Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Burnout Inventory in University Teachers in Hybrid Education.

Introduction: The scientific literature argues the urgent need for adequate tools to assess burnout in human service professionals, however, little progress has been made on this in university teachers in hybrid environments, even though after the pandemic, these work scenarios are predominant. Objective: To determine the psychometric properties of invariance between male and female teachers of hybrid education in the Spanish Burnout Inventory (SBI). Method: The anonymous, self-administered SBI was administered to 1060 university teachers in Lima, Peru, from online random sampling. Of the total number of participants, 626 were women (59.1%) and 434 were men (40.9%), with an age range of 22 to 76 years, with a mean of 46.97 and a standard deviation of 10.256. It should be noted that 74.5% of the teachers worked full time. The analysis used the statistical programs AMOS v24, SPSS v26 and R-Project v4.1.2. First, a descriptive analysis of the data was performed, as well as a multivariate normality test of the data. Secondly, confirmatory factor analysis was performed; finally, a factorial invariance test was performed. Results: Cronbach's alpha of the SBI was 0.827, and for each subscale: Enthusiasm toward the job (0.742), Psychological exhaustion (0.889), Indolence (0.819), Guilt (0.816). According to the fit indicators, the confirmatory factor model is adequate. The results supported configural invariance, metric invariance, scalar invariance, and strict invariance in the male and female groups, although further investigation of some items specific to the indolence factor is needed. Conclusion: The SBI is a valid instrument to assess burnout in university teachers in hybrid environments. Studies associated with the SBI focus on its psychometric properties, burnout prevalence, related variables, and literature reviews. The validation of the SBI in various countries and service areas is discussed, as well as future implications for intervention in burnout prevention and mastery.

Extension of the thoracic spine sign as a diagnostic marker for thoracic trauma.

INTRODUCTION: The initial evaluation of patients with thoracic trauma remains a diagnostic challenge for surgery and emergency physicians. Chest sonography plays a key role in the approach for this group of patients, through extended and focused evaluation with trauma sonography (E-FAST). OBJECTIVES: To establish the diagnostic performance of the extension of the thoracic spine sign using chest sonography in trauma to diagnose hemothorax and compare it with the gold standard test chest computed tomography (CT). METHODS: This prospective observational study was conducted over 1 year. Patients who attended the emergency room with closed or penetrating thoracic or thoraco-abdominal trauma, an indication for a chest CT as part of a diagnostic evaluation according to institutional protocols, and who previously underwent a chest sonogram to determine the extent of the thoracic spine sign to diagnose hemothorax. Sonographic results were compared to a radiologist's interpretation of the chest CT. The radiologists were blinded to the initial sonogram interpretation. RESULTS: Seventy-six patients were enrolled with an average age of 32 years. They mainly had closed trauma, which accounted for 77.6% of samples, and 222 chest images were taken. The sensitivity and specificity for this study were 78.7% and 92.6%, respectively, with a positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 65% and 97.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Extension of the thoracic spine sign allows rapid identification of the presence, and more precisely, the absence of pleural effusion. This, therefore, allows an appropriate diagnosis and approach in the emergency room in patients with chest trauma.

Síndrome de burnout y la satisfacción laboral en profesionales de la salud / Burnout syndrome and job satisfaction in health professionals

Objetivo: Determinar las relaciones funcionales entre el burnout y la satisfacción laboral de los profesionales de la salud de dos hospitales del Perú. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, observacional, correlacional de corte transversal. De una población de 620 profesionales de la salud se encuestaron a 177 profesionales (médicos, odontólogos, químicos farmacéuticos, psicólogos, enfermeros, obstetras, tecnólogos médicos, nutricionistas y trabajadores sociales). Los instrumentos de medición utilizados fueron el inventario de burnout de Maslach (MBI) y la escala de satisfacción laboral (SL-SPC), cuyas propiedades psicométricas fueron adecuadas. Resultados: La tasa de prevalencia (TP) para el burnout alto fue 33,3 %. Mediante el análisis de ecuaciones estructurales, se encontró que existe relación significativa (AGFI = 0,946) y negativa (coeficiente estructural = -0,62) entre el burnout y la satisfacción laboral en los profesionales de la salud. La dimensión predominante del burnout fue la despersonalización (37 %=0,72/ (0,56+0,72+0,65); y el factor predominante de la satisfacción laboral fueron los beneficios económicos (35 %=0,99/ (0,67+0,99+0,48+0,66). Conclusiones: Existe relación funcional significativa y negativa entre el síndrome de burnout y la satisfacción laboral; el burnout es predictor de la satisfacción laboral. No se han encontrado diferencias significativas al comparar la tasa de prevalencia del burnout alto, según las variables sociodemográficas y laborales.

