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1.
Heliyon ; 10(10): e31504, 2024 May 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38831827

ABSTRACT

The neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is grown mainly for shade, fuel, and numerous non-timber forest products using its leaves, fruit, and bark. It produces an essential oil that is used as a source for obtaining bioinsecticides, with a broad spectrum of action in agricultural production. Its bioinsecticidal activity is due to the presence of triterpenes, such as azadirachtin, a product in continued growth of the global biopesticide market. Optimal conditions for neem oil extraction using response surface methodology (RSM) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) methods have been defined. However, the extraction conditions for these methods tend to consume high volumes of organic solvent and long extraction times. The aim of the present study is to determine the optimal conditions for the extraction of azadirachtin from neem seeds in a hydroalcoholic medium using MAE and RSM with a Box-Behnken design (BBD). A BBD was applied to evaluate the effects of the factors, magnetron voltage (X1), extraction time (X2), and pH of the extraction medium (X3), on the yield of the azadirachtin extraction process. The effect of each variable on the extraction yield was studied independently, considering the pure coefficients (linear and quadratic) on the three levels that were studied in the experiments. Moreover, the study experiments were conducted in triplicate, data were presented as mean and standard deviation, homogeneity of variances was estimated using Levene's test, and a two-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc analysis was performed to identify the experimental conditions that allowed us to find the highest extraction yield and to analyze whether the response surface model adequately described our data. The most significant effects of the model correspond to quadratic and interaction effects (p < 0.0001); the quadratic terms voltage (X1), extraction time (X2), and pH (X3); and the interaction effects between voltage-pH (X1*X3) and time-pH (X2*X3), which had a significant influence on the model. Moreover, a canonical analysis was performed. The optimal conditions were as follows: 69.22 V, 6.89 min, and a pH value of 4.35, coinciding with the zones shown in the contour plots. Furthermore, the response obtained at the optimal conditions was 37.5 µg of azadirachtin per gram of pretreated seed.

2.
PLoS One ; 19(1): e0293746, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38241385

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Studies in the West suggest that tombstone cost is associated with longevity. The objective of this observational study was to investigate the association between tombstone cost and longevity in a large cemetery in Latin America. METHODS: Age at death was obtained from 2,273 consecutive death certificates held at the San Pedro Cemetery Museum in Medellín in Colombia. Subjects died in 2022, 2021, or 2020. Tombs are arranged in galleries in the cemetery and tombstone cost was based on the material from which the tombstone was made, its position in the gallery, and its ornamentation. Analysis of variance was used and the assumption of equal variance was not violated. RESULTS: Approximately 77% of tombstones were of low cost, 21% of medium cost, and 2% of high cost. Data from 1,751 subjects were used to investigate differences in longevity according to tombstone cost while adjusting for sex, civil status, violent death, and year of death. Longevity was similar in the low-cost group and medium-cost group: 64.3 years (63.2, 65.3) versus 63.3 years (61.3, 65.3) [estimated mean (95% confidence interval)]. Longevity was lower in the high-cost group: 47.0 years (40.1, 53.9). CONCLUSIONS: The inverse association between tombstone cost and longevity would suggest that people in Medellín are inclined to spend more on tombstones when commemorating the tragic death of a young person.


Subject(s)
Cemeteries , Museums , Humans , Adolescent , Colombia , Latin America
3.
Salud(i)cienc., (Impresa) ; 15(8): 1217-1221, feb. 2008. tab
Article in Spanish | BINACIS | ID: bin-122799

ABSTRACT

La cirugía valvular cardíaca ha evolucionado notablemente en la últimas décadas. Mucho se ha trabajado para alcanzar los objetivos definidos por los pioneros de la cirugía cardíaca en los años 60: eficacia hemodinámica, durabilidad, facilidad y reproducibilidad de la técnica quirúrgica, biocompatibilidad para minimizar los problemas relacionados con la anticoagulación y la trombosis valvular y, finalmente, la mejora de la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Las prótesis mecánicas constituyen un claro ejemplo de cómo estos progresos se han hecho realidad, sobre todo con la utilización del carbón pirolítico y con las modificaciones en los diseños mecánicos, tanto monodisco como bidisco. El objetivo de este artículo es ofrecer un análisis de la situación actual de la valvulopatía aórtica y de su tratamiento quirúrgico con las prótesis mecánicas. Hemos realizado además una revisión de los artículos más interesantes para definir con la mayor exactitud posible qué estamos ofreciendo a un paciente en términos de morbimortalidad cuando indicamos una sustitución valvular aórtica por una prótesis mecánica.(AU)


