was significantly autocorrelated with space, especially in municipalities of the Midwest and North. Pregnancy from 10 to 14 years of age reveals several vulnerabilities suffered by these girls due to pregnancy at an early age, which is more common among Black women, with implications for morbimortality for them and their children and the presumed violence in these cases, including denied access to legal abortion.

Trends in cesarean section rates in Brazil by Robson classification group, 2014-2020 / Tendencia de la tasa de cesárea en Brasil por grupo de clasificación de Robson, 2014-2020 / Tendência da taxa de cesariana no Brasil por grupo de classificação de Robson, 2014-2020

ABSTRACT Objectives: to evaluate the trends in cesarean sections from 2014 to 2020 across both public and private sectors, utilizing the Robson Classification. Methods: this time series study analyzed the proportion of women who underwent cesarean sections between 2014 and 2020, considering both the Robson classification and the type of healthcare service. Trend analysis was conducted using the Prais-Winsten regression. Results: higher proportions of cesarean sections were observed in all Robson groups within the private sector compared to the public sector. This was despite a decreasing trend in the private sector and an increasing trend in the public sector. Notably, elevated proportions of cesarean sections were recorded in groups that are typically favorable to normal childbirth (Robson 1, 4, and 5). Conclusions: although there was a decreasing trend in cesarean sections within the private sector, an increasing trend was observed in the public sector. Additionally, there was a high proportion of cesarean sections among women with conditions favorable to normal childbirth. It is crucial to continuously monitor these indicators to evaluate and implement interventions aimed at reducing unnecessary cesarean sections.

RESUMEN Objetivos: evaluar la tendencia de las cesáreas, en el período de 2014 a 2020, en los sectores público y privado según la Clasificación de Robson. Métodos: estudio de serie temporal de la proporción de mujeres que tuvieron cesáreas entre 2014 y 2020, considerando la clasificación de Robson y el tipo de servicio. Para el análisis de tendencia, se utilizó la regresión de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: se observaron mayores proporciones de cesáreas en todos los grupos de Robson en el sector privado en comparación con el público, incluso con una tendencia a la reducción en el privado y un aumento en el público. También se registraron proporciones elevadas de cesáreas en grupos favorables al parto normal (Robson 1, 4 y 5). Conclusiones: a pesar de la tendencia a la reducción de las cesáreas en el sector privado, hubo una tendencia creciente en el público y una elevada proporción de cesáreas en mujeres con condiciones favorables al parto normal. Se destaca la necesidad de monitorear estos indicadores para evaluar y proponer intervenciones para la reducción de cesáreas innecesarias.

RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar a tendência de cesáreas, no período de 2014 a 2020, nos setores público e privado segundo a Classificação de Robson. Métodos: estudo de série temporal da proporção de mulheres que tiveram cesáreas entre 2014 e 2020, considerando a classificação de Robson e o tipo de serviço. Para análise de tendência, utilizou-se a regressão de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: observaram-se maiores proporções de cesáreas em todos os grupos de Robson no setor privado em relação ao público, mesmo com tendência de redução no privado e aumento no público. Também foram registradas elevadas proporções de cesáreas em grupos favoráveis ao parto normal (Robson 1, 4 e 5). Conclusões: apesar da tendência de redução das cesáreas no setor privado, houve tendência crescente no público e elevada proporção de cesáreas em mulheres com condições favoráveis ao parto normal. Ressalta-se a necessidade de monitorar esses indicadores para avaliar e propor intervenções para a redução de cesáreas desnecessárias.

Acceso y prácticas de higiene menstrual en América Latina: revisión de alcance / Menstrual hygiene access and practices in Latin America: scoping review / Acesso e práticas de higiene menstrual na América Latina: revisão de escopo

Objetivo: sintetizar la evidencia disponible relacionada con el acceso y las prácticas de higiene menstrual en América Latina y el Caribe. Método: revisión de alcance de la literatura con protocolo de investigación registrado en el Open Science Framework, realizada en las bases de datos bibliográficas: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science y Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva simple y análisis temático. Resultados: se incluyeron 15 publicaciones, la mayoría de las cuales trataban sobre adolescentes en Brasil: 12 artículos, dos informes técnicos y una monografía de trabajo de conclusión de curso. Como temas recurrentes en las publicaciones se destacan: acceso a condiciones dignas para el manejo de la higiene menstrual; necesidad de acceso a información sobre el manejo de la higiene menstrual; y prácticas para el manejo de la higiene menstrual. Conclusión: adolescentes informan dificultades para acceder a baños, agua y materiales absorbentes, y falta de información sobre la salud menstrual, incluso en las escuelas, lo que lleva al ausentismo escolar. De esta manera, las lagunas en la literatura científica latinoamericana revelan desigualdades y diversidad en las experiencias menstruales interseccionadas por categorías como género, clase social y etnia.

