Stem Cell Mobilization Performed with Different Doses of Cytarabine in Plasma Cell Myeloma Patients Relapsing after Previous Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation-A Multicenter Report by the Polish Myeloma Study Group.

Salvage autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (auto-HCT) may be used to treat relapse of plasma cell myeloma occurring after previous auto-HCT. When an insufficient number of hematopoietic stem cells have been stored from the initial harvest, remobilization is necessary. Here, we aimed to analyze the efficacy and safety of different doses of cytarabine (total 800 vs. 1600 vs. 2400 mg/m2) for remobilization. Sixty-five patients, 55% male, with a median age at remobilization 63 years, were included. Remobilization was performed with cytarabine_800 in 7, cytarabine_1600 in 36, and cytarabine_2400 in 22 patients. Plerixafor rescue was used in 25% of patients receiving cytarabine_1600 and 27% of those receiving cytarabine_2400. Patients administered cytarabine_800 were not rescued with plerixafor. Remobilization was successful in 80% of patients (57% cytarabine_800; 86% cytarabine_1600; 77% cytarabine_2400; p = 0.199). The yield of collected CD34+ cells did not differ between the different cytarabine doses (p = 0.495). Patients receiving cytarabine_2400 were at the highest risk of developing severe cytopenias, requiring blood product support, or having blood-stream infections. One patient died of septic shock after cytarabine_2400. In summary, remobilization with cytarabine is feasible in most patients. All doses of cytarabine allow for successful remobilization. Cytarabine_2400 is associated with higher toxicity; therefore, lower doses (800 or 1600 mg/m2) seem to be preferable.

Prognostic factors impacting post-transplant outcomes in adult T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a registry-based study by the EBMT acute leukemia working party.

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) predominantly affects individuals in late childhood and young adulthood. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a curative modality particularly in the setting of poor risk genetics and/or persistent minimal residual disease. Limited studies have directly explored the impact of patient- and transplant-related factors on post-transplant outcomes in T-ALL. Using a large dataset from the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation registry, we identified 1907 adult T-ALL patients (70% male) who underwent their first allo-HSCT in first complete remission (CR1) from matched sibling donors (MSD; 45%), unrelated donors (UD; 43%) or haploidentical donors (12%) between 2010 and 2021. The median age at transplant was 33.4 years (18.1-75). The median follow up was 2.9 years. Most patients underwent total body irradiation (TBI)-based myeloablative conditioning (69%). The 2-year overall survival (OS) was 69.4%, and leukemia -free survival (LFS) was 62.1%. In multivariate analysis, advanced age at transplant negatively affected LFS (for each 10-year increment, HR = 1.11, p = 0.004), GVHD-free, relapse-free survival (GRFS) (HR = 1.06, p = 0.04), OS (HR = 1.12, p = 0.002), and non-relapse mortality (NRM) (HR = 1.23, p < 0.001). More recent years of allo-HSCT were associated with improved GFRS (For each 3-year increment, HR = 0.89, p < 0.001), OS (HR = 0.9, p = 0.02), and decreased NRM (HR = 0.82, p = 0.008). TBI improved LFS. (HR = 0.79, p = 0.02), GRFS (HR = 0.83, p = 0.04), and relapse incidence (RI) (HR = 0.65, p < 0.001). Female-to-male transplant negatively affected GRFS (HR = 1.21, p = 0.02) and OS (HR = 1.23, p = 0.048). In vivo T-cell depletion significantly improved GFRS (HR = 0.74, p < 0.001). This large study identified prognostic factors, such as age at transplant conditioning regimen, in influencing post-transplant in adult T-ALL patients undergoing allo-HSCT. Importantly, a significant improvement over time was noted. These findings hold great promise for new adapted treatment strategies and can serve as a benchmark for future studies in that setting.

Donor's age influences outcome in haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with post-transplant cyclophosphamide - a single center experience.