Subject(s)
Thoracic Surgery , Aortic Valve Stenosis , Aortic Valve Insufficiency , Heart Valve Prosthesis , Thromboembolism
4.
Salud(i)ciencia (Impresa) ; 15(8): 1217-1221, feb. 2008. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-493067

ABSTRACT

La cirugía valvular cardíaca ha evolucionado notablemente en la últimas décadas. Mucho se ha trabajado para alcanzar los objetivos definidos por los pioneros de la cirugía cardíaca en los años '60: eficacia hemodinámica, durabilidad, facilidad y reproducibilidad de la técnica quirúrgica, biocompatibilidad para minimizar los problemas relacionados con la anticoagulación y la trombosis valvular y, finalmente, la mejora de la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Las prótesis mecánicas constituyen un claro ejemplo de cómo estos progresos se han hecho realidad, sobre todo con la utilización del carbón pirolítico y con las modificaciones en los diseños mecánicos, tanto monodisco como bidisco. El objetivo de este artículo es ofrecer un análisis de la situación actual de la valvulopatía aórtica y de su tratamiento quirúrgico con las prótesis mecánicas. Hemos realizado además una revisión de los artículos más interesantes para definir con la mayor exactitud posible qué estamos ofreciendo a un paciente en términos de morbimortalidad cuando indicamos una sustitución valvular aórtica por una prótesis mecánica.


Subject(s)
Thoracic Surgery , Aortic Valve Stenosis , Aortic Valve Insufficiency , Heart Valve Prosthesis , Thromboembolism
5.
Poiésis (En línea) ; 15(Jun.): 1-6, 2008.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1023164

ABSTRACT

Educar, en conjunto con gobernar y psicoanalizar, es ubicada por Freud como una de las profesiones imposibles, lo cual no significa que en la historia de la humanidad, éstas sean desechadas. Al contrario, es precisamente a estas disciplinas a las que las ciencias sociales y humanas le han apostado, en miras de mejorar o re-significar la condición del hombre, siempre en relación a su condición de ser social.


To educate, together with governing and psychoanalyzing, is placed by Freud as one of the impossible professions, which does not mean that in the history of humanity, they are discarded. On the contrary, it is precisely to these disciplines that the social and human sciences have bet, in order to improve or re-signify the condition of man, always in relation to his condition of being social.


Subject(s)
Humans , Psychology, Social , Psychotherapy, Group/education , Teaching/psychology
6.
Arch Cardiol Mex ; 77(1): 25-30, 2007.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17500189

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the factors that influence outcomes of surgical myocardial revascularization in the female population. PATIENTS AND METHOD: This is a retrospective study in which 128 woman, subjected to GABC[IBM1] from January to September 2004, were enrolled in an univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: The mean age was 69.19 +/- 9.05 [IBM2] years, the most frequent pathologies, comorbilities, were dyslipemia, hypertension, and myocardial infarction. Unestable angina was found in 63.28% patients and stenosis in the left main coronary artery 42.96%; NYHA III-IV in 23.43%. The EuroSCORE mean preoperative risk was [IBM3] 5.57. Twelve surgeries were emergencies. Mean of grafts was 2.57. Mortality corresponded to 5.4% in programmed surgeries, 7% global. Univariate analysis identified this risk factors releated to mortality (p < 0.05): age older than 67 years, NYHA III-IV and emergency surgery, complicated in 25.2%. Follow-up was kept in 90.8% of patients, mean follow-up time was 17.11 (+/- 14.94) months; 115 patients did not present angina. The risk factor for angina during follow-up, in the univariate analysis (p < 0.05) was not having used the left internal thoracic artery as graft for the anastomosis of the anterior descending artery. CONCLUSIONS: Emergency surgery, age older than 67 years, and NYHA III-IV, were independent risk factors associated with mortality in this group. The use of artery grafts associated to reduced angina during follow-up.


