ABSTRACT
Three previously undescribed coumarins (1-3) were obtained from the roots of Notopterygium incisum. Their chemical structures were elucidated using a variety of spectroscopic techniques and chemical calculations. The inhibitory effects of these new compounds on NO production and pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were investigated. Further studies revealed that compound 1 suppressed the expression of COX-2 and iNOS while also reduced ROS accumulation. Western blot analysis demonstrated that compound 1 could inhibit the PI3K/AKT pathway by decreasing the levels of p-PI3K and p-AKT. Collectively, these findings suggest that compounds 1-3 exhibit promising anti-inflammatory properties.
ABSTRACT
Two previously undescribed coumarins (1-2) were isolated from the root of Notopterygium incisum. The structures of new findings were elucidated by analyses of spectral evidences in HRESIMS, NMR, as well as ICD. The absolute configurations were further confirmed by chemical calculations. 1-2 exhibits obviously anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory mediators (COX-2, iNOS), as well as reducing the release of NO and the accumulation of ROS in cells. Western blotting analysis revealed that 2 could inhibit the PI3K/AKT pathway by reducing the expression of p-PI3K and p-AKT.
Subject(s)
Apiaceae , Coumarins , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II , Nitric Oxide , Animals , Mice , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/isolation & purification , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemistry , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/isolation & purification , Apiaceae/chemistry , Coumarins/chemistry , Coumarins/pharmacology , Coumarins/isolation & purification , Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Lipopolysaccharides/antagonists & inhibitors , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , Molecular Structure , Nitric Oxide/antagonists & inhibitors , Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/antagonists & inhibitors , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism , Plant Roots/chemistry , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/antagonists & inhibitors , RAW 264.7 Cells , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Reactive Oxygen Species/antagonists & inhibitors , Structure-Activity Relationship , Nitriles/chemistryABSTRACT
Three previously undescribed compounds including a polyketide (1) and two lactams (2 and 3) were obtained from Tuber indicum. The structures of new findings were elucidated by HRESIMS, NMR as well as NMR and ECD calculations. Transcriptome analysis through RNA-seq revealed that compound 2 exhibits immunosuppressive activity. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages were employed as a model to explore the effect of these compounds in immunosuppressive activity. The results showed that 2 could reduce the generation of inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Western blotting analysis demonstrated that 2 could suppressed the PI3K pathway by decreasing the levels of p-PI3K and p-Akt, while increasing the levels of p-PTEN. The anti-inflammatory activity of 2 was further confirmed using a zebrafish in vivo model.
Subject(s)
Ascomycota , NF-kappa B , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases , Animals , Mice , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism , Zebrafish/metabolism , Molecular Structure , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism , Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism , Lipopolysaccharides , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Gene Expression Profiling , RAW 264.7 CellsABSTRACT
Excessive inflammation causes chronic diseases and tissue damage. Although there has been drug treatment, its side effects are relatively large. Searching for effective anti-inflammatory drugs from natural products has become the focus of attention. First isolated from Trichoderma longibraciatum, trichodimerol is a natural product with TNF inhibition. In this study, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages were used as a model to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of trichodimerol. The results of nitric oxide (NO) detection, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) showed that trichodimerol could reduce the production of NO, ROS, and the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Western blotting results showed that trichodimerol could inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators such as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the protein expression of nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-κB), p-IKK, p-IκB, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase (Caspase)-1, and ASC, which indicated that trichodimerol may inhibit inflammation through the NF-κB and NLRP3 pathways. At the same time, molecular docking showed that trichodimerol can directly combine with the TLR4-MD2 complex. Hence, trichodimerol inhibits inflammation by obstructing the interaction between LPS and the TLR4-MD2 heterodimer and suppressing the downstream NF-κB and NLRP3 pathways.