Objective: to synthesize available evidence related to menstrual hygiene access and practices in Latin America and the Caribbean. Method: literature scoping review with research protocol registered in the Open Science Framework, carried out in the bibliographic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Results: 15 publications were included, the majority of which addressed adolescents in Brazil: 12 articles, two technical reports and a course conclusion monograph. As recurring themes in the publications, the following stand out: Access to dignified conditions for managing menstrual hygiene; Need for access to information on menstrual hygiene management; and Practices for managing menstrual hygiene. Conclusion: adolescents report difficulties in accessing toilets, water and absorbent materials, and lack of information about menstrual health, including in schools, leading to school absenteeism. Thus, gaps in the Latin American scientific literature reveal inequalities and diversity in menstrual experiences intersected by categories such as gender, social class and ethnicity

Objetivo: sintetizar evidências disponíveis relacionadas ao acesso e práticas de higiene menstrual na América Latina e Caribe. Método: revisão de escopo da literatura com protocolo de pesquisa registrado no Open Science Framework, realizada nas bases de dados bibliográficas: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science e Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva simples e análise temática. Resultados: foram incluídas 15 publicações, cuja maioria abordava adolescentes no Brasil: 12 artigos, dois relatórios técnicos e uma monografia de trabalho de conclusão de curso. Como temas recorrentes nas publicações, destacam-se: acesso a condições dignas para o manejo da higiene menstrual; necessidade de acesso à informação sobre manejo da higiene menstrual; e práticas para manejo da higiene menstrual. Conclusão: adolescentes relatam dificuldades de acesso a sanitários, água e materiais absorventes, e falta de informação sobre saúde menstrual, inclusive nas escolas, levando ao absenteísmo escolar. Assim, lacunas na literatura científica latino-americana revelam desigualdades e diversidade nas experiências menstruais interseccionadas por categorias como gênero, classe social e etnia.

Prevalence of preconception health indicators among Brazilian women of reproductive age. / Prevalência dos indicadores de saúde pré-concepcional das mulheres brasileiras em idade reprodutiva.

This article aims to evaluate the performance of preconception health indicators according to sociodemographic characteristics among Brazilian women of reproductive age. We conducted a descriptive epidemiological study using data from 21,645 and 25,228 women, respectively, who responded the 2013 and 2019 national health surveys, and data for the period 2010 to 2020 derived from the national health system's Department of Informatics (DATASUS). We calculated the prevalence of indicators according to sociodemographic characteristics and statistical significance of differences was measured using Pearson's chi-squared test. Syphilis and HIV incidence rates were also calculated. There was an increase in the prevalence of access to health service indicators (medical and dental consultations and recent Pap smear). However, there was an increase in the prevalence of hypertension, alcohol use, and obesity. The prevalence of use of contraceptive methods and fertility treatment remained stable. Syphilis incidence increased sevenfold between 2010 and 2020. Black/brown women with a low level of education, higher parity, and living in the North or Northeast performed worse for preconception health indicators. Despite the increase in access to health services, performance on preconception health indicators declined and health inequities continued.

O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o desempenho de indicadores de saúde pré-concepcional das mulheres brasileiras em idade reprodutiva segundo as características sociodemográficas. Estudo epidemiológico e descritivo com dados de 21.645 e 25.228 mulheres que responderam à Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013 e 2019 e provenientes do DATASUS de 2010 a 2020. Estimou-se a prevalência de indicadores, segundo características sociodemográficas, e as diferenças estatísticas por meio do teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. Calculou-se a taxa de incidência dos indicadores de sífilis e HIV. Houve aumento da prevalência de indicadores que se referem ao acesso aos serviços de saúde (consultas médica, odontológica e realização de Papanicolau recente). Contudo, houve aumento da hipertensão, do consumo de álcool e da obesidade. Observou-se manutenção da prevalência do uso de contraceptivo e tratamento de fertilidade. Além disso, a taxa de incidência da sífilis aumentou sete vezes entre 2010-2020. Os resultados foram ainda piores entre mulheres de baixa escolaridade, pretas/pardas, com maior paridade e do Norte/Nordeste. Apesar do aumento no acesso aos serviços de saúde, houve piora do desempenho de indicadores de saúde pré-concepcional, e manutenção das iniquidades em saúde.

