Exploring the molecular and immune-landscape of lung cancer associated with cystic airspaces.

To explore the molecular biological characteristics of lung cancer associated with cystic airspaces (LCCA) and its potential roles on prognosis. A total of 165 LCCAs and 201 non-LCCAs were enrolled in this study. Bulk RNA sequencing was implemented in eight LCCAs and nine non-LCCAs to explore the differentially expressed genes. TCGA data were used to analyze LCCA-specific genes that associated with overall survival (OS). The median age was 60 (IQR 53 to 65) years in LCCA cohort. We found LCCA were predominant in men and had less visceral pleura invasion (VPI) or lympho-vascular invasion (LVI). Moreover, LCCA presented with higher histological heterogeneity. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients of age more than 60 and positive VPI had significantly less PFS in LCCA. Cox regression suggested that LCCA, micropapillary subtype proportion and VPI were the independent risk factors for PFS. LCCA had up-regulated pathways associated with EMT, angiogenesis and cell migration. In addition, LCCA displayed higher levels of immunosuppressor infiltration (M2 macrophages, CAFs and MDSCs) and distinct cell death and metabolic patterns. BCR/TCR repertoire analysis revealed less BCR richness, clonality and high-abundance shared clonotypes in LCCA. Finally, Cox regression analysis identified that four cystic-specific genes, KCNK3, NRN1, PARVB and TRHDE-AS1, were associated with OS of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). And cystic-specific risk scores (CSRSs) were calculated to construct a nomogram, which performance well. Our study for the first time indicated significantly distinct molecular biological and immune characteristics between LCCA and non-LCCA, which provide complementary prognostic values in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Efficient processing power harmonic noise with fluctuation frequency in urban transient electromagnetic surveys.

Power harmonic noise is the main noise interference source in transient electromagnetic (TEM) surveys in the urban environment. State of the art techniques, such as the traditional bipolar waves and superposition average without distorting the TEM signal, are mainly used in the TEM method to process power harmonic noise, but the effect of this method becomes very poor when the fundamental frequency of power harmonic noise fluctuates. To solve the problem, we propose the same phase and adjacent power harmonic noise subtraction method with bipolar waves of specific working frequency. Taking the fluctuation of harmonic frequency into account, the accurate fundamental frequency of power harmonic noise is obtained by the wavelet-Nyman, Gaiser, and Saucier estimator. In addition, we adjust the TEM working frequency and duty cycle according to the fundamental frequency to ensure that the power harmonic noises in the adjacent bipolar data have the same phase, and the adjacent bipolar signals are subtracted to suppress the power harmonic noise in one emitting cycle. In order to verify the effectiveness of the new method, we use a synthetic TEM signal embedded in simulation data and actual collected data for testing. The experimental results show that power harmonic noise with the fundamental frequency fluctuation can be removed efficiently without distorting the TEM signal, and the new method performs better than traditional standard methods.