Haploidentical stem cell transplantation (haplo-SCT) using post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (post-Cy) is considered a reasonable therapeutic option for patients who lack matched donor or who urgently need transplant procedure due to high risk disease. We analyzed the results of haplo-SCT performed in years 2018-2023. Eighty one patients (46 males) at median age of 52 years underwent haplo-SCT using peripheral blood as a stem cell source in most cases. Indications included hematological malignancies (acute leukemias in 88% of cases). In 25 cases (31%) transplantation was performed in relapsed/refractory disease. Majority of patients (61%) presented with very high and high disease risk index (DRI). Conditioning regimens were as follows: nonmyeloablative - 46 cases (57%), myeloablative - in 18 (22%) and reduced intensity - 17(20%). 90% of patients engrafted. All patients received unified immunosuppressive treatment (post-Cy/TAC/MMF). Median follow-up time was 12 months The cumulative incidence of acute and chronic GVHD was 37.5% and 37.6%, respectively. Estimated 2-year overall survival (OS) was 43.1% and donor's age was the only factor influencing survival. The 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 42.5%, whereas relapse incidence (RI) - 35%. The cumulative incidence of non-relapse mortality (NRM) was 44% and was mostly due to infections. Haplo-SCT is a feasible treatment option for hematological patients. Younger donor improves post-transplant survival. Strategies to reduce infection-related mortality and relapse rate remain a challenge.

Post-transplant cyclophosphamide, calcineurin inhibitor, and mycophenolate mofetil compared to anti-thymocyte globulin, calcineurin inhibitor, and methotrexate combinations as graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis post allogeneic stem cell transplantation from sibling and unrelated donors in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: a study on behalf of the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.

Post-transplant cyclophosphamide plus calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)(tacrolimus or cyclosporine A) plus mycophenolate mofetil (PTCy/TAC or CSA/MMF) and anti-thymocyte globulin plus CNI (tacrolimus or cyclosporine A) plus methotrexate (ATG/TAC or CSA/MTX) are common graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis regimens. We compared the two regimens in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) undergoing allogeneic transplantation from matched siblings or unrelated donors. 402 received PTCy/TAC or CSA/MMF and 5648 received ATG/TAC or CSA/MTX. Patients in the PTCy-based group were younger (48.7 vs. 51.5 years, p = 0.024) and there was a higher frequency of patient cytomegalovirus seropositivity and female donor to male patient combination in this group (77.8% vs. 71.8%, p = 0.009 and 18.4% vs. 14.4%, p = 0.029, respectively). More patients in the PTCy-based group received reduced-intensity conditioning (51.5% vs. 41%, p < 0.0001). No differences were observed in the incidence of acute GVHD grade II-IV and III-IV (21.2% vs. 20.4%, p = 0.92 and 8.1% vs. 6%, p = 0.1) or 2-year total and extensive chronic GVHD (33.7% vs. 30%, p = 0.09 and 10.7% vs. 11.2%, p = 0.81) between the groups. In the multivariate analysis, all transplant outcomes did not differ between the groups. PTCy/CNI/MMF and ATG/CNI/MTX are alternative regimens for GVHD prophylaxis in AML patients.

The Impact of Cryopreservation on Hematopoietic Stem Cell Engraftment and Post-transplant Outcome During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the current management of allotransplanted patients in whom fresh hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were replaced by cryopreserved ones. The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy and safety of cryopreserved HSCs when compared with the fresh ones. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 254 allogeneic stem cell transplantations (HSCT) procedures performed between 2020-2021 included the following donors: matched related (MRD; n=68), matched unrelated (MUD; n=148) and haploidentical (HID; n=38). 50% of patients (non-cryo group) received fresh grafts, whereas the remaining patients (cryo group) were transplanted with cryopreserved cells. RESULTS: No differences in terms of median days to neutrophil [MRD/MUD/HID cryo- and non-cryo groups: 17 vs. 16 (p=0.27), 19 vs. 18 (p=0.83), 22 vs. 22 (p=0.83) days, respectively] and platelet [MRD/MUD/HID cryo- and non-cryo groups: 14 vs. 14 (p=0.25), 17 vs. 17 (p=0.33), 21 vs. 19 (p=0.36) days, respectively] engraftments were demonstrated. Among MUD graft recipients, platelet engraftment rates were 81% in the cryo- and 96% in the non-cryo group (p=0.01). OS rates were comparable at 1 year after HSCT between MRD/MUD/HID cryo- and non-cryo groups: 53% vs. 60% (p=0.54), 60% vs. 66% (p=0.5), 50% vs. 41% (p=0.56), respectively. CONCLUSION: During the COVID-19 pandemic, cryopreserved HSCs did not have a negative impact on median engraftment time and OS when compared to fresh HSCs. In the MUD group, platelet engraftment rate was lower in cryopreserved HSC recipients.

