ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Although the intestinal subtype of gastric cancer (GC) is most prevalent around the world, a relatively high prevalence of the diffuse subtype has been reported in some populations of Central American countries, including Guatemala. This study aimed to investigate whether differences exist in the prevalence of the two GC subtypes in the two main ethnic groups in Guatemala, namely Mayan and Mestizo (known as Ladino in Guatemala), between whom significant socioeconomic disparities exist, and to determine whether there is an association with Helicobacter pylori/CagA seropositivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants included 65 patients with GC and 135 age-/sex-matched controls. Data on ethnicity, H. pylori and CagA seropositivity status, as well as tumor subtype (diffuse or intestinal) were collected. Logistic regression models were fitted to examine the relationship between predictor variables (age, sex, ethnicity, H. pylori, and CagA) and the binary response variable (tumor type). Model selection was based on the Akaike information criterion. RESULTS: The prevalence of diffuse GC was found to be significantly higher in the Mayan compared with the Mestizo population in Guatemala. Although seropositivity for CagA was significantly higher in patients with GC, there were no significant differences between the two GC subtypes. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that there are differences in the prevalence of intestinal and diffuse GC histologic subtypes between the two main ethnic groups in Guatemala. Further studies are warranted, given the potential higher prevalence of the more severe GC subtype in the most vulnerable population.
Subject(s)
Helicobacter Infections , Helicobacter pylori , Stomach Neoplasms , Humans , Stomach Neoplasms/epidemiology , Stomach Neoplasms/pathology , Stomach Neoplasms/microbiology , Guatemala/epidemiology , Female , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification , Helicobacter Infections/epidemiology , Helicobacter Infections/microbiology , Helicobacter Infections/complications , Aged , Adult , Antigens, BacterialABSTRACT
El cáncer gástrico (CG) es la neoplasia del tubo digestivo más prevalente en el mundo, asociada a factores genéticos del hospedero y externos, como infección por Helicobacter pylori. La patogénesis incluye inflamación crónica mediada por citocinas del microambiente tumoral, detectables sistémicamente. Estudios previos reportan niveles séricos de citocinas y su contribución al diagnóstico de CG. El presente estudio analiza el perfil de citocinas del tipo de Th1(IFNγ), Th2(IL-4 e IL-10), Th17(Th-17A) y otras pro inflamatorias: IL-1ß, IL-6 y TNF-α, en plasma de 70 casos de pacientes con CG comparándolos con 132 sujetos sanos equiparables en edad y sexo. Los casos provinieron del Hospital Roosevelt e Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de Guatemala (Incan) y formaron parte de un estudio previo. Se analizó la base de datos clínicos, patológicos y epidemiológicos. Se midieron los niveles de citocinas utilizando el sistema "MSD MULTI-SPOT Assay System". La edad promedio de los casos fue 59.5 años, (DE 13.0), 51%, eran positivos para IgG anti H. pylori. Un 71% presentó adenocarcinoma grado III (Borrman), según clasificación de Lauren 55% tenían tipo intestinal. Las siete citocinas cuantificadas se encontraron significativamente elevadas (p < .05) en el plasma de los casos respecto a sus controles. Los casos de CG tipo difuso presentaron niveles de IFNγ significativa-mente elevados. Por regresión logística, las citocinas IL-6 e IL-10, están asociadas significativamente a CG (p < .05) independientemente del estatus de infección por H. pylori. Se destacan la IL-6 e IL-10 como las principales citocinas asociadas a la presencia de CG.
