Temporal Trends in the Epidemiology of HIV in Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the temporal trends of HIV epidemiology in Turkey from 2011 to 2016. METHODS: Thirty-four teams from 28 centers at 17 different cities participated in this retrospective study. Participating centers were asked to complete a structured form containing questions about epidemiologic, demographic and clinical characteristics of patients presented with new HIV diagnosis between 2011 and 2016. Demographic data from all centers (complete or partial) were included in the analyses. For the cascade of care analysis, 15 centers that provided full data from 2011 to 2016 were included. Overall and annual distributions of the data were calculated as percentages and the Chi square test was used to determine temporal changes. RESULTS: A total of 2,953 patients between 2011 and 2016 were included. Overall male to female ratio was 5:1 with a significant increase in the number of male cases from 2011 to 2016 (p<0.001). The highest prevalence was among those aged 25-34 years followed by the 35-44 age bracket. The most common reason for HIV testing was illness (35%). While the frequency of sex among men who have sex with men increased from 16% to 30.6% (p<0.001) over the study period, heterosexual intercourse (53%) was found to be the most common transmission route. Overall, 29% of the cases presented with a CD4 count of >500 cells/mm3 while 46.7% presented with a CD4 T cell count of <350 cells/mm3. Among newly diagnosed cases, 79% were retained in care, and all such cases initiated ART with 73% achieving viral suppression after six months of antiretroviral therapy. CONCLUSION: The epidemiologic profile of HIV infected individuals is changing rapidly in Turkey with an increasing trend in the number of newly diagnosed people disclosing themselves as MSM. New diagnoses were mostly at a young age. The late diagnosis was found to be a challenging issue. Despite the unavailability of data for the first 90, Turkey is close to the last two steps of 90-90-90 targets.

Epidemiological findings on Hepatitis C infection in a tertiary level hospital in mid-northern Anatolia in Turkey: A four-year analysis.

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne pathogen that causes acute or chronic infection of the liver, sometimes leading to serious liver damage and fatality. The objective of this study was to evaluate HCV prevalence in patients attending the Regional Training and Research Hospital for Medical Examination and Surgery in Samsun Province of Turkey between 2014 and 2017. Blood specimens taken from 152 596 patients were screened for HCV infection by using the anti-HCV assay. Seropositive samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing in order to determine whether the HCV infection was active. Genotyping was then performed. Overall, HCV seropositivity and active HCV infection were 2.76% and 2.05%, respectively. Foreign nationals accounted for 5.61% of the seropositive samples and 1.37% of active HCV infective samples. We further report that 2017 was the year with the highest seroprevalence which was 3.64%. HCV genotype 1 was the most common genotype detected in residents of Samsun Province at 89.86%, followed by Genotype 3 at 4.54%. This study provides important information on the levels of HCV infection in the Samsun region of Turkey. The data indicate that there was a rising trend of HCV infection between 2014 and 2017.

Epidemiological findings on Hepatitis C infection in a tertiary level hospital in mid-northern Anatolia in Turkey: A four-year analysis

@# The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne pathogen that causes acute or chronic infection of the liver, sometimes leading to serious liver damage and fatality. The objective of this study was to evaluate HCV prevalence in patients attending the Regional Training and Research Hospital for Medical Examination and Surgery in Samsun Province of Turkey between 2014 and 2017. Blood specimens taken from 152 596 patients were screened for HCV infection by using the anti-HCV assay. Seropositive samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing in order to determine whether the HCV infection was active. Genotyping was then performed. Overall, HCV seropositivity and active HCV infection were 2.76% and 2.05%, respectively. Foreign nationals accounted for 5.61% of the seropositive samples and 1.37% of active HCV infective samples. We further report that 2017 was the year with the highest seroprevalence which was 3.64%. HCV genotype 1 was the most common genotype detected in residents of Samsun Province at 89.86%, followed by Genotype 3 at 4.54%. This study provides important information on the levels of HCV infection in the Samsun region of Turkey. The data indicate that there was a rising trend of HCV infection between 2014 and 2017.