Awareness of the diagnosis, treatment, and control of diabetes mellitus in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the proportions of awareness, treatment, and control of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the Brazilian adult population. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study, with data from a representative sample of the Brazilian population, taken from the National Health Survey(PNS 2014/2015). Outcomes were defined based on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measurements, self-reported DM diagnosis, and use of hypoglycemic agents or insulin. The proportion of DM awareness, treatment, and control was estimated according to sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions, and access to health services, and their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: DM prevalence in the Brazilian population was of 8.6% (95%CI: 7.8-9.3): 68.2% (95%CI: 63.9-72.3) were aware of their diagnosis, 92.2% (95%CI: 88.6-94.7) of those who were aware were undergoing drug treatments, and, of these, 35.8% (95%CI: 30.5-41.6) had controlled HbA1c levels. The proportions of DM awareness, control, and treatment were lower in men aged 18 to 39 years, individuals with low education, without health insurance, and beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família program. CONCLUSION: Approximately one in ten Brazilians has DM. A little more than half of this population is aware of their diagnosis, a condition measured by HbA1c dosage and clinical diagnosis. Among those who know, the vast majority are undergoing drug treatments. However, less than half of these have their HbA1c levels controlled. Worse scenarios were found in subgroups with high social vulnerability.

Self-rated health of Brazilian women of childbearing age: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate sociodemographic factors, non-communicable diseases and conditions, and behavioral risk factors associated with negative self-rated health among Brazilian women of childbearing age. METHOD: Cross-sectional study with 26,071 Brazilian women of reproductive age. Estimated prevalence of self-rated health according to sociodemographic characteristics, non-communicable diseases and conditions, and behavioral risk factors. Poisson regression was used to estimate adjusted and unadjusted prevalence ratios. RESULTS: Occurrence of two or more of the diseases and conditions presented a prevalence of negative self-rated health almost three times higher than none. There was a positive association between negative self-rated health and older age groups, lower education, black or brown skin color/race, living in the north and northeast regions, physical inactivity, being a smoker, and presence of one or more of the diseases and conditions. CONCLUSION: There are differences in self-rated health, reflecting social inequalities.

Prevalência dos indicadores de saúde pré-concepcional das mulheres brasileiras em idade reprodutiva / Prevalence of preconception health indicators among Brazilian women of reproductive age

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o desempenho de indicadores de saúde pré-concepcional das mulheres brasileiras em idade reprodutiva segundo as características sociodemográficas. Estudo epidemiológico e descritivo com dados de 21.645 e 25.228 mulheres que responderam à Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013 e 2019 e provenientes do DATASUS de 2010 a 2020. Estimou-se a prevalência de indicadores, segundo características sociodemográficas, e as diferenças estatísticas por meio do teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. Calculou-se a taxa de incidência dos indicadores de sífilis e HIV. Houve aumento da prevalência de indicadores que se referem ao acesso aos serviços de saúde (consultas médica, odontológica e realização de Papanicolau recente). Contudo, houve aumento da hipertensão, do consumo de álcool e da obesidade. Observou-se manutenção da prevalência do uso de contraceptivo e tratamento de fertilidade. Além disso, a taxa de incidência da sífilis aumentou sete vezes entre 2010-2020. Os resultados foram ainda piores entre mulheres de baixa escolaridade, pretas/pardas, com maior paridade e do Norte/Nordeste. Apesar do aumento no acesso aos serviços de saúde, houve piora do desempenho de indicadores de saúde pré-concepcional, e manutenção das iniquidades em saúde.

Abstract This article aims to evaluate the performance of preconception health indicators according to sociodemographic characteristics among Brazilian women of reproductive age. We conducted a descriptive epidemiological study using data from 21,645 and 25,228 women, respectively, who responded the 2013 and 2019 national health surveys, and data for the period 2010 to 2020 derived from the national health system's Department of Informatics (DATASUS). We calculated the prevalence of indicators according to sociodemographic characteristics and statistical significance of differences was measured using Pearson's chi-squared test. Syphilis and HIV incidence rates were also calculated. There was an increase in the prevalence of access to health service indicators (medical and dental consultations and recent Pap smear). However, there was an increase in the prevalence of hypertension, alcohol use, and obesity. The prevalence of use of contraceptive methods and fertility treatment remained stable. Syphilis incidence increased sevenfold between 2010 and 2020. Black/brown women with a low level of education, higher parity, and living in the North or Northeast performed worse for preconception health indicators. Despite the increase in access to health services, performance on preconception health indicators declined and health inequities continued.

Menstrual hygiene access and practices in Latin America: scoping review. / Acceso y prácticas de higiene menstrual en América Latina: revisión de alcance.