The Depth of the Molecular Response in Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Correlates with Changes in Humoral Immunity.

Background and Objectives: The effective treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia leads to the restoration of proper immune system function. We aimed to investigate fluctuations in circulating cytokines, angiogenic factors and complement components in patients with CML during the first year of treatment with TKI and correlate them with the degree of achieved molecular response. Material and Methods: We recruited 31 patients with newly diagnosed CML. Peripheral blood and bone marrow samples were obtained, and concentrations of serum proteins were measured using an immunology multiplex assay. Results: The study cohort was divided into two groups of optimal or non-optimal in accordance with the European Leukemia Net (ELN) guidelines. We found significantly higher concentrations of C1q, C4 and C5a in serum after 3 months of TKI treatment in patients who achieved optimal responses in the 6 months after diagnosis. The most alterations were observed during 12 months of therapy. Patients in the optimal response group were characterized by higher serum concentrations of TGF-ß, EGF, VEGF, Angiopoietin 1, IFN-γ and IL-8. Conclusions: The later plasma concentrations of complement components were significantly increased in patients with optimal responses. The changes after 12 months of treatment were particularly significant. Similar changes in bone marrow samples were observed.

Splenic irradiation for myelofibrosis prior to hematopoietic cell transplantation: A global collaborative analysis.

Splenomegaly is the clinical hallmark of myelofibrosis. Splenomegaly at the time of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is associated with graft failure and poor graft function. Strategies to reduce spleen size before HCT especially after failure to Janus kinase (JAK) inhibition represent unmet clinical needs in the field. Here, we leveraged a global collaboration to investigate the safety and efficacy of splenic irradiation as part of the HCT platform for patients with myelofibrosis. We included 59 patients, receiving irradiation within a median of 2 weeks (range, 0.9-12 weeks) before HCT. Overall, the median spleen size prior to irradiation was 23 cm (range, 14-35). Splenic irradiation resulted in a significant and rapid spleen size reduction in 97% of patients (57/59), with a median decrease of 5.0 cm (95% confidence interval, 4.1-6.3 cm). The most frequent adverse event was thrombocytopenia, with no correlation between irradiation dose and hematological toxicities. The 3-year overall survival was 62% (95% CI, 48%-76%) and 1-year non-relapse mortality was 26% (95% CI, 14%-38%). Independent predictors for survival were severe thrombocytopenia and anemia before irradiation, transplant-specific risk score, higher-intensity conditioning, and present portal vein thrombosis. When using a propensity score matching adjusted for common confounders, splenic irradiation was associated with significantly reduced relapse (p = .01), showing a 3-year incidence of 12% for splenic irradiation versus 29% for patients with immediate HCT and 38% for patients receiving splenectomy. In conclusion, splenic irradiation immediately before HCT is a reasonable approach in patients experiencing JAK inhibition failure and is associated with a low incidence of relapse.

Impact of comorbidities and body mass index on the outcomes of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in myelofibrosis: A study on behalf of the Chronic Malignancies Working Party of EBMT.

Investigating the evaluation of eligibility for transplant in myelofibrosis (MF): The role of HCT-CI and BMI. HCT-CI emerges as a key prognostic factor, while BMI shows limited impact. This study expands insights for better clinical decision-making in MF allo-HCT.

Real-Life Data on the Efficacy and Safety of Letermovir for Primary Prophylaxis of Cytomegalovirus in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Recipients: A Single-Center Analysis