Subject(s)
Cardiopulmonary Bypass , Age Factors , Aged , Angina, Unstable/surgery , Cardiopulmonary Bypass/methods , Cardiopulmonary Bypass/mortality , Coronary Disease/surgery , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Emergencies , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Hospital Mortality , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Myocardial Infarction/surgery , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Sex Factors , Time Factors
7.
Arch. cardiol. Méx ; Arch. cardiol. Méx;77(1): 25-30, ene.-mar. 2007. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-566910

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the factors that influence outcomes of surgical myocardial revascularization in the female population. PATIENTS AND METHOD: This is a retrospective study in which 128 woman, subjected to GABC[IBM1] from January to September 2004, were enrolled in an univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality. Results: The mean age was 69.19 +/- 9.05 [IBM2] years, the most frequent pathologies, comorbilities, were dyslipemia, hypertension, and myocardial infarction. Unestable angina was found in 63.28% patients and stenosis in the left main coronary artery 42.96%; NYHA III-IV in 23.43%. The EuroSCORE mean preoperative risk was [IBM3] 5.57. Twelve surgeries were emergencies. Mean of grafts was 2.57. Mortality corresponded to 5.4% in programmed surgeries, 7% global. Univariate analysis identified this risk factors releated to mortality (p < 0.05): age older than 67 years, NYHA III-IV and emergency surgery, complicated in 25.2%. Follow-up was kept in 90.8% of patients, mean follow-up time was 17.11 (+/- 14.94) months; 115 patients did not present angina. The risk factor for angina during follow-up, in the univariate analysis (p < 0.05) was not having used the left internal thoracic artery as graft for the anastomosis of the anterior descending artery. CONCLUSIONS: Emergency surgery, age older than 67 years, and NYHA III-IV, were independent risk factors associated with mortality in this group. The use of artery grafts associated to reduced angina during follow-up.


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Cardiopulmonary Bypass , Age Factors , Angina, Unstable , Cardiopulmonary Bypass/methods , Cardiopulmonary Bypass/mortality , Coronary Disease , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Emergencies , Follow-Up Studies , Hospital Mortality , Myocardial Infarction , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Sex Factors , Time Factors
8.
Rev. argent. cardiol ; 74(2): 157-159, mar.-abr. 2006. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-436479

ABSTRACT

Se presenta un caso de disección espontánea de la arteria coronaria descendente anterior en una mujer de 51 años, sin relación con factores desencadenantes conocidos. El inicio clínico fue un IAM no Q anterior, controlado con tratamiento médico y buena evolución clínica. El cateterismo cardíaco evidenció la disección de la arteria descendente anterior, que producía deterioro de la función sistólica. Se realizó revascularización arterial urgente mediante injerto de mamaria interna izquierda a descendente anterior sin CEC. El posoperatorio cursó sin complicaciones y a 25 meses del procedimiento la paciente se encuentra asintomática. Se realiza, además, una exposición de las consideraciones clínicas relacionadas con esta patología.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Coronary Aneurysm/surgery , Aortic Dissection/surgery , Myocardial Infarction/etiology , Fibrinolytic Agents/therapeutic use , Myocardial Revascularization
9.
Rev. argent. cardiol ; 74(2): 157-159, mar.-abr. 2006. graf
Article in Spanish | BINACIS | ID: bin-119714

ABSTRACT

Se presenta un caso de disección espontánea de la arteria coronaria descendente anterior en una mujer de 51 años, sin relación con factores desencadenantes conocidos. El inicio clínico fue un IAM no Q anterior, controlado con tratamiento médico y buena evolución clínica. El cateterismo cardíaco evidenció la disección de la arteria descendente anterior, que producía deterioro de la función sistólica. Se realizó revascularización arterial urgente mediante injerto de mamaria interna izquierda a descendente anterior sin CEC. El posoperatorio cursó sin complicaciones y a 25 meses del procedimiento la paciente se encuentra asintomática. Se realiza, además, una exposición de las consideraciones clínicas relacionadas con esta patología. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Myocardial Infarction/etiology , Aortic Dissection/surgery , Coronary Aneurysm/surgery , Fibrinolytic Agents/therapeutic use , Myocardial Revascularization
10.
Arq Bras Cardiol ; 84(5): 371-5, 2005 May.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15917968