OBJECTIVE: to synthesize available evidence related to menstrual hygiene access and practices in Latin America and the Caribbean. METHOD: literature scoping review with research protocol registered in the Open Science Framework, carried out in the bibliographic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. RESULTS: 15 publications were included, the majority of which addressed adolescents in Brazil: 12 articles, two technical reports and a course conclusion monograph. As recurring themes in the publications, the following stand out: Access to dignified conditions for managing menstrual hygiene; Need for access to information on menstrual hygiene management; and Practices for managing menstrual hygiene. CONCLUSION: adolescents report difficulties in accessing toilets, water and absorbent materials, and lack of information about menstrual health, including in schools, leading to school absenteeism. Thus, gaps in the Latin American scientific literature reveal inequalities and diversity in menstrual experiences intersected by categories such as gender, social class and ethnicity. HIGHLIGHTS: (1) Lack of access to hygiene products, toilets and water for personal hygiene. (2) Invisibility of the problem of period poverty in Latin America. (3) Lack of physical structure in schools aggravates and leads to school absenteeism. (4) Menstrual health literacy was insufficient for the demands of adolescents. (5) Primary studies on menstrual hygiene in Latin America are scarce.

[Contraceptive mix and factors associated with the type of method used by Brazilian women: a population-based cross-sectional study]. / Mix contraceptivo e fatores associados ao tipo de método usado pelas mulheres brasileiras: estudo transversal de base populacional.

This study aims to describe the contraceptive mix and analyze the factors associated with the type of contraceptive used by Brazilian women of reproductive age. This is a cross-sectional, population-based study with data from 19,962 women aged 15 to 49 years. The outcomes were use and type of contraceptive, classified as: short-acting reversible contraceptives (SARC), long-acting (LARC), and permanent. The explanatory variables were characteristics of reproductive history, sociodemographic history, and access to health services. Multinomial logistic regression was used for odds ratio (OR) estimates, with SARC being the reference category. The analyses were performed in the Survey module of the Stata software, which considered the effect of the complex sampling plan of the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey. The prevalence of contraceptive use was 83.7%. Of the total number of users, 72% used SARC, 23.2% permanent methods, and 4.8% LARC. Women with higher education, health insurance, who had deliveries, and who participated in reproductive planning groups had a higher chance of using LARC when compared with the use of SARC, while registration at the basic health unit was associated with a lower chance of use. Still, the higher the age and parity, in addition to living with the partner, the greater the chance of using permanent methods in relation to the use of SARC. Despite the high coverage of contraception, the contraceptive mix remains obsolete, with a predominance of the use of SARC. In addition, important inequalities in access were observed, with LARC being accessible only to women with better socioeconomic conditions, while permanent methods were associated with a profile of greater social vulnerability.

O objetivo deste estudo é descrever o mix contraceptivo e analisar os fatores associados ao tipo de contraceptivo usado pelas mulheres brasileiras em idade reprodutiva. Trata-se de estudo transversal, de base populacional, com dados de 19.962 mulheres de 15 a 49 anos. Os desfechos foram uso e tipo de contraceptivo, classificados em: contraceptivos reversíveis de curta duração (SARC), longa duração (LARC) e permanentes. As variáveis explicativas foram: características da história reprodutiva, sociodemográficas e de acesso aos serviços de saúde. Utilizou-se a regressão logística multinomial para estimativas da odds ratio (OR), tendo os SARC como categoria de referência. As análises foram realizadas no módulo survey do software Stata, que considerou o efeito do plano amostral complexo da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019. A prevalência do uso de contraceptivos foi de 83,7%. Do total de usuárias, 72% usavam SARC, 23,2% métodos permanentes e 4,8%, LARC. Mulheres com maior escolaridade, plano de saúde, que tiveram partos e participaram de grupos de planejamento reprodutivo tiveram maior chance de usar LARC na comparação com o uso de SARC, enquanto o cadastro na unidade básica de saúde se associou a menor chance de uso. Ainda, quanto maior a idade e paridade, além de viver com o companheiro, maior a chance de usar métodos permanentes em relação ao uso de SARC. Apesar da elevada cobertura de contracepção, o mix contraceptivo permanece obsoleto, com predomínio do uso de SARC. Além disso, observou-se importante desigualdade de acesso, sendo os LARC acessíveis apenas por mulheres com melhores condições socioeconômicas, enquanto os métodos permanentes foram associados a um perfil de maior vulnerabilidade social.

El objetivo fue describir la combinación anticonceptiva y analizar los factores asociados al tipo de anticonceptivo usado por las mujeres brasileñas en edad reproductiva. Estudio transversal, de base poblacional, con datos de 19.962 mujeres de 15 a 49 años. Los resultados fueron el uso y el tipo de anticonceptivo, clasificados en: anticonceptivos reversibles de corta duración (SARC), de larga duración (LARC) y permanentes. Las variables explicativas fueron características de la historia reproductiva, sociodemográficas y de acceso a los servicios de salud. Se utilizó la regresión logística multinomial para las estimaciones de la odds ratio (OR), siendo los SARC la categoría de referencia. Los análisis fueron realizados en el módulo survey, del software Stata, que consideró el efecto del sistema de muestreo complejo de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2019. La prevalencia del uso de anticonceptivos fue del 83,7%. Del total de usuarias, 72% usaban SARC, el 23,2% métodos permanentes y el 4,8% LARC. Las mujeres con mayor educación, plan de salud, que tuvieron partos y participaron de grupos de planificación reproductiva tuvieron mayor posibilidad de usar LARC cuando comparados al uso de SARC, mientras que el registro en la unidad básica de salud se asoció con una menor posibilidad de uso. Además, cuanto mayor sea la edad y la paridad, además de vivir con el compañero, mayor será la posibilidad de utilizar métodos permanentes en relación con el uso de SARC. A pesar de la alta cobertura de anticoncepción, la combinación anticonceptiva sigue siendo obsoleta, con un uso predominante de SARC. Además, se observaron importantes desigualdades en el acceso, siendo los LARC accesibles solo para mujeres con mejores condiciones socioeconómicas, mientras que los métodos permanentes se asociaron con un perfil de mayor vulnerabilidad social.

