ABSTRACT
Screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) functionalized with MXene-based three-dimensional nanomaterials are reported for rapid determination of creatinine. Ti3C2TX MXene with in situ reduced AuNPs (MXene@AuNP) were used as a coreactant accelerator for efficient immobilization of enzymes. Creatinine could be oxidized by chitosan-embedded creatinine amidohydrolase, creatine amidinohydrolase, or sarcosine oxidase to generate H2O2, which could be electrochemically detected enhanced by Prussian blue (PB). The enzyme@CS/PB/MXene@AuNP/SPCE detected creatinine within the range 0.03-4.0 mM, with a limit of detection of 0.01 mM, with an average recovery of 96.8-103.7%. This indicates that the proposed biosensor is capable of detecting creatinine in a short amount of time (4 min) within a ± 5% percentage error, in contrast with the standard clinical colorimetric method. With this approach, reproducible and stable electrochemical responses could be achieved for determination of creatinine in serum, urine, or saliva. These results demonstrated its potential for deployment in resource-limited settings for early diagnosis and tracking the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Subject(s)
Biosensing Techniques , Carbon , Creatinine , Electrochemical Techniques , Electrodes , Ferrocyanides , Gold , Hydrogen Peroxide , Limit of Detection , Metal Nanoparticles , Sarcosine Oxidase , Ureohydrolases , Creatinine/blood , Creatinine/urine , Carbon/chemistry , Humans , Sarcosine Oxidase/chemistry , Gold/chemistry , Biosensing Techniques/methods , Biosensing Techniques/instrumentation , Ferrocyanides/chemistry , Electrochemical Techniques/methods , Electrochemical Techniques/instrumentation , Hydrogen Peroxide/chemistry , Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry , Ureohydrolases/chemistry , Enzymes, Immobilized/chemistry , Enzymes, Immobilized/metabolism , Chitosan/chemistry , Point-of-Care Testing , Amidohydrolases , TitaniumABSTRACT
The COVID-19 outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019 has spread rapidly across the world to form a global epidemic of respiratory infectious diseases. Increased investigations on diagnostic tools are currently implemented to assist rapid identification of the virus because mass and rapid diagnosis might be the best way to prevent the outbreak of the virus. This critical review discusses the detection principles, fabrication techniques, and applications on the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 with three categories: rapid nuclear acid augmentation test, rapid immunoassay test and biosensors. Special efforts were put on enhancement of nanomaterials on biosensors for rapid, sensitive, and low-cost diagnostics of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Future developments are suggested regarding potential candidates in hospitals, clinics and laboratories for control and prevention of large-scale epidemic.