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: We retrospectively examined the outcomes of 264 patients who underwent consecutive Omnicarbon valve implantation surgery between April 1985 and May 1995. METHODS: At the time of surgery, patients who received this mechanical prosthesis averaged 57+/-11 years of age. Omnicarbon valves were placed in the aortic position in 36% of the cases, in the mitral position in 44%, and in both positions in 20%. Follow-up was carefully performed, with most patients undergoing physical examination at our clinic. While taking the case history, cardiac physicians specifically questioned the patient about valve-related complications. RESULTS: Accumulated total patient-years is 1291, with a mean follow-up time of 5.4 years. Survival at 10 years is 79.4+/-3.9%, including all causes of death and early mortality. Complications recorded during the 11-year study include: thromboembolism (0.1%), hemorrhage (0.4%), endocarditis (0.2%), and nonstructural failure (1.2%). No hemolytic anemia, valve thrombosis, or structural failure was detected during this long-term experience. Functional capability of these patients was subjectively assessed by the NYHA classification system. With follow-up time averaging over 5 years, 97% of our Omnicarbon valve patients are in NYHA I or II. CONCLUSION: The Omnicarbon mechanical prosthesis provides a good clinical performance for up to 10 years in both the aortic and mitral positions. Results indicated a low incidence of thromboembolism and of hemorrhagic complications.


Subject(s)
Aortic Valve/surgery , Heart Valve Diseases/surgery , Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation , Heart Valve Prosthesis , Mitral Valve/surgery , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Bioprosthesis , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Reoperation , Retrospective Studies
11.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; Arq. bras. cardiol;84(5): 371-375, maio 2005. tab, graf, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-400651

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Estudar retrospectivamente os resultados de 264 pacientes submetidos à implementação cirúrgica de válvula modelo Omnicarbon entre abril 1985 e maio 1995. MÉTODOS: No momento da cirurgia, a média de idade dos pacientes que receberam essa prótese mecânica era de 57±11 anos. As válvulas modelo Omnicarbon foram colocadas em posição aórtica em 36 por cento dos casos, na posição mitral em 44 por cento dos casos, e nas duas posições em 20 por cento dos casos. O seguimento clínico foi feito cuidadosamente, com a maioria dos pacientes submetidos ao exame físico em nossa clínica. Levando em conta o histórico do caso, os cardiologistas faziam perguntas aos pacientes sobre as complicações relacionadas à válvula. RESULTADOS: O seguimento acumulado dos pacientes foi de 1291 anos, com média de seguimento de 5,4 anos. A sobrevida após 10 anos foi de 79,4±3,9 por cento, incluindo todas as causas de morte e os casos de mortalidade precoce. As complicações relatadas durante os 11 anos de estudo incluem: tromboembolismo (0,1 por cento), hemorragia (0,4 por cento), endocardite (0,2 por cento), e insuficiência não-estrutural (1,2 por cento). Não foram detectadas anemia hemolítica, trombose valvar, ou insuficiência estrutural durante esse longo período de estudo. A capacidade funcional desses pacientes foi avaliada subjetivamente pelo sistema de classificação da NYHA. Com o tempo de seguimento maior do que 5 anos em média, nossos pacientes que receberam a válvula modelo Omnicarbon se encontram na classe I ou II da NYHA. CONCLUSAO: As próteses mecânicas modelo Omnicarbon apresentam um bom desempenho clínico por até 10 anos, tanto em posição aórtica quanto mitral. Os resultados indicam uma baixa incidência de tromboembolismo e complicações hemorrágicas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aortic Valve/surgery , Heart Valve Prosthesis , Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation , Heart Valve Diseases/surgery , Mitral Valve/surgery , Bioprosthesis , Follow-Up Studies , Reoperation , Retrospective Studies
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