Management of adults and children receiving CAR T-cell therapy: 2021 best practice recommendations of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) and the Joint Accreditation Committee of ISCT and EBMT (JACIE) and the European Haematology Association (EHA).

BACKGROUND: Several commercial and academic autologous chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) products targeting CD19 have been approved in Europe for relapsed/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, high-grade B-cell lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma. Products for other diseases such as multiple myeloma and follicular lymphoma are likely to be approved by the European Medicines Agency in the near future. DESIGN: The European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT)-Joint Accreditation Committee of ISCT and EBMT (JACIE) and the European Haematology Association collaborated to draft best practice recommendations based on the current literature to support health care professionals in delivering consistent, high-quality care in this rapidly moving field. RESULTS: Thirty-six CAR-T experts (medical, nursing, pharmacy/laboratory) assembled to draft recommendations to cover all aspects of CAR-T patient care and supply chain management, from patient selection to long-term follow-up, post-authorisation safety surveillance and regulatory issues. CONCLUSIONS: We provide practical, clinically relevant recommendations on the use of these high-cost, logistically complex therapies for haematologists/oncologists, nurses and other stakeholders including pharmacists and health sector administrators involved in the delivery of CAR-T in the clinic.

An international survey on the management of patients receiving CAR T-cell therapy for haematological malignancies on behalf of the Chronic Malignancies Working Party of EBMT.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Two chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies - Tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah™) and Axicabtagene ciloleucel (Yescarta™) - have been approved for commercial use. In order to inform forthcoming EBMT guidelines on the management of adults and children undergoing autologous CAR T-cell therapy, we undertook a survey of experienced clinicians. METHODS: An online survey with a dual focus on (1) 'real world' patient eligibility criteria and (2) models of care for patient follow-up was sent to experienced physicians. RESULTS: There were 41 respondents (10 countries) and 93% worked in FACT-JACIE-accredited transplant centres. Most felt that a history of malignancy (57%), prior allo-HCT for B-NHL (78%-81%) and prior treatment with anti-CD19/CD3 BiTE antibodies (76%-86%) do not constitute contra-indications to CAR T therapy. Clinicians were divided as to whether CNS involvement represented an exclusion criterion. There was agreement that patients with viral infections (HIV, Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C) are not eligible. There is no common model of care for long-term follow-up. Most respondents believed that patients should attend the hospital two (43%) to three (33%) times weekly during the first month following discharge. A majority (69%) of respondents work in centres where there is an MDT meeting with a specific focus on follow-up following CAR T Therapy. Follow-up care is currently delivered either in HCT or haematology-oncology outpatient clinics. CONCLUSION: The responses reveal wide variation in perceived patient eligibility criteria and highlight the need for consensus guidelines. The findings also illustrate the embryonic nature of current follow-up arrangements.

Lenalidomide as a novel treatment for refractory acquired von Willebrand syndrome associated with monoclonal gammopathy.

UNLABELLED: Essentials Treatment options are limited for refractory bleeding in acquired von Willebrand Syndrome (AVWS). Lenalidomide therapy was studied in two patients with AVWS due to monoclonal gammopathy (MG). Lenalidomide increased von Willebrand factor (VWF), lowered VWF clearance and resolved bleeding. Lenalidomide is a potential treatment option for refractory bleeding in AVWS secondary to MG. SUMMARY: Background Acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS) is associated with lymphoproliferative disorders, including monoclonal gammopathy (MG) of undetermined significance (MGUS) and multiple myeloma. Patients commonly present with significant bleeding complications that are difficult to manage, owing to a markedly reduced von Willebrand factor (VWF) half-life. Objectives To investigate the use of the immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide in two patients with severe refractory bleeding caused by AVWS associated with MGs. Results In both patients, lenalidomide treatment resulted in significant clinical improvement, and marked increases in plasma VWF antigen (VWF:Ag) and VWF ristocetin cofactor levels. This normalization in plasma VWF levels was sustained for > 2 years in both patients. Furthermore, in one patient, plasma VWF levels remain normal for at least 14 months following discontinuation of lenalidomide treatment. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying these observations, VWF propeptide (VWFpp)/VWF:Ag ratios were analyzed to assess VWF clearance. At enrolment, plasma VWFpp/VWF:Ag ratios were significantly elevated in both patients. Importantly, lenalidomide treatment resulted in normalization of VWFpp/VWF:Ag ratios in both patients. These novel data suggest that lenalidomide functions to attenuate enhanced VWF clearance in AVWS. Interestingly, in a patient with MGUS, lenalidomide treatment was associated with a significant increase in plasma VWF levels, despite no major change in paraprotein level. Conclusions Collectively, our findings suggest that lenalidomide constitutes a novel therapeutic option for the management of AVWS associated with MG. The biological mechanism(s) through which lenalidomide causes a sustained increase in plasma VWF levels in AVWS independently of paraprotein level requires further study, but is in part modulated through inhibition of enhanced VWF clearance.

