Energy utilization and requirement of broiler breeders during the production phase.

This study aimed to evaluate energy utilization and propose models for metabolizable and net energy requirements in broiler breeders during the egg production phase. Sixty Cobb500 broiler breeders aged between 29 and 65 wk were randomly assigned to 3 feeding levels. At each age, 6 birds were adapted for 8 d to 3 levels of metabolizable energy intake (MEi), established based on the amount of feed allocated: 1) the amount of feed recommended in the guideline, 2) 25% above, and 3) 25% below. The birds were housed in respirometry chambers for 6 d (1 adaptation, 4 feeding state, 1 fasting) to measure oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production to calculate heat production (HP) and fasting HP (FHP). Daily measurements of feed intake, egg weight, egg production, and total excreta were recorded. Variables of MEi, HP, and retained energy (RE) in the egg were calculated, while RE in the body and its partitioning into fat and protein in the egg and body were calculated from MEi, total HP (THP), and RE in the egg. Statistical analysis involved linear regression of multiple factors with MEi and age (categorical) as the independent variables. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between visceral mass and the evaluated variables. The study proposed mixed models for developing models of energy requirements for both metabolizable (ME) and net systems (NE). The study found that FHP (average 259 ± 20.08 kJ/kg0.75*d) remained constant throughout the production cycle regardless of the MEi level (P > 0.05). The efficiency of energy utilization for depositing protein and fat in the body changed with the bird's age. The lower error model was considered to select ME requirements for maintenance, egg, and gain efficiencies, disregarding the effect of age. The efficiencies were 0.89, 0.78, and 0.80 for maintenance, gain, and egg production, respectively. The NE was unaffected by age and showed a lower error than the ME model. The NE system was found to be more accurate in expressing the energy requirements of broiler breeders.

Eimeria maxima infection impacts the protein utilisation of broiler chicks from 14 to 28 days of age.

In floor-raised broilers, coccidiosis is responsible for reducing the use of nutrients, mainly by impairing intestinal tissue function and activating the immune system. Understanding and quantifying how balanced dietary protein (BP) is used when birds are challenged will allow nutritionists to make decisions regarding challenged flocks. This study aimed to determine the effects of Eimeria maxima on broiler performance and body composition, and to calculate changes in the maintenance and efficiency of protein utilisation (Ep). A total of 2 400 male 14-day-old Cobb500 broiler chickens were randomly allotted to ten groups with six replications of 40 birds each, with a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Five levels of BP in reference to digestible lysine (3.6, 7.2, 10.8, 14.4, and 18.0 g/kg) were fed to unchallenged (NCH) and challenged (CH) broilers with 7 × 103E. maxima sporulated oocysts from 14 to 28 days of age. Performance and body deposition were measured using a comparative slaughter technique to compare BP maintenance requirements and Ep. ANOVA followed by a posthoc test was performed to compare the effects of BP levels, challenge, and their interactions. A monomolecular model describing the responses of NCH and CH broilers to BP intake, maintenance, and maximum protein deposition was compared. There were significant interactions between body weight gain and digestible lysine intake among the factors studied. Infection had a negative impact on all variables analysed, proving the efficacy of the challenge. The maintenance did not differ between the CH and NCH groups. Increased levels of dietary BP did not recover the maximum protein deposition in CH broilers. Eimeria maxima significantly reduced Ep by a factor of 0.09 times on Ep compared to the control group. The Eimeria maxima challenge was responsible to modify the use of BP altering the body composition and impairing broilers performance.

Prediction of maximum scaled feed intake in broiler chickens based on physical properties of bulky feeds.

1. A trial was conducted to investigate the capacity of broiler chickens to consume bulky feeds during three stages of growth. These phases were from 1 to 15 d, 16 to 30 d and from 31 to 45 d. 2. A basal feed was serially diluted (0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 10% or 15%) with one of five diluents (cellulose fibre, sawdust, rice husk, sand or vermiculite) to produce 25 feeds which were supplied on an ad libitum basis to the birds in each phase. Cobb 500® strain chicks were used, and, within each phase, each feed was given to nine individually-caged birds, 225 in total, distributed in a completely randomised design. 3. Intake increased initially, and then declined, as the proportion of each diluent increased. The consumption of feeds that limited intake were directly proportional to metabolic body weight and so a scaled feed intake, expressed as g/BW0.67 per day, was calculated. There were large effects of feed type on intake, in the short term, with consumption of a bulky feed leading to higher intakes. 4. It was concluded the Water Holding Capacity (WHC) content of the feeds could be appropriate measurement of 'bulk' responsible for limiting intake and could be used to predict maximum feed intake capacities of broiler chickens fed bulky diets.