Objective: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation is a life-threatening complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Introduction of letermovir (LMV) seems to improve post-transplant outcomes, but delayed-onset CMV reactivation still remains a challenge. In this study, we report on our first experience with LMV prophylaxis in 93 CMV-seropositive adult patients receiving HSCT in our center. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 93 adult CMV-seropositive recipients receiving LMV as CMV prophylaxis after HSCT for hematological malignancies between 2019 and 2023. The starting LMV dose was 480 mg daily, reduced to 240 mg daily for those receiving cyclosporin A co-administration. CMV DNA in the blood was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction weekly for the first 2 months after transplantation, then every other week until the end of immunosuppressive treatment. LMV was continued to day +100 or to CMV reactivation. Results: The median recipient age at the time of transplant was 51 (range: 20-71) years. All patients received grafts from peripheral blood, mostly for acute myeloid leukemia (60%). The median time from transplantation to LMV initiation was 3 (range: 0-24) days. While 55% of patients were transplanted from matched related donors, 32% had unrelated donors and 13% underwent haploidentical HSCT. Four patients (4%) had CMV "blips" while on LMV, but the drug was continued and repeated assays were negative. Only 2 patients (2%) experienced CMV reactivation while on LMV, on days 48 and 34 after HSCT, respectively. Seven patients (7%) developed late-onset CMV reactivation after a median of 124 days after HSCT (range: 118-152 days) and they were successfully treated with ganciclovir. CMV disease was not observed. Grade III-IV acute graft-versus-host disease occurred in 6 patients (6%) during LMV treatment. LMV treatment was free of side effects. Conclusion: LMV prophylaxis was effective in preventing CMV reactivation with a favorable safety profile. CMV reactivation occurred mostly after LMV discontinuation; thus, extending the duration of prophylaxis beyond 100 days could be beneficial.

Allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation for therapy-related myeloid neoplasms arising following treatment for lymphoma: a retrospective study on behalf of the Chronic Malignancies Working Party of the EBMT.

Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MN), either myelodysplastic neoplasms (t-MDS) or acute myeloid leukemias (t-AML), have a poor prognosis and allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) represents the only curative option. In this multicenter, registry-based study, we analyzed outcomes of 378 patients undergoing first allo-HCT between 2006-2017 for t-MN arising secondary to lymphoma treatment. Median age was 58 years at allo-HCT; 222 (59%) had a diagnosis of t-MDS and 156 (41%) of t-AML, respectively. At the time of allo-HCT, 46% of t-MN cases were reported as in complete remission (CR) and 15% of lymphomas were recorded as not in remission. A reduced intensity conditioning regimen was used in 70% of cases. For the entire cohort, 5-year OS, and t-MN PFS, relapse incidence and NRM were 32%, 28%, 35% and 37%, respectively. In multivariable analysis, undergoing allo-HCT with t-MN not in CR and older age were associated with significantly worse OS, PFS and NRM. At 5 years post allo-HCT, the relapse incidence of lymphoma was low at 3%, while the rate of secondary malignancies was 8%. This analysis shows the curative potential of allo-HCT for patients with t-MN arising secondary to lymphoma treatment in approximately a third of patients.

Are we ready for personalized CAR-T therapy?

The future of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) therapy remains unclear. New studies are constantly being published confirming the efficacy and favorable safety profile of its innovative enhancements. Currently approved CAR-T drugs are manufactured exclusively for a specific patient from the recipient's own cells. This does not close the door to further modifications with subsequent personalization and better adaptation to the individual needs. Bringing such a drug to market would involve raising the already high costs, so it is necessary to lower the existing ones. On the other hand, so-called universal CAR-T are also getting closer to the patient's bed, but its implementation may struggle with multiple challenges, including development of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and alloimmunity. However, that off-the-shelf therapy could prove useful as a quick solution for patients in very poor condition or excluded from current therapy due to manufacturing limitations. The introduction of currently tested solutions may undoubtedly change the current paradigm of treatment.

Prognostic Impact of Copy Number Alterations' Profile and AID/RAG Signatures in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) with BCR::ABL and without Recurrent Genetic Aberrations (NEG ALL) Treated with Intensive Chemotherapy.

Adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is associated with poor outcomes. ALL is initiated by primary aberrations, but secondary genetic lesions are necessary for overt ALL. In this study, we reassessed the value of primary and secondary aberrations in intensively treated ALL patients in relation to mutator enzyme expression. RT-PCR, genomic PCR, and sequencing were applied to evaluate primary aberrations, while qPCR was used to measure the expression of RAG and AID mutator enzymes in 166 adult ALL patients. Secondary copy number alterations (CNA) were studied in 94 cases by MLPA assay. Primary aberrations alone stratified 30% of the patients (27% high-risk, 3% low-risk cases). The remaining 70% intermediate-risk patients included BCR::ABL1pos subgroup and ALL lacking identified genetic markers (NEG ALL). We identified three CNA profiles: high-risk bad-CNA (CNAhigh/IKZF1pos), low-risk good-CNA (all other CNAs), and intermediate-risk CNAneg. Furthermore, based on RAG/AID expression, we report possible mechanisms underlying the CNA profiles associated with poor outcome: AID stratified outcome in CNAneg, which accompanied most likely a particular profile of single nucleotide variations, while RAG in CNApos increased the odds for CNAhigh/IKZF1pos development. Finally, we integrated primary genetic aberrations with CNA to propose a revised risk stratification code, which allowed us to stratify 75% of BCR::ABL1pos and NEG patients.

