ABSTRACT
Hyperglycemia is common in critical illness and leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Controversy exists whether tight glycemic control via intensive insulin therapy can safely and effectively improve outcomes. In this review article, we will sort through the pertinent evidence base to identify salient, yet emergent, paradigms to guide management. To this end, we will discuss underlying biologic mechanisms relevant to hyperglycemia and insulinization in critical illness, summarize results of major randomized controlled clinical trials for glycemic control in the intensive care unit (ICU), and fill in the gaps with necessary information. We will conclude with specific messages, not only reflecting our own clinical experiences, but amenable to implementation in different ICU settings.
Subject(s)
Blood Glucose/analysis , Critical Care/methods , Critical Illness , Disease Management , Hyperglycemia/drug therapy , Hypoglycemia/prevention & control , Adaptation, Physiological , Clinical Protocols , Critical Care/economics , Diabetes Complications/blood , Diabetes Complications/physiopathology , Dyslipidemias/drug therapy , Dyslipidemias/etiology , Humans , Hyperglycemia/economics , Hyperglycemia/etiology , Hyperglycemia/physiopathology , Hyperglycemia/prevention & control , Hypoglycemia/etiology , Insulin/adverse effects , Insulin/pharmacology , Insulin/therapeutic use , Intensive Care Units , Medicare/economics , Multicenter Studies as Topic , Nutritional Support , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Stress, Physiological/physiology , United StatesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Anaesthetists have traditionally ventilated patients' lungs with tidal volumes (TVs) between 10 and 15 ml kg(-1) of ideal body weight (IBW), without the use of PEEP. Over the past decade, influenced by the results of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network trial, many anaesthetists have begun using lower TVs during surgery. It is unclear whether the benefits of low TV ventilation can be extended into the perioperative period. METHODS: We reviewed the records of 29 343 patients who underwent general anaesthesia with mechanical ventilation between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2011. We calculated TV kg(-1) IBW, PEEP, peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), and dynamic compliance. Cox regression analysis with propensity score matching was performed to examine the association between TV and 30-day mortality. RESULTS: Median TV was 8.6 [7.7-9.6] ml kg(-1) IBW with minimal PEEP [4.0 (2.2-5.0) cm H2O]. A significant reduction in TV occurred over the study period, from 9 ml kg(-1) IBW in 2008 to 8.3 ml kg(-1) IBW in 2011 (P=0.01). Low TV 6-8 ml kg(-1) IBW was associated with a significant increase in 30-day mortality vs TV 8-10 ml kg(-1) IBW: hazard ratio (HR) 1.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) [1.25-2.08], P=0.0002]. The association remained significant after matching: HR 1.63 [95% CI (1.22-2.18), P<0.001]. There was only a weak correlation between TV kg(-1) IBW and dynamic compliance (r=-0.006, P=0.31) and a weak-to-moderate correlation between TV kg(-1) IBW and PIP (r=0.32 P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Use of low intraoperative TV with minimal PEEP is associated with an increased risk of 30-day mortality.