An update on the cecectomy technique in roosters anesthetized with isoflurane used in subsequent amino acid digestibility experiments.

This work aims to study an alternative technique of cecectomy in roosters using inhalation anesthesia for subsequent use in digestibility experiments. A total of 30 adult chickens of Leghorn breed were used with an average age of 27 wk. The birds were preoxygenated, and the anesthetic induction was performed using isoflurane diluted in oxygen. After proper muscle relaxation, endotracheal intubation was performed using a Murphy catheter and kept in anesthesia under mechanical ventilation with a constant monitoring of electrocardiography variables, heart rate, oxyhemoglobin saturation, and body temperature during the surgical procedure. An incision of approximately 3 cm was made between keel and cloaca in order to expose and extirpate the cecum followed by a simple ligature. The opening of the peritoneal cavity was closed in 2 ways: Sultan suture technique was used for closing the abdominal wall and modified Cushing intradermic continuous points for closing the skin. The time for anesthesia induction and preoperational period noted to be 10 ± 2 min. Surgical procedures completed in 7 ± 1.5 min. No intraoperatively and postoperatively harm observed in animals. Water was immediately provided after the birds returned to cages and feed offered after 24 h of surgery. In remaining birds, no abnormalities were observed during and after the experimental period (3 mo). The present study describes a promising update on cecectomy technique regarding anesthesia induction and surgical procedures in roosters using potential drugs and safer surgical materials without any trans- and postoperative complications.

Crude extract of cyanobacteria (Radiocystis fernandoi, strain R28) induces liver impairments in fish.

Radiocystis fernandoi R28 strain is a cyanobacterium which produces mostly the RR and YR microcystin variants (MC-RR and MC-YR, respectively). The effects of crude extract of the R. fernandoi strain R28 were evaluated on the protein phosphatases and on the structure and ultrastructure of the liver of the Neotropical fish, Hoplias malabaricus, after acute and subchronic exposure. Concomitantly, the accumulation of the majority of MCs was determined in the liver and muscle. The fish were exposed to 120.60 MC-RR+MC-LR kg-fish-1 (=100µg MC-LReq kg-fish-1) for 12 and 96h (one single dose, acute exposure) and 30days (one similar dose every 72h, subchronic exposure). MCs did not accumulate in the muscle but, in the liver, MC-YR accumulated after acute exposure and MC-RR and MC-YR accumulation occurred after subchronic exposure. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity was inhibited only after subchronic exposure. Acute exposure induced liver hyperemia, hemorrhage, changes in hepatocytes and cord-like disorganization. At the ultrastructural level, the decreasing of glycogen and lipid levels, the swelling of mitochondria and whirling of endoplasmic reticulum suggested hepatocyte necrosis. Subchronic exposure resulted in a complete disarrangement of cord-like hepatocytes, some recovery of mitochondria and whirling endoplasmic reticulum and extensive connective tissues containing fibrous materials in the liver parenchyma. Despite microcystin toxicity and liver alterations, no tumor was induced by MCs. In conclusion, the increased algal mass of R. fernandoi in tropical freshwater, producing mainly MC-RR and MC-YR variants, results in fish liver impairments.

Feed of Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, (Regan, 1910) in open pond: live and formulated diets / Alimentação do peixe-de-briga, Betta splendens (Regan, 1910) em tanque externo de cultivo: dieta natural e formulada