Association between contextual factors and coverage of the Acwy meningococcal vaccine, after three years of its overdue, in the vaccination calendar of adolescents in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil: global space regressions.

The objective of the study was to analyze the spatial distribution of vaccination coverage of bacterial meningitis vaccine: A, C, W and Y (menacwy) and identify the association between socioeconomic and social environment factors with menacwy vaccine coverage among adolescents in the state of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil. This is an ecological, mixed study, conducted with secondary data from the 853 municipalities of the State of MG, Brazil, from 2020 to 2022, provided by the information system of the National Immunization Program. For spatial statistical analysis, spatial dependence and the presence of spatial clusters formed by municipalities with high and low vaccination coverage of Menacwy were evaluated. In the year 2021, MG presented the largest vaccination coverage (60.58%) since the introduction of the Menacwy vaccine by the PNI. Regarding the analysis of global regressions, it is observed that for the year 2020, as the MG Index of Social Responsibility-Health increased and MG Index of Social Responsibility-Public Security increased, increased the vaccination coverage of the municipalities of the Menacwy vaccine. Finally, compared to 2021, similar association was observed in relation to the proportion of the population served by the Family Health Strategy of the municipalities of the state of MG and per capita spending on education activities: as this indicator increased, with increased coverage of the Vaccine of the Menacwy vaccine of the state municipalities. They reinforce the importance of assessing the quality-of-care management and health surveillance system, professional training, and damage reduction to populations, especially adolescents.

Time trends and social inequalities in infant and young child feeding practices: national estimates from Brazil's Food and Nutrition Surveillance System, 2008-2019.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the time trends and socio-economic inequalities in infant and young child feeding practices in accordance with the Brazilian deprivation index (BDI). DESIGN: This time-series study analysed the prevalence of multiple breast-feeding and complementary feeding indicators based on data from the Brazilian Food and Nutrition Surveillance System, 2008-2019. Prais-Winsten regression models were used to analyse time trends. Annual percent change (APC) and 95 % CI were calculated. SETTING: Primary health care services, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Totally, 911 735 Brazilian children under 2 years old. RESULTS: Breast-feeding and complementary feeding practices differed between the extreme BDI quintiles. Overall, the results were more favourable in the municipalities with less deprivation (Q1). Improvements in some complementary feeding indicators were observed over time and evidenced such disparities: minimum dietary diversity (Q1: Δ 47·8-52·2 %, APC + 1·44, P = 0·006), minimum acceptable diet (Q1: Δ 34·5-40·5 %, APC + 5·17, P = 0·004) and consumption of meat and/or eggs (Q1: Δ 59·7-80·3 %, APC + 6·26, P < 0·001; and Q5: Δ 65·7-70·7 %, APC + 2·20, P = 0·041). Stable trends in exclusive breast-feeding and decreasing trends in the consumption of sweetened drinks and ultra-processed foods were also observed regardless the level of the deprivation. CONCLUSIONS: Improvements in some complementary food indicators were observed over time. However, the improvements were not equally distributed among the BDI quintiles, with children from the municipalities with less deprivation benefiting the most.

Influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on labor and childbirth care practices in Brazil: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: It has been hypothesized that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have changed the conduct of obstetric practices at the time of labor, delivery, and birth. In Brazil, many practices lacking scientific evidence are implemented in this care, which is charcaterized by excessive use of unnecessary interventions. This scenario may have been worsened by the pandemic. Thus, we analyzed the effects of the pandemic on care during prenatal care and delivery by comparing the results of two surveys (one was administered before the pandemic and the other during the pandemic) in public hospitals in Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil. METHODS: This cross-sectional and comparative study analyzed preliminary data from the study "Childbirth and breastfeeding in children of mothers infected with SARS-CoV-2", which was conducted in three referral maternity hospitals in Belo Horizonte - MG during the pandemic in the first half of 2020 in Brazil. The final sample consisted of 1532 eligible women. These results were compared with data from 390 puerperae who gave birth in the three public hospitals in the study "Birth in Belo Horizonte: labor and birth survey", conducted before the pandemic to investigate the changes in practices of labor and delivery care for the mother and her newborn, with or without COVID-19 infection, before and during the pandemic. In this research, "Birth in Belo Horizonte: labor and birth survey", data collection was performed between November 2011 and March 2013 by previously trained nurses. Between study comparisons were performed using Pearson's chi-square test, with a confidence level of 95%, and using Stata statistical program. RESULTS: We found a significant increase in practices recommended by the World Health Organization during the pandemic including the following: diet offering (48.90 to 98.65%), non-pharmacological pain relief (43.84 to 67.57%), and breastfeeding in the newborn´s first hour of life (60.31 to 77.98%) (p < 0.001). We found a significant reduction of non-recommended interventions, such as routine use of episiotomy (15.73 to 2.09%), the Kristeller maneuver (16.55 to 0.94%), oxytocin infusion misused (45.55 to 28.07%), amniotomy (30.81 to 15.08%), and lithotomy position during labor (71.23 to 6.54%) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our study revealed a statistically significant increase in the proportion of use of recommended practices and a reduction in non-recommended practices during labor and delivery. However, despite advances in the establishment of World Health Organization recommended practices in labor, delivery, and birth, the predominance of interventionist and medicalized practices persists, which is worsened by events, such as the pandemic.

Arterial hypertension and associated factors: National Health Survey, 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors associated with self-reported arterial hypertension, as well as its prevalence in the Brazilian adult population. METHODS: Data from 88,531 individuals aged 18 years or older who responded to the 2019 National Health Survey were analyzed. The outcome studied was self-reported arterial hypertension. Sociodemographic variables and clinical and lifestyle conditions were considered as exposures. The prevalence ratio (PR), crude and adjusted for sex, age, and schooling was used as a measure of association to verify the factors related to its prevalence, obtained by Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: The prevalence of self-reported arterial hypertension was of 23.9% (95%CI: 23.4-24.4). When adjusting for age, sex, and schooling, the adjusted Prevalence Ratios (APR) were higher among: regular health self-assessment (APR = 1.6; 95%CI: 1.5-1.6) and bad health self-assessment (APR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.6-1.8); self-reference to heart disease (APR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.6-1.7), diabetes (APR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.6-1.8), high cholesterol (APR = 1.6; 95%CI: 1.6-1.7), overweight (APR = 1.4; 95%CI: 1.4-1.5), and obesity (APR = 2.0; 95%CI: 1.9-2.1); high salt intake (APR = 1.1; 95%CI: 1.0-1.1); higher among former smokers (APR = 1.1; 95%CI: 1.1-1.2) and lower among smokers (APR = 0.9; 95%CI: 0.8-0.9); and consumption of ultra-processed foods (APR = 0.9; 95%CI: 0.8-0.9). CONCLUSION: A quarter of the Brazilian adult population claims to have arterial hypertension, more prevalent among women and associated with older age groups, Black, mixed-race, and others, low schooling, high salt intake, former smoking, presence of comorbidities, and worse health self-assessment.

Parental supervision and sexual behavior among Brazilian adolescents / Supervisão dos pais e comportamento sexual entre adolescentes brasileiros

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the association between parental supervision and sexual behaviors among Brazilian adolescents. Methods: Cross-sectional study with data from 102,072 adolescents who responded to the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey. We estimated the prevalence of sexual behaviors (initiation, use of condoms, contraception, and number of partners). Parental supervision was evaluated using a score considering five indicators. We calculated prevalence ratios (PR) adjusted by age and sex in order to estimate the association between parental supervision score and sexual behaviors of adolescents. Results: Prevalence of risky sexual behavior for adolescents with minimum and maximum parental supervision were: sexual initiation (min.: 58.0%; max.: 20.1%), condom use in the last sexual intercourse (min.: 50.9%; max.: 80.2%), use of contraceptives (min.: 40.8; max.: 49.1%), and mean number of partners (min.: 3.25; max.: 2.88). Parental supervision was greater among girls. Those with higher supervision scores had higher prevalence of condom use in the first and last sexual intercourse and of contraceptive methods, and a smaller mean number of partners, even after adjustments for sex and age. Conclusion: The greater the parental supervision, the better the sexual behavior for both sexes, although supervision seems to occur differently between girls and boys. These findings point to the role of the family in providing adolescents with monitoring, along with dialogue and affection, conditions that encourage healthy and risk-free sexual behavior.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre a supervisão dos pais e comportamentos sexuais entre os adolescentes brasileiros. Métodos: Estudo transversal com dados de 102.072 estudantes do 9º ano que responderam à Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar de 2015. Estimou-se a prevalência dos comportamentos sexuais (iniciação, uso de preservativo, contracepção e número de parcerias). A supervisão dos pais foi avaliada por meio de escore formado por cinco indicadores. Foram calculadas razões de prevalência ajustadas por sexo e idade para a análise das relações existentes entre o escore de supervisão dos pais e os comportamentos sexuais de adolescentes. Resultados: As prevalências de comportamentos sexuais em adolescentes com mínima e máxima supervisão parental foram: iniciação sexual (mín.: 58,0%; máx.: 20,1%), uso do preservativo na última relação sexual (mín.: 50,9%; máx.: 80,2%), de contraceptivos (mín.: 40,8; máx.: 49,1%) e número de parceiros (mín.: 3,25; máx.: 2,88). A supervisão parental apresentou maior magnitude no sexo feminino. Aqueles com maior escore de supervisão apresentaram maiores prevalências do uso de preservativos na primeira e última relação sexual, de métodos contraceptivos e menor média do número de parceiros, mesmo após ajustes por sexo e idade. Conclusão: Quanto maior a supervisão dos pais, melhores os comportamentos sexuais, para ambos os sexos, apesar de a supervisão ocorrer de forma diferenciada entre os sexos. Esses achados apontam o papel da família em proporcionar aos adolescentes monitoramento simultâneo ao diálogo e ao afeto, condição estimuladora do comportamento sexual saudável e livre de riscos.