Objective: To estimate the functional relationships between burnout and job satisfaction in health professionals of two hospitals in Peru.Materials and methods: A quantitative, observational, correlational and cross-sectional research was carried out. Out of a study population of 620 health professionals, 177 (physicians, odontologists, pharmacists, psychologists, nurses, obstetricians, medical technologists, nutritionists and social workers) were interviewed. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Job Satisfaction Scale (SL-SPC) were used as measuring instruments, showing adequate psychometric properties.Results: The high-burnout prevalence rate (TP) was 33.3 %. Using a structural equation analysis, a significant (AGFI = 0.946) and negative (structural coefficient = -0.62) relationship was found between burnout and job satisfaction in health professionals. The predominant dimension of burnout was depersonalization (37 % = 0.72 / (0.56 + 0.72 + 0.65)) and the predominant factor of job satisfaction was profits (35 % = 0.99 / (0.67 + 0.99 + 0.48 + 0.66)). Conclusions: There is a significant and negative functional relationship between burnout syndrome and job satisfaction. Burnout is a predictor of job satisfaction. No significant differences were found when comparing the high-burnout prevalence rate regarding the sociodemographic and work-related variables.

[Socioeconomic status, eating patterns, and heavy metals exposure in women of childbearing age in Cali, Colombia].

INTRODUCTION: Global increase in food and water pollution is associated with health risk, which depends on the concentration, the dose, and the exposure time. This has raised concerns about the possible long-term effects of chronic exposure to low concentrations of heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium and mercury. OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship among socioeconomic status, eating patterns, and exposure to heavy metals among a population of women in Cali, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 233 non-pregnant women of childbearing age living in the Aguablanca district of Cali, Colombia, were enrolled in the study. We gathered sociodemographic data, as well as information on housing conditions, exposure to heavy metals, frequency of food intake, and anthropometric measurements. Samples of lettuce, cabbage and fish (tilapia and butterfish) were collected to determine lead, cadmium, and mercury concentrations. Descriptive and multiple correspondence analyses were performed to establish eating patterns. RESULTS: Fish was served in each of the three main meals of the day, with a bigger serving at lunch time. Cadmium was found in three samples of butterfish at levels below the acceptable. Of those who ate fish more than once a week, 11.1% bought the product at a cadmium-positive store. The multiple correspondence analysis showed a positive relationship between being black and consuming butterfish and tilapia more than once per week. CONCLUSIONS: The findings showed that the studied population had access to heavy metal-contaminated food, which combined with the women's cultural eating patterns, socioeconomic status, and metabolic characteristics led to a greater vulnerability to the effects of heavy metals exposure.

Condición socioeconómica, patrones de alimentación y exposición a metales pesados en mujeres en edad fértil de Cali, Colombia / Socioeconomic status, eating patterns, and heavy metals exposure in women of childbearing age in Cali, Colombia

Resumen Introducción. La contaminación del agua y de los alimentos constituye un riesgo creciente para la salud a nivel mundial. Dicho riesgo varía según las concentraciones y las dosis de los contaminantes y el tiempo de exposición, especialmente por los posibles efectos a largo plazo debidos a la exposición crónica a bajas concentraciones de metales pesados como el plomo, el cadmio y el mercurio. Objetivo. Explorar la relación entre la condición socioeconómica, los patrones de alimentación y la exposición a metales pesados en una población de mujeres de Cali. Materiales y métodos. Participaron 233 mujeres en edad fértil, no embarazadas, residentes en el distrito de Aguablanca, Cali, Colombia. Se recolectó información sociodemográfica, así como sobre las condiciones de la vivienda, la exposición a metales pesados, la frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y las mediciones antropométricas. Para determinar las concentraciones de plomo, cadmio y mercurio, se tomaron muestras de lechuga, repollo y peces (tilapia y 'manteco'). Se hicieron análisis descriptivos y de correspondencias múltiples para establecer los patrones de consumo. Resultados. El pescado se incluía en las tres comidas del día, especialmente en el almuerzo; se encontró cadmio por debajo de los niveles permitidos en tres muestras de 'manteco'. El 11,1 % de quienes consumían pescado una vez o más por semana lo había comprado en un expendio en el cual las muestras fueron positivas para cadmio. Mediante el análisis de correspondencias múltiples, se determinó la presencia de una relación entre el ser de raza negra y el consumo de 'manteco' y tilapia una vez o más por semana. Conclusiones. La población de estudio tuvo acceso a alimentos contaminados con metales pesados. Esto, sumado a las características metabólicas de las mujeres y a sus condiciones socioeconómicas, incrementó su exposición y vulnerabilidad frente a los efectos de la contaminación.

Abstract Introduction: Global increase in food and water pollution is associated with health risk, which depends on the concentration, the dose, and the exposure time. This has raised concerns about the possible long-term effects of chronic exposure to low concentrations of heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium and mercury. Objective: Toexplore the relationship among socioeconomic status, eating patterns, and exposure to heavy metals among a population of women in Cali, Colombia. Materials and methods: A total of 233 non-pregnant women of childbearing age living in the Aguablanca district of Cali, Colombia, were enrolled in the study. We gathered sociodemographic data, as well as information on housing conditions, exposure to heavy metals, frequency of food intake, and anthropometric measurements. Samples of lettuce, cabbage and fish (tilapia and butterfish) were collected to determine lead, cadmium, and mercury concentrations. Descriptive and multiple correspondence analyses were performed to establish eating patterns. Results: Fish was served in each of the three main meals of the day, with a bigger serving at lunch time. Cadmium was found in three samples of butterfish at levels below the acceptable. Of those who ate fish more than once a week, 11.1% bought the product at a cadmium-positive store. The multiple correspondence analysis showed a positive relationship between being black and consuming butterfish and tilapia more than once per week. Conclusions: The findings showed that the studied population had access to heavy metal-contaminated food, which combined with the women's cultural eating patterns, socioeconomic status, and metabolic characteristics led to a greater vulnerability to the effects of heavy metals exposure.