Abstract The growth rate and percent survival of Betta splendens when submitted to formulated diet and live food treatments are evaluated. The three different diets were used and designated as: formulated diet (basal diet); live food diet (plankton) and mixed diet (formulated diet with plankton). The live food diet contained plankton belonging to an open pond. High mortality was reported with live food (plankton) treatment whereas higher percent survival occurred with formulated diet. Highest specific growth rate, weight gain and final weight were reported in the mixed diet treatment and were significantly different (p 0.01) from those in formulated diet and live food treatments. The gut contents of B. splendens in mixed diet and live food treatments comprised, Rotifera and Bacillariophyceae species in high percentages or rather, over 78% of total organisms. Lecane sp. was the most ingested zooplankton species by B. splendens in both treatments (mixed diet and live food), with the phytoplankton species Asterionella sp. and Melosira sp. respectively in mixed diet and in live food, respectively. Results indicated that the formulated diet influenced the water parameters dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids and pH. The live food in the open pond was not enough to improve the growth rate and percent survival of B. splendens. The growth performance of B. splendens; had the best results with mixed diet which was capable of maintaining speciess survival (82%) and development in artificial conditions, benefiting the culture management of ornamental fish.(AU)

Resumo Foi avaliado o crescimento e sobrevivência de Betta splendens, quando submetidos à dieta formulada e alimento vivo. Foram utilizadas três dietas experimentais e designadas como: dieta formulada (ração); alimento vivo (plâncton) e dieta mista (ração com plâncton). O plâncton pertence ao tanque externo de cultivo. Alta mortalidade foi observada no tratamento com alimento vivo (plâncton) e a mais alta sobrevivência na dieta formulada. No tratamento com dieta mista foram observadas as maiores taxas de crescimento específico, ganho de peso e peso final, sendo significativamente diferentes (p 0,01) dos outros tratamentos. No conteúdo do trato digestório do B. splendens nos tratamentos dieta mista e alimento vivo, as espécies de Rotifera e Bacillariophyceae foram encontradas acima de 78% do total de organismos observados. Lecane sp. foi a espécie de zooplâncton mais ingerida por B. splendens em ambos os tratamentos (dieta mista e alimento vivo) e de fitoplâncton foi Asterionella sp. (dieta mista) e Melosira sp. (alimento vivo). Os resultados do presente estudo indicaram que a dieta formulada (ração) influenciou alguns parâmetros da água, como oxigênio dissolvido, sólidos totais solúveis, sólidos totais solúveis, sólidos totais suspensos e pH, e o alimento vivo não foi suficiente para incrementar o crescimento e a sobrevivência de B. splendens. A dieta mista promoveu o maior crescimento do B. splendens possibilitando a sobrevivência de 82% e, o desenvolvimento desta espécie em condições artificiais, beneficiando o manejo do cultivo deste peixe ornamental.(AU)

Feed of Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, (Regan, 1910) in open pond: live and formulated diets / Alimentação do peixe-de-briga, Betta splendens (Regan, 1910) em tanque externo de cultivo: dieta natural e formulada

Abstract The growth rate and percent survival of Betta splendens when submitted to formulated diet and live food treatments are evaluated. The three different diets were used and designated as: formulated diet (basal diet); live food diet (plankton) and mixed diet (formulated diet with plankton). The live food diet contained plankton belonging to an open pond. High mortality was reported with live food (plankton) treatment whereas higher percent survival occurred with formulated diet. Highest specific growth rate, weight gain and final weight were reported in the mixed diet treatment and were significantly different (p<0.01) from those in formulated diet and live food treatments. The gut contents of B. splendens in mixed diet and live food treatments comprised, Rotifera and Bacillariophyceae species in high percentages or rather, over 78% of total organisms. Lecane sp. was the most ingested zooplankton species by B. splendens in both treatments (mixed diet and live food), with the phytoplankton species Asterionella sp. and Melosira sp. respectively in mixed diet and in live food, respectively. Results indicated that the formulated diet influenced the water parameters dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids and pH. The live food in the open pond was not enough to improve the growth rate and percent survival of B. splendens. The growth performance of B. splendens; had the best results with mixed diet which was capable of maintaining species’s survival (82%) and development in artificial conditions, benefiting the culture management of ornamental fish.