Infections in travellers returning to Turkey from the Arabian peninsula: a retrospective cross-sectional multicenter study.

Mass gatherings pooling people from different parts of the world-the largest of which is to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, for Hajj-may impose risks for acquisition and dissemination of infectious diseases. A substantial number of pilgrims to Hajj and Umrah are Turkish citizens (456,000 in 2014) but data are lacking on scale of the problem. We did a retrospective cross-sectional multicenter study in Turkey to explore the range of infections among inpatients who had recently returned from the Arabian Peninsula. Our inclusion criteria were patients who had acquired an infection during their trip to an Arabian Peninsula country, or who became symptomatic within 1 week of their return. The data were collected retrospectively for January 1, 2013 and March 1, 2015. 185 Turkish patients were recruited to the study across 15 referral centers with travel associated infectious diseases after returning from Arabian Peninsula countries (predominantly Saudi Arabia 163 [88.1 %] for religious purposes 162 [87.5 %]). Seventy four (40.0 %) of them were ≥ 65 years old with numerous comorbidities including diabetes (24.3 %) and COPD (14.1 %). The most common clinical diagnosis was respiratory tract infections (169 [91.5 %]), followed by diarrheal diseases (13 [7 %]), and there was one case of MERS-CoV. Patients spent a median of 5 (3-7) days as hospital inpatients and overall mortality was 1.1 %. Returning travellers from the Arabian Peninsula present as inpatients with a broad range of infectious diseases similar to common community acquired infections frequently seen in daily medical practices in Turkey.

Validation of a severity grading score (SGS) system for predicting the course of disease and mortality in patients with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF).

We aimed to validate a severity grading score (SGS) system for predicting the course of disease and fatality in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF). This SGS was established using several variables that were assumed to be associated with mortality and had clinical importance. We included patients diagnosed with CCHF from different centers. Patients who had symptoms of CCHF for <5 days were included. The patients were grouped into three categories according to mortality risk. An SGS ≤4 showed no association with mortality [n = 323 (79.9 % of the total study population), and all survived]. An SGS between 5 and 8 points was classified into the intermediate risk group (20 %), and 14 of 70 patients in this group died. An SGS ≥9 was classified as the high risk of mortality group and 11 of 11 patients in this group died (p = 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for an SGS >9 points at admission were 96, 100, 97, 100, and 44 %, respectively. This SGS system may help appropriate the triage of patients, decrease the cost of treatment, and improve the functionality of healthcare staff. The present study is the first investigation about the validation of an SGS system in patients with CCHF.

IL-6 gene promoter polymorphisms: genetic susceptibility to recurrent pregnancy loss.

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is defined as three or more pregnancy losses before 20 weeks. RPL is a multifactorial condition with several etiologic factors including genetic abnormalities of the parents, anatomical, endocrinological, hematologic and immunologic abnormalities, infections, nutritional and environmental factors. The causes of pregnancy loss in about half of the women with RPL even after extensive investigations remain unknown. We analyzed IL-6 -174 G/C, -572 G/C, -597 G/A, -1363 G/T, -2954 G/C promoter region polymorphisms in 113 RPL patients and 113 healthy subjects by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay. The -174G/C genotypic and -174C allelic frequency and the -2954G/C genotypic and -2954C allelic frequency of IL-6 was higher in RPL patients than healthy controls and a significant association was found between RPL and -174G/C, -2954G/C polymorphisms (p < 0.0001, OR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.15-0.51, p < 0.034, OR: 0.16, 95% CI: 0.01-1.12 respectively). We found remarkably similar frequencies in RPL patients compared to controls for IL-6 -572G/C,-597G/A and -1363G/T genotypes/alleles and no association was observed between RPL and these polymorphisms. Our study supported that IL-6 -174G/C and -2954G/C polymorphisms were associated with an increased risk of RPL in Turkish patients (Tab. 3, Ref. 24).

Liver involvement in patients with brucellosis: results of the Marmara study.