Self-rated health of Brazilian women of childbearing age: a cross-sectional study / Autoevaluación de la salud de mujeres brasileñas en edad fértil: estudio transversal / Autoavaliação de saúde das mulheres brasileiras em idade reprodutiva: estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate sociodemographic factors, non-communicable diseases and conditions, and behavioral risk factors associated with negative self-rated health among Brazilian women of childbearing age. Method: Cross-sectional study with 26,071 Brazilian women of reproductive age. Estimated prevalence of self-rated health according to sociodemographic characteristics, non-communicable diseases and conditions, and behavioral risk factors. Poisson regression was used to estimate adjusted and unadjusted prevalence ratios. Results: Occurrence of two or more of the diseases and conditions presented a prevalence of negative self-rated health almost three times higher than none. There was a positive association between negative self-rated health and older age groups, lower education, black or brown skin color/race, living in the north and northeast regions, physical inactivity, being a smoker, and presence of one or more of the diseases and conditions. Conclusion: There are differences in self-rated health, reflecting social inequalities.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Investigar factores sociodemográficos, enfermedades y condiciones no transmisibles y factores de riesgo conductuales asociados con la autoevaluación negativa de la salud entre mujeres brasileñas en edad fértil. Método: Estudio transversal con 26.071 mujeres brasileñas en edad reproductiva. Prevalencia estimada de salud autovalorada según características sociodemográficas, enfermedades y trastornos no transmisibles y factores de riesgo conductuales. Se utilizó la regresión de Poisson para estimar las tasas de prevalencia ajustadas y no ajustadas. Resultados: La aparición de dos o más de las enfermedades y agravios mostró una prevalencia de autoevaluación negativa de la salud casi tres veces mayor que ninguna. Hubo una asociación positiva entre la autoevaluación negativa de la salud y los grupos de mayor edad, menor educación, color de piel/raza negra o morena, vivir en las regiones norte y noreste, inactividad física, ser fumador y la presencia de una o más de las enfermedades y condiciones. Conclusión: Existen diferencias en la autoevaluación de la salud, lo que refleja desigualdades sociales.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar fatores sociodemográficos, doenças e agravos não transmissíveis e fatores de risco comportamentais associados à autoavaliação de saúde negativa das mulheres brasileiras em idade reprodutiva. Método: Estudo transversal com 26.071 mulheres brasileiras em idade reprodutiva. Estimadas prevalências da autoavaliação de saúde segundo características sociodemográficas, doenças e agravos não transmissíveis e fatores de risco comportamentais. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson para estimar as razões de prevalência ajustadas e não ajustadas. Resultados: Ocorrência de duas ou mais das doenças e agravos apresentou prevalência de autoavaliação de saúde negativa quase três vezes maior do que nenhuma. Houve associação positiva entre autoavaliação de saúde negativa e maiores faixas etárias, menor escolaridade, cor da pele/raça preta ou parda, viver nas regiões norte e nordeste, inatividade física, ser fumante e presença de uma ou mais das doenças e agravos. Conclusão: Existem diferenças na autoavaliação de saúde, refletindo em iniquidades sociais.