Resumo Foi avaliado o crescimento e sobrevivência de Betta splendens, quando submetidos à dieta formulada e alimento vivo. Foram utilizadas três dietas experimentais e designadas como: dieta formulada (ração); alimento vivo (plâncton) e dieta mista (ração com plâncton). O plâncton pertence ao tanque externo de cultivo. Alta mortalidade foi observada no tratamento com alimento vivo (plâncton) e a mais alta sobrevivência na dieta formulada. No tratamento com dieta mista foram observadas as maiores taxas de crescimento específico, ganho de peso e peso final, sendo significativamente diferentes (p<0,01) dos outros tratamentos. No conteúdo do trato digestório do B. splendens nos tratamentos dieta mista e alimento vivo, as espécies de Rotifera e Bacillariophyceae foram encontradas acima de 78% do total de organismos observados. Lecane sp. foi a espécie de zooplâncton mais ingerida por B. splendens em ambos os tratamentos (dieta mista e alimento vivo) e de fitoplâncton foi Asterionella sp. (dieta mista) e Melosira sp. (alimento vivo). Os resultados do presente estudo indicaram que a dieta formulada (ração) influenciou alguns parâmetros da água, como oxigênio dissolvido, sólidos totais solúveis, sólidos totais solúveis, sólidos totais suspensos e pH, e o alimento vivo não foi suficiente para incrementar o crescimento e a sobrevivência de B. splendens. A dieta mista promoveu o maior crescimento do B. splendens possibilitando a sobrevivência de 82% e, o desenvolvimento desta espécie em condições artificiais, beneficiando o manejo do cultivo deste peixe ornamental.

Feed of Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, (Regan, 1910) in open pond: live and formulated diets.

The growth rate and percent survival of Betta splendens when submitted to formulated diet and live food treatments are evaluated. The three different diets were used and designated as: formulated diet (basal diet); live food diet (plankton) and mixed diet (formulated diet with plankton). The live food diet contained plankton belonging to an open pond. High mortality was reported with live food (plankton) treatment whereas higher percent survival occurred with formulated diet. Highest specific growth rate, weight gain and final weight were reported in the mixed diet treatment and were significantly different (p<0.01) from those in formulated diet and live food treatments. The gut contents of B. splendens in mixed diet and live food treatments comprised, Rotifera and Bacillariophyceae species in high percentages or rather, over 78% of total organisms. Lecane sp. was the most ingested zooplankton species by B. splendens in both treatments (mixed diet and live food), with the phytoplankton species Asterionella sp. and Melosira sp. respectively in mixed diet and in live food, respectively. Results indicated that the formulated diet influenced the water parameters dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids and pH. The live food in the open pond was not enough to improve the growth rate and percent survival of B. splendens. The growth performance of B. splendens; had the best results with mixed diet which was capable of maintaining species's survival (82%) and development in artificial conditions, benefiting the culture management of ornamental fish.

Feed of Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, (Regan, 1910) in open pond: live and formulated diets

Abstract The growth rate and percent survival of Betta splendens when submitted to formulated diet and live food treatments are evaluated. The three different diets were used and designated as: formulated diet (basal diet); live food diet (plankton) and mixed diet (formulated diet with plankton). The live food diet contained plankton belonging to an open pond. High mortality was reported with live food (plankton) treatment whereas higher percent survival occurred with formulated diet. Highest specific growth rate, weight gain and final weight were reported in the mixed diet treatment and were significantly different (p 0.01) from those in formulated diet and live food treatments. The gut contents of B. splendens in mixed diet and live food treatments comprised, Rotifera and Bacillariophyceae species in high percentages or rather, over 78% of total organisms. Lecane sp. was the most ingested zooplankton species by B. splendens in both treatments (mixed diet and live food), with the phytoplankton species Asterionella sp. and Melosira sp. respectively in mixed diet and in live food, respectively. Results indicated that the formulated diet influenced the water parameters dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids and pH. The live food in the open pond was not enough to improve the growth rate and percent survival of B. splendens. The growth performance of B. splendens; had the best results with mixed diet which was capable of maintaining speciess survival (82%) and development in artificial conditions, benefiting the culture management of ornamental fish.