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that primarily affects the reticuloendothelial system. But, the extent of liver damage in due course of the disease is unclear. This study included 325 brucellosis patients with significant hepatobiliary involvement identified with microbiological analyses from 30 centers between 2000 and 2013. The patients with ≥5 times of the upper limit of normal for aminotransferases, total bilirubin level ≥2 mg/dl or local liver lesions were enrolled. Clinical hepatitis was detected in 284 patients (87.3 %) and cholestasis was detected in 215 (66.1 %) patients. Fatigue (91 %), fever (86 %), sweating (83 %), arthralgia (79 %), and lack of appetite (79 %) were the major symptoms. Laboratory tests showed anemia in 169 (52 %), thrombocytopenia in 117 (36 %), leukopenia in 81 (25 %), pancytopenia in 42 (13 %), and leukocytosis in 20 (6 %) patients. The most commonly used antibiotic combinations were doxycycline plus an aminoglycoside (n = 73), doxycycline plus rifampicin (n = 71), doxycycline plus rifampicin and an aminoglycoside (n = 27). The duration of ALT normalization differed significantly in three treatment groups (p < 0.001). The use of doxycycline and an aminoglycoside in clinical hepatitis showed better results compared to doxycycline and rifampicin or rifampicin, aminoglycoside, doxycycline regimens (p < 0.05). However, the length of hospital stay did not differ significantly between these three combinations (p > 0.05). During the follow-up, treatment failure occurred in four patients (1 %) and relapse was seen in three patients (0.9 %). Mortality was not observed. Hepatobiliary involvement in brucellosis has a benign course with suitable antibiotics and the use of doxycycline and an aminoglycoside regimen seems a better strategy in select patients.

Increased expression of receptor phosphotyrosine phosphatase-ß/ζ is associated with molecular, cellular, behavioral and cognitive schizophrenia phenotypes.

Schizophrenia is a serious and chronic mental disorder, in which both genetic and environmental factors have a role in the development of the disease. Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) is one of the most established genetic risk factors for schizophrenia, and disruption of NRG1 signaling has been reported in this disorder. We reported previously that NRG1/ErbB4 signaling is inhibited by receptor phosphotyrosine phosphatase-ß/ζ (RPTP ß/ζ) and that the gene encoding RPTPß/ζ (PTPRZ1) is genetically associated with schizophrenia. In this study, we examined the expression of RPTPß/ζ in the brains of patients with schizophrenia and observed increased expression of this gene. We developed mice overexpressing RPTPß/ζ (PTPRZ1-transgenic mice), which showed reduced NRG1 signaling, and molecular and cellular changes implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, including altered glutamatergic, GABAergic and dopaminergic activity, as well as delayed oligodendrocyte development. Behavioral analyses also demonstrated schizophrenia-like changes in the PTPRZ1-transgenic mice, including reduced sensory motor gating, hyperactivity and working memory deficits. Our results indicate that enhanced RPTPß/ζ signaling can contribute to schizophrenia phenotypes, and support both construct and face validity for PTPRZ1-transgenic mice as a model for multiple schizophrenia phenotypes. Furthermore, our results implicate RPTPß/ζ as a therapeutic target in schizophrenia.

Does the approach to the groin make a difference in hernia repair?

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic and open preperitoneal hernia repair techniques both use the preperitoneal space. This study investigated whether the surgical approach to the inguinal canal affects outcome measures. METHODS: One hundred sixty patients with inguinal hernia were assigned randomly into open anterior (42), open preperitoneal (39), laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal (39), and laparoscopic total extraperitoneal (40) groups according to the surgical method. The peroperative serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels, interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, VAS scores at 6 and 48 h, per- and postoperative complications, and recurrence rates were determined as main variables. RESULTS: The serum IL-6 levels were 335 +/- 1.8, 283 +/- 1.8, 283 +/- 1.4, and 269.3 +/- 1.6 pg/ml in the open anterior, posterior, transabdominal preperitoneal, and total extraperitoneal groups, respectively (P < 0.01). The TNF-alpha levels were highest in the open anterior group. The pain scores were lower in groups undergoing the posterior approach than in the open anterior approach group. CONCLUSION: The approach to the inguinal canal through the preperitoneal space appears to be less invasive than the transinguinal anterior approach.