Correlation of the BRAF V600E mutation in hairy cell leukaemia with morphology, cytochemistry and immunophenotype.

Hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) has distinct clinical, morphological and immunophenotypic features with no recurrent cytogenetic or molecular abnormalities reported until the recent description of the BRAF V600E mutation in patients with classical HCL. The incidence of this mutation was sought in 27 patients with either classical HCL or HCL variant by an allele-specific PCR approach and findings related to morphology, cytochemistry and immunophenotype. A high degree of correlation was noted between the presence of BRAF V600E and established diagnostic criteria in 26/27 patients with HCL/HCL variant. Detection of the BRAF V600E mutation is therefore a useful adjunct in the differential diagnosis of HCL and HCL variant and highlights the value of a multifaceted approach to the diagnosis of this malignancy.

Plerixafor for PBSC mobilisation in myeloma patients with advanced renal failure: safety and efficacy data in a series of 21 patients from Europe and the USA.

We describe 20 patients with myeloma and 1 with primary amyloidosis from 15 centres, all with advanced renal failure, most of whom had PBSC mobilised using plerixafor following previous failed mobilisation by conventional means (plerixafor used up-front for 4 patients). For 15 patients, the plerixafor dose was reduced to 0.16 mg/kg/day, with a subsequent dose increase in one case to 0.24 mg/kg/day. The remaining six patients received a standard plerixafor dosage at 0.24 mg/kg/day. Scheduling of plerixafor and apheresis around dialysis was generally straightforward. Following plerixafor administration, all patients underwent apheresis. A median CD34+ cell dose of 4.6 × 10(6) per kg was achieved after 1 (n=7), 2 (n=10), 3 (n=3) or 4 (n=1) aphereses. Only one patient failed to achieve a sufficient cell dose for transplant: she subsequently underwent delayed re-mobilisation using G-CSF with plerixafor 0.24 mg/kg/day, resulting in a CD34+ cell dose of 2.12 × 10(6)/kg. Sixteen patients experienced no plerixafor toxicities; five had mild-to-moderate gastrointestinal symptoms that did not prevent apheresis. Fifteen patients have progressed to autologous transplant, of whom 12 remain alive without disease progression. Two patients recovered endogenous renal function post autograft, and a third underwent successful renal transplantation. Plerixafor is highly effective in mobilising PBSC in this difficult patient group.

Xenobiotic metabolism gene expression in the EpiDermin vitro 3D human epidermis model compared to human skin.

There is an urgent need to validate in vitro human skin models for use in safety testing. An important component of validation is characterizing the metabolizing capacity of these models. We report comparison of the expression of 139 genes encoding xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the EpiDerm model and human skin. In microarray analysis, the expression of 87% of the genes was consistent between the EpiDerm model and human skin indicating the presence of similar metabolic pathways suggesting commonality in function. Analysis of EpiDerm models constructed from four donors showed highly comparable expression of xenobiotic metabolizing genes demonstrating reproducibility of the model. Overall, the expression of Phase II enzymes appeared to be more pronounced in human skin and the EpiDerm model than that of Phase I enzymes, consistent with the role of skin in detoxification of xenobiotics. Though the basal expression of CYPs in particular was low in EpiDerm, significant induction of CYP1A1/1B1 activity was observed following treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene. These results indicate that the xenobiotic metabolizing capacity of the EpiDerm model appears to be representative of human skin. Models such as EpiDerm provide a valuable in vitro approach for evaluation of metabolism and toxicity of cutaneous exposures to xenobiotics.