Resumo Foi avaliado o crescimento e sobrevivência de Betta splendens, quando submetidos à dieta formulada e alimento vivo. Foram utilizadas três dietas experimentais e designadas como: dieta formulada (ração); alimento vivo (plâncton) e dieta mista (ração com plâncton). O plâncton pertence ao tanque externo de cultivo. Alta mortalidade foi observada no tratamento com alimento vivo (plâncton) e a mais alta sobrevivência na dieta formulada. No tratamento com dieta mista foram observadas as maiores taxas de crescimento específico, ganho de peso e peso final, sendo significativamente diferentes (p 0,01) dos outros tratamentos. No conteúdo do trato digestório do B. splendens nos tratamentos dieta mista e alimento vivo, as espécies de Rotifera e Bacillariophyceae foram encontradas acima de 78% do total de organismos observados. Lecane sp. foi a espécie de zooplâncton mais ingerida por B. splendens em ambos os tratamentos (dieta mista e alimento vivo) e de fitoplâncton foi Asterionella sp. (dieta mista) e Melosira sp. (alimento vivo). Os resultados do presente estudo indicaram que a dieta formulada (ração) influenciou alguns parâmetros da água, como oxigênio dissolvido, sólidos totais solúveis, sólidos totais solúveis, sólidos totais suspensos e pH, e o alimento vivo não foi suficiente para incrementar o crescimento e a sobrevivência de B. splendens. A dieta mista promoveu o maior crescimento do B. splendens possibilitando a sobrevivência de 82% e, o desenvolvimento desta espécie em condições artificiais, beneficiando o manejo do cultivo deste peixe ornamental.

The response to dietary threonine in laying-type pullets during growth.

1. This study aimed to provide information on the response of laying-type pullets to dietary threonine (THR) during three periods of growth prior to the onset of lay. Different batches of Dekalb White pullets were used in three separate trial periods (from 4 to 6, 8 to 11 and 13 to 16 weeks of age) using 8 dietary THR concentrations in each period, using a completely randomised design, and with each treatment being replicated 6 times, using 15 birds per replication in period 1 and 8 birds in periods 2 and 3. In period 1 the THR content (THRc) ranged from 2.3 to 7.6 mg/g, in period 2 from 1.7 to 5.5 mg/g, and in period 3 from 1.4 to 4.7 mg THR/g feed. 2. Body weight gain, food intake and the deposition of protein and lipid in the feather-free body and in the feathers were measured in each period. Linear regressions were fitted to all data falling below the break point defined by the broken stick regression, to estimate the efficiency of utilisation of THR. The maximum protein growth rate was 4.0 ± 0.2, 5.3 ± 0.4 and 3.5 ± 0.5 g/d in periods 1, 2 and 3, respectively. 3. The efficiency of utilisation of dietary THR for THR deposition in each period was the same, at 0.85 ± 0.1 mg/mg. As dietary THRc decreased, the amount of body lipid deposition increased. 4. With this information, it is possible to determine the daily requirement for THR for the potential growth of body and feather protein in growing pullets.

Evaluation of babassu meal in feed for layer hens during the growth phase

Studies were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value and inclusion levels of babassu meal (BM) in the diet of grower layer pullets in substitution to wheat meal. Digestibility, metabolism and growth trials were conducted. Twelve cecectomized roosters were used in the digestibility assay to determine the coefficients of standardized digestibility of amino acids (CSDAA). The metabolism trial was conducted with 30 adult roosters to determine the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) of BM. A growth trial was performed to determine replacement levels of wheat midds by BM diet using 360 six-week-old commercial layer pullets. BM was included at the 0, 75 and 150 g/kg of BM, during grower and development rearing phases, respectively. Feed intake, body weight gain, and feed conversion were evaluated. BM AMEn was determined as 1,474 kcal/kg, on as-fed basis. The CSDAA determined for BM were below 88% for all AA. The inclusion of BM in the feed of grower layers (7-18 week) significantly decreased feed intake (p 0.05), but significantly improved body weight gain and feedconversion ratio (p 0.05) at 15% inclusion level. Considering the nutritional value and performance results, BM can replace wheat midds in diets of grower layer pullets.

Evaluation of babassu meal in feed for layer hens during the growth phase

Studies were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value and inclusion levels of babassu meal (BM) in the diet of grower layer pullets in substitution to wheat meal. Digestibility, metabolism and growth trials were conducted. Twelve cecectomized roosters were used in the digestibility assay to determine the coefficients of standardized digestibility of amino acids (CSDAA). The metabolism trial was conducted with 30 adult roosters to determine the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) of BM. A growth trial was performed to determine replacement levels of wheat midds by BM diet using 360 six-week-old commercial layer pullets. BM was included at the 0, 75 and 150 g/kg of BM, during grower and development rearing phases, respectively. Feed intake, body weight gain, and feed conversion were evaluated. BM AMEn was determined as 1,474 kcal/kg, on as-fed basis. The CSDAA determined for BM were below 88% for all AA. The inclusion of BM in the feed of grower layers (7-18 week) significantly decreased feed intake (p 0.05), but significantly improved body weight gain and feedconversion ratio (p 0.05) at 15% inclusion level. Considering the nutritional value and performance results, BM can replace wheat midds in diets of grower layer pullets.(AU)