Mix contraceptivo e fatores associados ao tipo de método usado pelas mulheres brasileiras: estudo transversal de base populacional / Contraceptive mix and factors associated with the type of method used by Brazilian women: a population-based cross-sectional study / Combinación anticonceptiva y factores asociados al tipo de método utilizado por las mujeres brasileñas: un estudio transversal de base poblacional

O objetivo deste estudo é descrever o mix contraceptivo e analisar os fatores associados ao tipo de contraceptivo usado pelas mulheres brasileiras em idade reprodutiva. Trata-se de estudo transversal, de base populacional, com dados de 19.962 mulheres de 15 a 49 anos. Os desfechos foram uso e tipo de contraceptivo, classificados em: contraceptivos reversíveis de curta duração (SARC), longa duração (LARC) e permanentes. As variáveis explicativas foram: características da história reprodutiva, sociodemográficas e de acesso aos serviços de saúde. Utilizou-se a regressão logística multinomial para estimativas da odds ratio (OR), tendo os SARC como categoria de referência. As análises foram realizadas no módulo survey do software Stata, que considerou o efeito do plano amostral complexo da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019. A prevalência do uso de contraceptivos foi de 83,7%. Do total de usuárias, 72% usavam SARC, 23,2% métodos permanentes e 4,8%, LARC. Mulheres com maior escolaridade, plano de saúde, que tiveram partos e participaram de grupos de planejamento reprodutivo tiveram maior chance de usar LARC na comparação com o uso de SARC, enquanto o cadastro na unidade básica de saúde se associou a menor chance de uso. Ainda, quanto maior a idade e paridade, além de viver com o companheiro, maior a chance de usar métodos permanentes em relação ao uso de SARC. Apesar da elevada cobertura de contracepção, o mix contraceptivo permanece obsoleto, com predomínio do uso de SARC. Além disso, observou-se importante desigualdade de acesso, sendo os LARC acessíveis apenas por mulheres com melhores condições socioeconômicas, enquanto os métodos permanentes foram associados a um perfil de maior vulnerabilidade social.

This study aims to describe the contraceptive mix and analyze the factors associated with the type of contraceptive used by Brazilian women of reproductive age. This is a cross-sectional, population-based study with data from 19,962 women aged 15 to 49 years. The outcomes were use and type of contraceptive, classified as: short-acting reversible contraceptives (SARC), long-acting (LARC), and permanent. The explanatory variables were characteristics of reproductive history, sociodemographic history, and access to health services. Multinomial logistic regression was used for odds ratio (OR) estimates, with SARC being the reference category. The analyses were performed in the Survey module of the Stata software, which considered the effect of the complex sampling plan of the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey. The prevalence of contraceptive use was 83.7%. Of the total number of users, 72% used SARC, 23.2% permanent methods, and 4.8% LARC. Women with higher education, health insurance, who had deliveries, and who participated in reproductive planning groups had a higher chance of using LARC when compared with the use of SARC, while registration at the basic health unit was associated with a lower chance of use. Still, the higher the age and parity, in addition to living with the partner, the greater the chance of using permanent methods in relation to the use of SARC. Despite the high coverage of contraception, the contraceptive mix remains obsolete, with a predominance of the use of SARC. In addition, important inequalities in access were observed, with LARC being accessible only to women with better socioeconomic conditions, while permanent methods were associated with a profile of greater social vulnerability.

El objetivo fue describir la combinación anticonceptiva y analizar los factores asociados al tipo de anticonceptivo usado por las mujeres brasileñas en edad reproductiva. Estudio transversal, de base poblacional, con datos de 19.962 mujeres de 15 a 49 años. Los resultados fueron el uso y el tipo de anticonceptivo, clasificados en: anticonceptivos reversibles de corta duración (SARC), de larga duración (LARC) y permanentes. Las variables explicativas fueron características de la historia reproductiva, sociodemográficas y de acceso a los servicios de salud. Se utilizó la regresión logística multinomial para las estimaciones de la odds ratio (OR), siendo los SARC la categoría de referencia. Los análisis fueron realizados en el módulo survey, del software Stata, que consideró el efecto del sistema de muestreo complejo de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2019. La prevalencia del uso de anticonceptivos fue del 83,7%. Del total de usuarias, 72% usaban SARC, el 23,2% métodos permanentes y el 4,8% LARC. Las mujeres con mayor educación, plan de salud, que tuvieron partos y participaron de grupos de planificación reproductiva tuvieron mayor posibilidad de usar LARC cuando comparados al uso de SARC, mientras que el registro en la unidad básica de salud se asoció con una menor posibilidad de uso. Además, cuanto mayor sea la edad y la paridad, además de vivir con el compañero, mayor será la posibilidad de utilizar métodos permanentes en relación con el uso de SARC. A pesar de la alta cobertura de anticoncepción, la combinación anticonceptiva sigue siendo obsoleta, con un uso predominante de SARC. Además, se observaron importantes desigualdades en el acceso, siendo los LARC accesibles solo para mujeres con mejores condiciones socioeconómicas, mientras que los métodos permanentes se asociaron con un perfil de mayor vulnerabilidad social.