The effect of intraperitoneal paclitaxel administration on colonic anastomosis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The effect of intraperitoneal administration of chemotherapeutic agents on colonic anastomosis are still under investigation. In this study the effects of intraperitoneally administered paclitaxel on rat colonic anastomosis was investigated. METHODOLOGY: After colonic anastomosis, 3 mL of isotonic saline was administered intraperitoneally to rats in control group (Group 1, n = 20). The study group (Group 2, n = 20), paclitaxel 3 mg/kg diluted with isotonic saline was administered intraperitoneally after colonic anastomosis. Rats were sacrificed on 14th day and mean body weight, mean anastomosis bursting pressure and the histopathology of the anastomosis site of the two groups were compared. RESULTS: Mean body weight was approximately the same with the preoperative values at 14th day in both groups. Anastomosis bursting pressure in paclitaxel group (127 +/- 3 mm Hg) was found to be similar to control group (133 +/- 5 mm Hg) (P > 0.05). Mucosal layer formation in the anastomosis line was complete on the 14th day in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: As a result intraperitoneal paclitaxel administration was found to be safe as it did not reduce the anastomotic strength and not delay wound healing.

Octreotide prevents postoperative adhesion formation by suppressing peritoneal myeloperoxidase activity.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Despite a great deal of effort to prevent the adhesion formation, an ideal therapy or drug remains to be identified. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of octreotide on adhesion prevention and neutrophil infiltration. METHODOLOGY: Fourteen female Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a standard intraabdominal adhesion model operation. Octreotide group (n = 7) rats were administered 20 micrograms/kg octreotide intramuscular while control group (n = 7) rats were given no treatment. On the 10th day the rats were decapitated and the degrees of adhesions were recorded and the plasma, peritoneal fluid, peritoneal tissue myeloperoxidase levels were determined. RESULTS: Intraabdominal adhesions and peritoneal tissue myeloperoxidase levels were significantly reduced in the octreotide group as compared to saline treated adhesion group. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that octreotide reduces the intraabdominal adhesions. This adhesion-preventive effect may be due to the inhibition of neutrophil infiltration.

Captopril prevents the oxidative damage to proteins after renal ischemia reperfusion injury: role of endothelin-1.

Ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury is one of the leading cause of the transplanted organ loss. In this experimental study, we investigated the effect of captopril on endothelin and eicosanoid release in I/R injury of the kidney. Rats were subjected to 60 min ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion of the left kidney in control and captopril groups. Tissue protein oxidation products, PGE2 and LTB4 levels and plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1) like activity were determined in sham operated, control and captopril groups. There were no differences in the LTB4 levels among the groups. ET-1 and PGE2 levels and protein oxidation products increased in the control group when compared with the sham. Captopril further increased both PGE2 and ET-1 concentrations and prevented protein oxidation. The increased ET-1 concentrations in the captopril treated group may imply the protective role of endothelin as the significant increase in protein oxidation products was reversed by captopril infusion. This has led us to believe that captopril might be useful in preventing I/R injury of the kidney. Also the release of endothelin from the vascular endothelium is increased by captopril and may be mediated by PGE2.

Gastric functions in portal hypertension. Role of endothelin.

This study investigated the effects of portal hypertension on gastric motor and secretory functions and the role of endothelin in rats. Control; sham-operated; endothelin-A receptor blocker, BQ 485 (1 microgram/kg)-treated; portal hypertensive; and portal hypertension +, endothelin-A receptor blocker-treated rats were subjected to tests of gastric secretory, motor, and mucosal function studies as well as gastric wall polymorphonuclear infiltration. Portal hypertension was induced by partial portal vein ligation. Portal hypertension suppressed gastric acid and total fluid secretion and delayed gastric emptying. An increase in mucosal permeability and no alteration in gastric wall myeloperoxidase activity were observed. The effects of portal hypertension on gastric secretory, motor, and mucosal functions were reversed by treatment with endothelin-A receptor blocker, BQ-485. It is concluded that portal hypertension suppresses the gastric motor and secretory functions and endothelin plays an important role in the pathophysiology of gastric alterations associated with portal hypertension.