Tropical Plant Extracts as Sources of Grain-Protectant Compounds Against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

The toxicity of organic plant extracts to Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was assessed for three tropical plant species: branches, leaves, and seeds of Annona montana (Annonaceae), branches of Aristolochia paulistana (Aristolochiaceae), and leaves and branches of Casearia sylvestris (Salicaceae). The screening assay resulted that the extracts of A. montana seeds obtained with hexane (LC50 = 534.75 mg kg(-1) and LT50 = 6.10 days) and with dichloromethane (LC50 = 424.67 mg kg(-1) and LT50 = 5.03 days) were the most promising treatments, followed by the extract prepared from A. montana leaves with hexane (LC50 = 837.70 mg kg(-1) and LT50 = 4.90 days). Moreover, extracts (at 1,500 mg kg(-1)) prepared from C. sylvestris branches with dichloromethane and A. paulistana with hexane caused significant mortality (37% and 41.5%, respectively) beyond sublethal effects on S. zeamais. Therefore, based on the biological assays, extraction yield, and evaluation of the chromatographic profile of the crude extracts by TLC, the hexane extract of A. montana seeds was selected and fractioned using liquid-liquid partitioning. The hydroalcoholic fraction caused mortality of 55.5%, significantly superior to dichloromethane fraction, which caused 35.5% of mortality. Chemical analyses ((1)H NMR, HPLC, and TLC) were performed, and the results showed the presence of alkaloids and acetogenins in both active fractions, which have been associated with bioactivity. Therefore, extracts prepared from A. montana seeds (especially) is an interesting source of new compounds with promising grain-protectant properties.

Effect of dietary betaine supplementation on the performance, carcass yield, and intestinal morphometrics of broilers submitted to heat stress

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of betaine in methionine- and choline-reduced diets fed to broilers submitted to heat stress. In total, 1,408 male broilers were randomly distributed into eight treatments, according to 2 x 4 (environment x diet) factorial arrangement, with eight replicates of 2 birds each. Birds were reared environmental chambers under controlled temperature (25-26 °C) or cyclic heat-stressing temperature (25-31 °C). The following diets were tested: positive control (PC), formulated to meet broiler nutritional requirements; negative control (NC), with reduced DL-methionine and choline chloride levels; and with two supplementation levels of natural betaine to the negative control diet (NC+NB1 and NC+NB2). Live performance, carcass traits, and intestinal morphometrics were evaluated when broilers were 45 days of age. The results showed that all evaluated parameters were influenced by the interaction between environment and diet, except for breast meat drip loss. The breakdown of the interactions showed that birds fed the PC diet and reared in the controlled environment had greater breast drip loss than those submitted to the cyclic heat-stress environment. Birds submitted to cyclic heat stress and fed the PC diet presented the lowest feed intake. Feed conversion ratio was influenced only by diet. The FCR of broilers fed the NC+NB2 diet was intermediate relative to those fed the PC and NC diets. The addition of betaine in the diet, with 11.18% digestible methionine and 24.73% total choline reductions, did not affect broiler live performance, carcass yield, or intestinal morphometrics.(AU)

Diet formulation techniques and lysine requirements of 1- to 22-day-old broilers

Two experiments were carried out to compare two techniques (amino acid supplementation and dilution) for formulating experimental diets for pre-starter (1 to 8 days) and starter (8 to 22 days) broiler chicks and to estimate digestible lysine requirements using the dose-response method. In each experiment, 1,200 male Cobb 500 chickens were randomly distributed according to a 5x2 factorial arrangement (lysine level x formulation technique) with six replicates of 20 birds each. For the supplemented diet, a basal diet was formulated to meet the nutritional requirements, then L-lysine HCl was added to achieve digestible lysine levels of 0.975, 1.082, 1.189, 1.296 and 1.403% in the pre-starter diets and 0.840, 0.932, 1.024, 1.116 and 1.208% in the starter diets. For the diluted diet, a diet high in crude protein (CP) and relatively low in lysine was formulated and to which was added a protein-free diet until lysine levels were similar to those described above for the supplemented diet. The results suggest that the dilution technique favored the performance potential and better met lysine requirements compared with the supplementation technique. Lysine levels required for optimal feed conversion ratio of broilers during the pre-starter and starter phases were estimated at 1.361 and 1.187%, which are equivalent to lysine intake of 0.340 and 0.797 g/day, respectively.(AU)