Gastric cancer (GC) is the most prevalent gastrointestinal neoplasm in the world, associated with host and external genetic factors, such as Helicobacter pylori infection. The pathogenesis includes chronic inflammation mediated by cytokines of the tumor microenvironment, systemically detectable. Previous studies report serum levels of cyto-kines and their contribution to the diagnosis of GC. The present study analyzes the profile of cytokines of the type Th1 (IFNγ), Th2 (IL-4 and IL-10), Th17 (Th-17A) and other pro-inflammatory: IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α, in plasma of 70 cases of patients with GC compared with 132 healthy subjects comparable in age and sex. The cases came from the Roosevelt Hospital and the National Cancer Institute of Guatemala -Incan- and were part of a previous study. The clinical, pathological and epidemiological databases were analyzed. Cytokine levels were measured using the "MSD MULTI-SPOT Assay System". The average age of the cases was 59.5 years, (SD 13.0), 51% were positive for IgG anti H. pylori, 71% had grade III adenocarcinoma (Borrman), according to Laurenís classification, 55% had intestinal type. The seven cytokines quantified were found to be significantly elevated (p < .05) in the plasma of the cases compared to their controls. The diffuse GC cases presented significantly elevated IFNγ levels. By logistic regression, the cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 are significantly associated with GC (p < .05) regardless of the H. pylori infection status. IL-6 and IL-10 stand out as the main cytokines associated with the presence of GC.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Plasma/chemistry , Stomach Neoplasms/complications , Cytokines/analysis , Interleukin-6/analysis , Interleukin-1/analysis , Interleukin-10/analysis , Th2 Cells , Th17 Cells , Immunoglobulin G/analysis , Adenocarcinoma/complications , Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis , Helicobacter Infections/complications , Th1 Cells , Gastrointestinal Tract/pathology , Tumor Microenvironment , Neoplasms/complicationsABSTRACT
La pandemia de COVID-19, causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2, ha infectado ya a más de 25 millones de personas, ocasionando más de 850,000 muertos y causando serios problemas en hospitales y sistemas de salud en todo el mundo. Una de las mayores dificultades que presenta la infección por SARS-CoV-2 es su gran variación en presentación clínica, que puede ir desde casos asintomáticos hasta síndromes de distrés respiratorio agudo, fallo múltiple de órganos y muerte. De aquí la importancia del estudio de factores demográficos, clínicos y genéticos que permitan la identificación de personas con mayor riesgo de adquirir la infección y sufrir manifestaciones graves de la enfermedad. Un número creciente de reportes en la literatura han sugerido que el grupo sanguíneo ABO está relacionado con el riesgo a COVID-19, coincidiendo en que personas con sangre del grupo A muestran el mayor riesgo, mientras que personas con sangre del grupo O el menor. Los objetivos de esta revisión son presentar un resumen de la evidencia existente en la literatura científica reciente y discutir estas observaciones en el contexto del conocimiento sobre la asociación de los grupos sanguíneos a varias infecciones y otras enfermedades, así como de los mecanismos potenciales involucrados. Finalmente, las implicaciones de la relación entre el grupo sanguíneo y susceptibilidad a COVID-19 son también discutidas con relación a la población guatemalteca.
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has already infected more than 25 million people, resulting in more than 850,000 deaths and causing serious problems in hospitals and health systems worldwide. One of the biggest problems posed by the SARS-CoV-2 infection is its great variation in clinical presentation, which can range from asymptomatic cases to syndromes of acute respiratory distress, multiple organ failure, and death. Hence the importance of studying demographic, clinical and genetic factors that allow the identification of people at increased risk of suffering serious manifestations. A growing number of reports in the literature have suggested that the ABO blood group is related to the risk of COVID-19, demonstrating that people with type A blood have the highest risk, while people with type O blood the lowest. The objective of this review is to present a summary of the existing evidence in the recent scientific literature and to discuss these observations in the context of the knowledge of the association of blood groups to various infections and other diseases, as well as the potential mechanisms involved. Finally, the implications of the relationship between the blood groups and COVID-19 susceptibility are also discussed in relationship to the Guatemalan population.