Marrow aplasia developing 13 years after HLA-identical sibling allogeneic transplantation for chronic myeloid leukaemia: successful treatment with antithymocyte globulin and peripheral blood stem cell infusion from the original donor.

Secondary or late graft failure has been defined as the development of inadequate marrow function after initial engraftment has been achieved. We describe a case of profound marrow aplasia occurring 13 years after sibling allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) in first chronic phase. Although the patient remained a complete donor chimera, thereby suggesting that an unselected infusion of donor peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) or bone marrow might be indicated, the newly acquired aplasia was thought to be immune in aetiology and some immunosuppression was therefore considered appropriate. Rapid haematological recovery was achieved after the infusion of unselected PBSC from the original donor following conditioning with anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG).

Autologous stem cell transplantation in myeloma: the St James's Hospital experience, 1997-2003.

BACKGROUND: High-dose treatment with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has become the standard of care for patients with myeloma below the age of 65 years. AIMS: We report an audit of 60 patients (median age: 52.5 years) who underwent ASCT in the National Bone Marrow Transplant centre in St James's Hospital in Dublin between 1997 and 2003 inclusive. METHODS: Clinical and laboratory data were retrieved from patient medical records and hospital information management systems. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients had IgG, 11 IgA, 1 IgD, 9 light chain and 3 non-secretory MM. Fifty-seven (95%) patients received anthracycline-corticosteroid combination chemotherapy prior to autografting. There was no transplant-related mortality (TRM). Complete (CR) and Partial Responses (PR) were seen in 16 (29.6%) and 29 (53.7%) of those evaluable (n = 54 (90%)). The actuarial Progression-Free (PFS) and Overall Survival (OS) rates at five years are 13% and 55% respectively. CONCLUSION: Centre outcome is comparable to published international series and supports the use of ASCT in the treatment of this malignancy.

A single-centre assessment of long-term quality-of-life status after sibling allogeneic stem cell transplantation for chronic myeloid leukaemia in first chronic phase.

A total of 75 patients underwent sibling allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) for chronic myeloid leukaemia in first chronic phase from 1984 to 2000. Of these patients, 51 (68%) were alive at a median follow-up of 98 months (range 34-217 months). Nine (18%) patients relapsed and seven (14%) received donor lymphocyte transfusions. Quality of life (QoL) was assessed cross-sectionally using the EORTC QLQ-C30, a Leukaemia-BMT-specific module and questionnaires on sexual functioning, fertility and late effects. A total of 46 (90%) replied. Scores for Role (P=0.018) and Cognitive (P<0.001) function were significantly lower when compared to an age-adjusted general population. Dyspnoea (P=0.022) and Financial Difficulties (P<0.001) were significantly more common in the SCT group. No difference was found for scores in the Physical, Emotional and Social domains or the overall Global Health Status/QoL. Decreased sexual functioning was found in one-third of respondents. Although most BMT recipients reported a good QoL, a minority have difficulty with reintegration into professional roles and consequent monetary problems. Identified cognitive and sexual impairments highlight the need for long-term access to psychosocial support.

Inherited thrombotic tendency in a pedigree with antithrombin La Rochelle (N405K) and factor V Leiden.

An Irish pedigree with a strong thrombotic tendency, due to the novel association of antithrombin La Rochelle (N405K) and factor V Leiden is described. Thromboses occurred at a median age of 16 years in four family members, carrying both mutant alleles. Molecular diagnosis was facilitated by the creation of an additional restriction enzyme site (Mnl1) in exon 6 of the antithrombin gene. Both the genes for antithrombin and factor V are located at chromosome 1q23. The molecular data and phenotypic behaviour in this family are strongly suggestive of allelic co-segregation of the mutant alleles.