Effect of transplanted cells with CD184 and CD26 expressions and reconstitution of CD3+ lymphocyte population on long-term survival after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma.

Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-SCT) is the recommended treatment for responding patients with multiple myeloma (MM). However, we do not know the risk factors influencing long-term survival without progression after auto-SCT. Therefore, this prospective study aimed to investigate the influence of transplanted cells with cluster of differentiation (CD)184+ expression, CD26+ lymphocytes and monocytes, and reconstitution of CD3+ lymphocytes on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) after auto-SCT in MM. Forty-eight patients with MM underwent auto-SCT at our center from 2011 to 2013. The numbers of CD184+ cells, CD26+ lymphocytes, and CD26+ monocytes were measured in the harvested material. In addition, the number of lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3+ lymphocytes, helpers, suppressors, natural killer (NK), cytotoxic NK, and B lymphocytes) was measured in peripheral blood during regeneration after auto-SCT. Flow cytometry was performed in both cases. The median OS was 92 months. Our analysis revealed a statistically significant effect of the number of transplanted CD184+ cells on OS and a statistically significant correlation between PFS and the number of transplanted CD184+ cells and reconstitution of CD3+ lymphocytes. In conclusion, our study showed that the increasing numbers of transplanted CD184+ cells, CD26+ lymphocytes, and CD26+ monocytes augmented the risk of death.

Adoptive Immunotherapy via Donor Lymphocyte Infusions following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Myelofibrosis: A Real-World, Retrospective Multicenter Study.

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) remains the sole curative option for myelofibrosis (MF). Relapse remains a significant problem, however, occurring in up to 20% to 30% of cases. Donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) represents a potentially effective strategy for relapse prevention and management, but the optimal timing based on measurable residual disease/chimerism analyses and the choice of regimen remain undetermined. We performed a retrospective real-world analysis of a multicenter cohort of MF allo-HCT recipients from 8 European transplantation centers who received DLI between 2005 and 2022. Response was assessed using International Working Group-Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Research and Treatment-defined response criteria, and survival endpoints were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier estimator and log-rank test. The study included 28 patients with a median age of 58 years and a Karnofsky Performance Status of >80. The majority of patients had Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System-plus intermediate-2 or high-risk disease at the time of allo-HCT. In vivo T cell depletion was used in 20 patients (71.2%), with 19 of the 20 receiving antithymocyte globulin. The indication for DLI was either "preemptive" (n = 15), due to a decrease in recipient chimerism (n = 13) or molecular relapse (n = 2), or "therapeutic" (n = 13) for clinician-defined hematologic/clinical relapse. No patient received DLI prophylactically. The median time of DLI administration was 23.4 months post allo-HCT. Of the 16 patients receiving multiple DLIs, 12 were part of a planned escalating dose regimen. The median follow-up from the time of first DLI was 55.4 months. The responses to DLI were complete response in 9 patients, partial response in 1 patient, and clinical improvement in 6 patients. Chimerism levels improved in 16 patients, and stable disease was reported in 5 patients. No response or progression was reported in 7 patients. DLI-induced acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) was reported in 11 patients (39%), with grade III-IV aGVHD in 7 (25%). The median overall survival from the time of first DLI was 62.6 months, and the cumulative incidence of relapse/progression after first DLI was 30.8% at 6 months. This study highlights that good response rates can be achieved with DLI even after frank relapse in some patients in a cohort in which other treatment options are very limited. More prospective studies are warranted to identify the optimal DLI regimen and timing to improve patient outcomes.

Double Malignancy and Double Transplant-A Bumpy Road to Success.