Subject(s)
Humans , ABO Blood-Group System/genetics , Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus , Disease Susceptibility/complications , Risk , Coronavirus Infections , GuatemalaABSTRACT
Infection by Helicobacter pylori is a major risk factor for gastric cancer (GC), the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Although biomarkers such as pepsinogens (PGs) and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) may have diagnostic and/or prognostic value in patients with GC, their levels may be affected by H. pylori infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the presence of antibodies to H. pylori and cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) with plasma levels of PGs and suPAR in a cohort of Guatemalan GC patients and controls. To this end, levels of suPAR, Pepsinogens I and II (PGI and PGII), and antibodies to H. pylori and CagA toxin were determined by ELISA in plasma samples from 67 GC patients and 136 matched healthy controls. Seropositivity for CagA was significantly higher in patients with GC than in controls. Pepsinogens II and suPAR levels were higher and PGI/PGII ratios were lower in GC patients than in controls. There was a significant association of H. pylori seropositivity status with increased levels of PGII and lower PGI/PGII ratios, particularly in the control (non-GC) population. The levels of suPAR were not significantly affected by H. pylori or CagA seropositivity status. These results suggest that the seropositivity status for H. pylori and CagA need to be taken into account during the GC diagnostic process.
Subject(s)
Antigens, Bacterial/immunology , Bacterial Proteins/immunology , Helicobacter Infections/epidemiology , Helicobacter pylori/immunology , Pepsinogen A/blood , Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator/blood , Stomach Neoplasms/microbiology , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology , Case-Control Studies , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Female , Guatemala/epidemiology , Helicobacter Infections/complications , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Stomach Neoplasms/bloodABSTRACT
El cáncer gástrico es la neoplasia más frecuente del tubo digestivo, Guatemala posee altas tasas de incidencia y mortalidad. Helicobacter pylori se ha identificado como un carcinógeno gástrico, especialmente si la infección es por cepas que expresen factor de virulencia CagA, asociado a lesiones atróficas y precancerosas. Reportes previos indican que el análisis de biopsias gástricas en pacientes positivos para H. pylori, muestran un incremento de la expresión del activador del plasminógeno uroquinasa (uPA) y su receptor (uPAR). El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar el valor diagnóstico de uPAR en sangre como marcador de cáncer gástrico en Guatemala y la asociación de uPAR con la infección por de H. pylori. Se tomaron muestras sanguíneas de pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer gástrico (n = 68) y controles sanos apareados por edad y sexo (n = 136) en cuatro instituciones de la ciudad de Guatemala, se determinó uPAR e IgG anti H. pylori por metodología Elisa. Los niveles de uPAR en pacientes con cáncer estaban significativamente elevados (p < .001), no se encontró diferencia por edad, sexo, apariencia macroscópica o microscópica del tumor. El cáncer gástrico se asoció significativamente a H. pylori (p = .03). El coeficiente de correlación biserial indica una relación negativa débil (rb = -0.01, p = .443) entre uPAR y H. pylori. Las curvas ROC en uPAR reportaron alta precisión (área bajo la curva = .80) para identificar cáncer gástrico. Estos resultados sugieren que los niveles séricos de uPAR pueden tener valor en el diagnóstico cáncer gástrico.
Gastric cancer is the most frequent neoplasm of the digestive tract, Guatemala has high incidence and mortality rates. Helicobacter pylori has been identified as a gastric carcinogen, especially if the infection is by strains expressing virulence factor CagA which is associated with atrophic and precancerous lesions. Previous reports indicate that gastric biopsy analyses in H. pylori positive patients show increased expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR). The present study aimed to determine the diagnostic value of uPAR in blood as a marker of gastric cancer in Guatemala and the association of uPAR with infection by of H. pylori. Blood samples were collected from patients diagnosed with gastric cancer (n = 68) and healthy controls matched by age and sex (n = 136) at four institutions in Guatemala City and analyzed for uPAR and anti-H. pylori IgG. uPAR levels in cancer patients were found to be significantly elevated (p <.001), but were not influenced by age, sex, macroscopic or microscopic appearance of the tumor. Gastric cancer was significantly associated with H. pylori (p = .03). The serial correlation analysis used to determine the correlation of uPAR with H. pylori showed that there is a non-significant weak negative Pearson's correlation coefficient (r = -0.01, p = .443) between both. The ROC curves for uPAR indicated high precision (AUC = 0.80) for detection of gastric cancer. These results suggest that serum uPAR levels may be valuable in the diagnosis of gastric cancer.