Anthralin stimulates keratinocyte-derived proinflammatory cytokines via generation of reactive oxygen species.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: Topical application of anthralin, used in the treatment of psoriasis, is often accompanied by severe skin inflammation, presumably due to free radical products of the drug. The role of inflammatory cytokines and their induction by anthralin-derived reactive oxygen species were studied in cultures of normal human keratinocytes (NHKs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anthralin was added to cultures of NHKs in the presence or absence of various antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase, tetramethylthiourea, N-acetylcysteine and vitamin E and relative changes in cytokine secretion and in the number of mRNA transcripts were examined. In addition, NHKs were either treated with neutralizing antibodies to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha or transfected with a CAT-linked IL-8 promoter to establish the direct effects of anthralin on chemokine synthesis. RESULTS: Anthralin, at concentrations between 5 microM and 25 microM, caused a marked increase in granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and TNFalpha synthesis that was selectively inhibited by specific antioxidants. Furthermore, anthralin induced chemokine secretion without the need of primary cytokines. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these studies suggest that oxygen radicals generated from anthralin are responsible for the induction of inflammatory cytokines which, in turn contributes to their dermal toxicity.

An EPR study of free radicals formed by antipsoriatic and tumor-promoting 9-anthrones in nonpolar solvents.

Certain 9-anthrone derivatives are useful in treating psoriasis and are also known to be tumor promoters in mouse skin. Their therapeutic use is accompanied by side effects of severe skin inflammation, irritation, and staining. The precise biochemical mechanisms of therapeutic action, tumor promotion, and side effects are presently uncertain, although the corresponding 9-anthron-10-yl radicals have been proposed as important intermediates. In order to gain insight into the possible role of anthrone-derived radicals in mediating the biological effects of these compounds, in the present study free radicals from a number of anthrone derivatives were generated by thermolysis in nonpolar solvents. Hyperfine splitting constants (hfsc) of the radicals were determined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The experimentally determined hfsc's were also compared with spin densities obtained by molecular calculations (MOPAC 6.0). The experimental and theoretical data were found to be consistent in all cases. The formation of 9-anthron-10-yl radicals appears to be a general phenomenon among 9-anthrones regardless of therapeutic or tumor-promoting effectiveness, although there is a trend toward easier radical formation for the more active compounds.

Structure-activity relationships for the formation of secondary radicals and inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation by 9-anthrones.

The biological properties of tumor-promoting and antipsoriatic 9-anthrones have been hypothesized to be mediated by free radical products such as the corresponding 9-anthron-10-yl radicals or by O2-, OH, and other persistent secondary radicals that are formed in the skin after topical treatment with 9-anthrones. To gain additional insights into the possible role of reactive oxygen or secondary radicals in mediating the biological effects of 9-anthrones, we have used EPR spectroscopy to investigate the formation of these species by a series of 9-anthrones or 9-anthrone dimers with known tumor-promoting and antipsoriatic activities. The effect of the 9-anthrones on keratinocyte proliferation in vitro was also investigated. 5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide was used as a spin trap to detect reactive oxygen-centered radicals in aqueous buffer/dimethylsulfoxide solutions. Super-radicals in aqueous buffer/dimethylsulfoxide solutions. Superoxide was trapped during the autoxidation of most of the 9-anthrones. For 9-anthrones that generated no detectable superoxide, evidence of anthronyl-peroxyl radical formation was found instead. In the presence of Fe3+ complexed to EDTA, but not diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, the hydroxyl radical was produced by all of the 9-anthrones. 9-Anthrone dimers produced oxygen-centered radicals only weakly or not at all. Direct EPR was used to detect 9-anthrone-derived secondary radicals in keratinocyte suspensions or in dimethysulfoxide solutions. These radicals were similar to those previously reported to occur in skin after topical treatment with the antipsoriatic drug anthralin (1,8-dihydroxy-9-anthrone). In contrast to the ubiquitous ability of the 9-anthrones to generate reactive oxygen radicals, only the hydroxy-substituted 9-anthrones or their dimers possessed significant secondary radical-forming ability. The ability of the 9-anthrones or dimers to form secondary radicals in keratinocytes was found to correlate with their in vitro inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation. The data suggest the possible importance of reactive dimeric intermediates in mediating the biological effects of the 9-anthrones.

