ABSTRACT
Chronic diabetic wound patients usually show high glucose levels and systemic immune disorder, resulting in high reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and immune cell dysfunction, prolonged inflammation, and delayed wound healing. Herein, we prepared an antioxidant and immunomodulatory polymer vesicle for diabetic wound treatment. This vesicle is self-assembled from poly(ε-caprolactone)36-block-poly[lysine4-stat-(lysine-mannose)22-stat-tyrosine)16] ([PCL36-b-P[Lys4-stat-(Lys-Man)22-stat-Tyr16]). Polytyrosine is an antioxidant polypeptide that can scavenge ROS. d-Mannose was introduced to afford immunomodulatory functions by promoting macrophage transformation and Treg cell activation through inhibitory cytokines. The mice treated with polymer vesicles showed 23.7% higher Treg cell levels and a 91.3% higher M2/M1 ratio than those treated with PBS. Animal tests confirmed this vesicle accelerated healing and achieved complete healing of S. aureus-infected diabetic wounds within 8 days. Overall, this is the first antioxidant and immunomodulatory vesicle for diabetic wound healing by scavenging ROS and regulating immune homeostasis, opening new avenues for effective diabetic wound healing.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants , Reactive Oxygen Species , Wound Healing , Animals , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Wound Healing/drug effects , Mice , Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/pharmacology , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology , Polymers/chemistry , Polymers/pharmacology , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy , Macrophages/drug effects , Macrophages/immunology , Humans , Immunomodulating Agents/pharmacology , Immunomodulating Agents/chemistry , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Mannose/chemistry , Mannose/pharmacology , Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy , Staphylococcal Infections/immunologyABSTRACT
The combination of alternate recycling and direct recycling preparative liquid chromatography method was developed for the isolation of chemical constituents from Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. The crude extract was obtained from Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. by solvent extraction, column chromatography and reversed-phase (RP) flash chromatography. All the separations were performed with methanol and water as mobile phases and the developed recycling preparative method was used with twin RP columns switched by a two-position ten-way valve for the separation. The mobile phase was recycled in close loop with a two-position six-way valve. The fraction I and fraction II from reversed-phase flash chromatography were selected for the demonstration of separation power of the proposed protocol, and five compounds were obtained from Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. The isolated five compounds were identified as pinocembrin-7-O-rutinoside, pinocembrin-7-O-rutinoside, acacetin-7-O-rutinoside, picein and protocatechuic acid with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The experimental results showed that the developed preparation method exhibited higher separation efficiency with less mobile phase used than the reported methods, and could be expected as an effective method for the separation of complex natural products, especially the compounds with similar structures.