Avaliação do mesocarpo de babaçu (Orbignya ssp) na alimentação de frangos de corte / Evaluation of babassu mesocarp meal in feed for broiler chickens

Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar o valor nutricional e a utilização do mesocarpo de babaçu na alimentação de frangos de corte. Inicialmente, a composição química foi analisada para caracterizar o ingrediente. Em seguida dois ensaios foram conduzidos: o primeiro para determinar os valores energéticos e o segundo o nível ideal de inclusão na ração. O ensaio de metabolismo foi realizado utilizando 20 galos Legorne, distribuídos em dois tratamentos com cinco repetições de duas aves cada. O período experimental foi de dez dias, cinco dias de adaptação e cinco dias de coleta de excretas. Em seguida, 500 pintos de corte com um dia de idade foram utilizados em ensaio de crescimento, delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro níveis de inclusão do mesocarpo de babaçu: 0, 3, 6 e 9%. O ensaio de crescimento teve duração de 21 dias e foram avaliadas as respostas para consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. Com base na matéria natural, o mesocarpo de babaçu apresentou 87,5%; 3,29%; 1,1%; 2,7%; 75,1% e 3.618 kcal/kg de matéria seca, proteína bruta, matéria mineral, fibra bruta, amido e energia bruta, respectivamente. A energia metabolizável aparente corrigida foi determinada em 2.671 kcal/kg, na matéria natural. O mesocarpo de babaçu, pela sua composição com baixo teor de proteína bruta e elevado teor de amido, pode ser classificado como ingrediente energético. A inclusão do mesocarpo na alimentação de frangos de corte afetou negativamente o desempenho das aves na fase inicial de criação.(AU)

This study evaluates nutritional value and use of babassu mesocarp supplementation in the feeding of broilers. Initially, the chemical composition was determined in order to characterize the ingredient. Then two tests were conducted: the first, to determine the energy values ​​and the second, the optimal supplementation level in the diet. The metabolism trial was conducted using 20 Leghorn cockerels divided into two treatments with five replicates of two birds each. The experiment lasted ten days, five adaptation days and five days for stool collection. Subsequently, 500 one-day-old broiler chicks were used in the growth trial. The design was completely randomized, with four treatments and five replications. Treatments consisted of four levels of babassu mesocarp supplementation: 0, 3, 6 and 9%. The growth trial lasted 21 days and the responses to feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion were evaluated. Based on natural matter,[RMVK1] the babassu mesocarp has 87.5%, 3.29%, 1.1%, 2.7%, 75.1% and 3,618 kcal/kg for the variables dry matter, crude protein, ash, crude fiber, starch and gross energy, respectively. The corrected apparent metabolizable energy determined was 2,671 kcal/kg, based on the natural matter. The babassu mesocarp due to its low crude protein content and high starch level can be classified as an energy ingredient. The babassu mesocarp supplemented in the feed of broilers adversely affected the performance of broilers during the initial stages of growth.(AU)

EVALUATION OF BABASSU MESOCARP MEAL IN FEED FOR BROILER CHICKENS / Avaliação do mesocarpo de Babaçu (Orbignya ssp) na alimentação de frangos de corte.

Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar o valor nutricional e a utilização do mesocarpo de babaçu na alimentação de frangos de corte. Inicialmente, a composição química foi analisada para caracterizar o ingrediente. Em seguida dois ensaios foram conduzidos: o primeiro para determinar os valores energéticos e o segundo o nível ideal de inclusão na ração. O ensaio de metabolismo foi realizado utilizando 20 galos Legorne, distribuídos em dois tratamentos com cinco repetições de duas aves cada. O período experimental foi de dez dias, cinco dias de adaptação e cinco dias de coleta de excretas. Em seguida, 500 pintos de corte com um dia de idade foram utilizados em ensaio de crescimento, delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro níveis de inclusão do mesocarpo de babaçu: 0, 3, 6 e 9%. O ensaio de crescimento teve duração de 21 dias e foram avaliadas as respostas para consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. Com base na matéria natural, o mesocarpo de babaçu apresentou 87