Differential cellular effects in the toxicity of haloalkene and haloalkane cysteine conjugates to rabbit renal proximal tubules.

The relationship between the covalent binding, uptake, and toxicity produced by S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC) and S-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine (TFEC) was investigated in suspensions of rabbit renal proximal tubules (RPT). The DCVC and TFEC at concentrations of 25 microM produced a time-dependent (1-6 hours) loss of RPT viability. The TFEC was biotransformed rapidly by beta-lyase to a reactive metabolite which bound covalently to tubular protein. Approximately 63% of the TFEC-equivalents inside the cell were bound to protein. Covalent binding of TFEC-equivalents was associated with a 30% decrease in tubular basal and state 3 respiration, a sevenfold increase in lipid peroxidation, and, ultimately, cell death. The DCVC was biotransformed rapidly to a reactive metabolite which bound covalently to tubular protein. Approximately 90% of the DCVC-equivalents inside the cell were bound covalently to tubular protein. Following exposure to 25 microM DCVC, the binding of DCVC-equivalents was associated with a 17-fold increase in lipid peroxidation but, in contrast to TFEC, had no effect on tubular respiration. However, exposure of RPT to 100 microM DCVC resulted in a ninefold increase in the binding of DCVC-equivalents and a 30% decrease in tubular state 3 respiration. The beta-lyase inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) blocked the covalent binding, mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid peroxidation, and cell death produced by TFEC. The AOAA decreased the covalent binding and the lipid peroxidation produced by DCVC by approximately 60-70% but had no effect on cell death.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Formation, characterization, and immunoreactivity of lysine thioamide adducts from fluorinated nephrotoxic cysteine conjugates in vitro and in vivo.

Fluorinated nephrotoxic cysteine conjugates undergo bioactivation via the beta-lyase pathway to thionoacetyl fluorides (TAF), the putative reactive intermediates. The TAF derived from S-(1,1,2,2,-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine (TFEC) difluorothionoacetylates amine nucleophiles found in proteins and lipids. A specific antisera, raised against (trifluoroacetamido)lysine adducts formed in vivo after halothane treatment, has previously been used to localize TFEC-derived protein adducts immunohistochemically, and a good correlation between adduction and toxicity was demonstrated. Interestingly, thioamide formation is facilitated by acyl-transfer catalysts such as imidazoles and phenols. However, although putative lysine adducts have been reported to be formed from the related TAF derived from S-(2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl)-L-cysteine (CTFC), protein adducts derived from CTFC metabolism have not been completely characterized. In the present investigation we characterize (chlorofluorothionacetamido)lysine (CFTAL) adduct formation during S-(2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl)-L-cysteine (CTFC) metabolism, both in vitro and in vivo. Our data indicate that formation of CTFC-derived lysine thioamides was not as dependent on nucleophilic catalysis as observed for TFEC, and this appears to be due to an apparent greater reactivity of the TAF resulting in a higher trapping efficiency in the absence of catalyst. Also, qualitative and quantitative differences in the structures and time course of CTFC versus TFEC adduct breakdown were observed. Antibodies raised against the halothane metabolite protein adduct (trifluoroacetamido)lysine cross-react with specific mitochondrial proteins from the kidneys of TFEC-treated rats. Using this antibody, we have found that the pattern of adducted proteins from TFEC- and CTFC-treated Fischer rats was similar, but the intensity was considerably lower after treatment with equimolar concentrations of CTFC in vivo.