The occurrence of secondary neoplasms in adult patients treated with chemotherapy in childhood is not uncommon. Prior chemotherapy is found to be an independent risk factor for the development of secondary malignancies, which are usually associated with a worse prognosis. The presented case is a 35-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with Ewing sarcoma in her late adolescence. The tumor was successfully treated with chemotherapy, but 3 years later she was diagnosed with T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. The patient received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) from human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matched related donor. The procedure was complicated by grade 2 acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) which resolved after implementation of immunosuppressive treatment. However, a year later, the patient developed extensive chronic GvHD (cGvHD) and required reintroduction of immunosuppressants. Prolonged immunosuppressive treatment with tacrolimus led to irreversible kidney failure. After a 2-year period of regular peritoneal dialysis, she was found to be eligible for a kidney transplant from a deceased donor. Now, 15 years after stem cell transplantation and 8 years after kidney transplantation, the patient remains in good condition overall, presenting with symptoms of limited cGvHD. The case described here presents a unique clinical scenario of a female patient who was successfully treated for her double malignancy. Moreover, she underwent effective double transplantations and was eventually found to be cured despite accompanying complications.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains a feasible approach for elderly with acute myeloid leukemia: a 10-year experience.

The incidence of AML increases with age. The implementation of reduced intensity conditioning and progress in supportive care enabled to perform allo-HSCT in elderly patients. The main objective of the study was to assess the safety and efficacy of allotransplantation in elderly AML.Forty nine patients (33 males) at median age of 68 years were identified. Data on patients' and transplant's related variables were retrieved from our local transplant registry. Most patients (65%) were transplanted from 10/10-HLA or 9/10-HLA matched unrelated donor, seven patients (14%) received stem cells from matched related donor and ten patients (20%) from haploidentical donor. All patients received reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC). Peripheral blood was a source of stem cells in all patients except one (98%). Acute GVHD developed in 22 patients (44%) with 5 individuals presenting grade III-IV. CMV reactivation was demonstrated in 19 patients (39%) till day + 100. In total, 22 patients (45%) have died. The main causes of death included infectious complications (n = 9), relapse with subsequent chemotherapy resistance (n = 7), steroid-resistant GvHD (n = 4) and other causes (n = 2). Twenty-seven patients (55%) were alive at the last contact, presented full donor chimerism and remained in the complete remission. The probability of OS and relapse-free survival (RFS) were 57% and 81% at 2 years, respectively. Older donor age showed negative impact on relapse. CMV reactivation, the severity of acute graft versus host disease and older donor age negatively influenced survival. Allo-HSCT remains a safe, feasible and effective procedure for elderly AML patients.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acquired severe aplastic anemia: a summary of a 20-year experience.

INTRODUCTION: Severe aplastic anemia (SAA) is a rare but potentially fatal disorder characterized by hypocellular bone marrow and resulting in pancytopenia. It can be cured with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo­HSCT), especially in young individuals. OBJECTIVES: The main objective of the study was to assess the safety of the procedure and to identify the factors influencing long­term post­transplant outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Using our institutional database, we performed a retrospective analysis of the patients with SAA allotransplanted in the years 2001-2021. RESULTS: Seventy patients (49 men) at a median age of 25 years at transplantation underwent allo­HSCT. Thirty-eight patients received immunosuppressive treatment (IST) before transplantation. Twenty-one patients received grafts from human leukocyte antigen-matched sibling, 44 from unrelated donors, and 5 from haploidentical related donors. Peripheral blood remained the source of stem cells in the majority of patients. Primary graft failure was observed in 2 cases. The incidence of acute graft­versus­host disease (GVHD) was 44%, whereas chronic GVHD was observed only in 4 patients. Median follow­up was 3 years (interquartile range, 0.45-11.5). Post­transplant outcome was comparable between patients with upfront allo­HSCT and those who relapsed after IST. In the univariable analysis, only a higher Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score at transplantation and infections in the post­transplant period were found to be associated with unfavorable outcome. Fifty­three patients were alive at last contact. Most transplanted patients died due to infectious complications. A 2­year overall survival was 73%. CONCLUSIONS: The results of allo­HSCT in SAA are satisfactory and offer long­term survival and good quality of life. Higher ECOG score and the presence of infections are associated with poor post­transplant outcome.