Avaliação do mesocarpo de babaçu (Orbignya ssp) na alimentação de frangos de corte / Evaluation of babassu mesocarp meal in feed for broiler chickens

Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar o valor nutricional e a utilização do mesocarpo de babaçu na alimentação de frangos de corte. Inicialmente, a composição química foi analisada para caracterizar o ingrediente. Em seguida dois ensaios foram conduzidos: o primeiro para determinar os valores energéticos e o segundo o nível ideal de inclusão na ração. O ensaio de metabolismo foi realizado utilizando 20 galos Legorne, distribuídos em dois tratamentos com cinco repetições de duas aves cada. O período experimental foi de dez dias, cinco dias de adaptação e cinco dias de coleta de excretas. Em seguida, 500 pintos de corte com um dia de idade foram utilizados em ensaio de crescimento, delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro níveis de inclusão do mesocarpo de babaçu: 0, 3, 6 e 9%. O ensaio de crescimento teve duração de 21 dias e foram avaliadas as respostas para consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. Com base na matéria natural, o mesocarpo de babaçu apresentou 87,5%; 3,29%; 1,1%; 2,7%; 75,1% e 3.618 kcal/kg de matéria seca, proteína bruta, matéria mineral, fibra bruta, amido e energia bruta, respectivamente. A energia metabolizável aparente corrigida foi determinada em 2.671 kcal/kg, na matéria natural. O mesocarpo de babaçu, pela sua composição com baixo teor de proteína bruta e elevado teor de amido, pode ser classificado como ingrediente energético. A inclusão do mesocarpo na alimentação de frangos de corte afetou negativamente o desempenho das aves na fase inicial de criação.

This study evaluates nutritional value and use of babassu mesocarp supplementation in the feeding of broilers. Initially, the chemical composition was determined in order to characterize the ingredient. Then two tests were conducted: the first, to determine the energy values ​​and the second, the optimal supplementation level in the diet. The metabolism trial was conducted using 20 Leghorn cockerels divided into two treatments with five replicates of two birds each. The experiment lasted ten days, five adaptation days and five days for stool collection. Subsequently, 500 one-day-old broiler chicks were used in the growth trial. The design was completely randomized, with four treatments and five replications. Treatments consisted of four levels of babassu mesocarp supplementation: 0, 3, 6 and 9%. The growth trial lasted 21 days and the responses to feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion were evaluated. Based on natural matter,[RMVK1] the babassu mesocarp has 87.5%, 3.29%, 1.1%, 2.7%, 75.1% and 3,618 kcal/kg for the variables dry matter, crude protein, ash, crude fiber, starch and gross energy, respectively. The corrected apparent metabolizable energy determined was 2,671 kcal/kg, based on the natural matter. The babassu mesocarp due to its low crude protein content and high starch level can be classified as an energy ingredient. The babassu mesocarp supplemented in the feed of broilers adversely affected the performance of broilers during the initial stages of growth.

EVALUATION OF BABASSU MESOCARP MEAL IN FEED FOR BROILER CHICKENS / Avaliação do mesocarpo de Babaçu (Orbignya ssp) na alimentação de frangos de corte

Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar o valor nutricional e a utilização do mesocarpo de babaçu na alimentação de frangos de corte. Inicialmente, a composição química foi analisada para caracterizar o ingrediente. Em seguida dois ensaios foram conduzidos: o primeiro para determinar os valores energéticos e o segundo o nível ideal de inclusão na ração. O ensaio de metabolismo foi realizado utilizando 20 galos Legorne, distribuídos em dois tratamentos com cinco repetições de duas aves cada. O período experimental foi de dez dias, cinco dias de adaptação e cinco dias de coleta de excretas. Em seguida, 500 pintos de corte com um dia de idade foram utilizados em ensaio de crescimento, delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro níveis de inclusão do mesocarpo de babaçu: 0, 3, 6 e 9%. O ensaio de crescimento teve duração de 21 dias e foram avaliadas as respostas para consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. Com base na matéria natural, o mesocarpo de babaçu apresentou 87