Viability and burden of Leishmania in extralesional sites during human dermal leishmaniasis.

BACKGROUND: The clinical and epidemiological significance of Leishmania DNA in extralesional sites is obscured by uncertainty of whether the DNA derives from viable parasites. To examine dissemination of Leishmania during active disease and the potential participation of human infection in transmission, Leishmania 7SLRNA was exploited to establish viability and estimate parasite burden in extralesional sites of dermal leishmaniasis patients. METHODS: The feasibility of discriminating parasite viability by PCR of Leishmania 7SLRNA was evaluated in relation with luciferase activity of luc transfected intracellular amastigotes in dose-response assays of Glucantime cytotoxicity. Monocytes, tonsil swabs, aspirates of normal skin and lesions of 28 cutaneous and 2 mucocutaneous leishmaniasis patients were screened by kDNA amplification/Southern blot. Positive samples were analyzed by quantitative PCR of Leishmania 7SLRNA genes and transcripts. RESULTS: 7SLRNA amplification coincided with luciferase activity, confirming discrimination of parasite viability. Of 22 patients presenting kDNA in extralesional samples, Leishmania 7SLRNA genes or transcripts were detected in one or more kDNA positive samples in 100% and 73% of patients, respectively. Gene and transcript copy number amplified from extralesional tissues were comparable to lesions. 7SLRNA transcripts were detected in 13/19 (68%) monocyte samples, 5/12 (42%) tonsil swabs, 4/11 (36%) normal skin aspirates, and 22/25 (88%) lesions; genes were quantifiable in 15/19 (79%) monocyte samples, 12/13 (92%) tonsil swabs, 8/11 (73%) normal skin aspirates. CONCLUSION: Viable parasites are present in extralesional sites, including blood monocytes, tonsils and normal skin of dermal leishmaniasis patients. Leishmania 7SLRNA is an informative target for clinical and epidemiologic investigations of human leishmaniasis.

[Mucosal complication of cutaneous leishmaniasis]. / Complicación mucosa de la leishmaniasis cutánea.

A 74-year-old man from the rural area of Caicedonia, Valle del Cauca Province, was diagnosed with uncontrolled hypertension, stage IV chronic renal failure and severe anemia. Fifteen years earlier, while living in Guaviare Province, he was diagnosed with leishmaniasis-with lesions located on the right upper and lower eyelids, left auricle and limbs. At that time, he received an incomplete treatment with antimonials. The patient had experienced 8 years of progressive mucosal lesions located in the upper lip, nasal mucosa and right upper and lower eyelids (figure 1). A histopathological diagnosis of leishmaniasis was made and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (figure 2). Treatment with antimonials (Glucantime) was contraindicated due to the patient's comorbidities. Inpatient supervised treatment with miltefosine (Impavido 50 mg capsules) was initiated according to the national guidelines of 1.8 mg/kg/day for 28 days. Clinical follow up and routine laboratory tests (creatinine, BUN, liver function tests and complete blood counts) were done during and after treatment; no complications were reported. Medical follow up was continued until the Internal medicine, ophthalmology, and plastic surgery consultations were provided for subsequent management of the pathology. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is a serious preventable complication of cutaneous leishmaniasis. This case illustrated a failure in opportune diagnosis and treatment of this disease as a consequence of an inadequate leishmaniasis control program. The case indicated the effectiveness of miltefosine as a therapeutic option in patients for whom antimonial treatment is contraindicated.

Detection of Leishmania in unaffected mucosal tissues of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) species.

BACKGROUND: Leishmania (Viannia) species are the principal cause of mucosal leishmaniasis. The natural history and pathogenesis of mucosal disease are enigmatic. Parasitological evaluation of mucosal tissues has been constrained by the invasiveness of conventional sampling methods. METHODS: We evaluated the presence of Leishmania in the mucosa of 26 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis and 2 patients with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Swab samples of the nasal mucosa, tonsils, and conjunctiva were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction with LV-B1 primers and Southern blot hybridization. RESULTS: Two patients with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis and 21 (81%) of 26 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis had Leishmania kinetoplast minicircle DNA (kDNA) in mucosal tissues. kDNA was amplified from swab samples of nasal mucosa from 14 (58%) of 24 patients, tonsils from 13 (46%) of 28 patients, and conjunctiva from 6 (25%) of 24 patients. kDNA was detected in the mucosa of patients with cutaneous disease caused by Leishmania panamensis, Leishmania guyanensis, and Leishmania braziliensis. CONCLUSION: The asymptomatic presence of parasites in mucosal tissues may be common in patients with Leishmania (Viannia) infection.