Successful Left Atrial Posterior Wall Isolation Including Roof Line Ablation Using a Cryoballoon for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation with Dextrocardia and Situs Inversus.

Cryoballoon ablation has been established as an effective method for pulmonary vein isolation and has recently been investigated for its efficacy of substrate modification on the left atrial roof area in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. We herein report the first successful case of left atrial posterior wall isolation including roof line ablation using cryoballoons in a patient with persistent atrial fibrillation, dextrocardia, and situs inversus. Cryoballoon ablation proved to be a safe and straightforward approach to create lasting lesions along the left atrial roof line and left atrial posterior wall, even under challenging anatomical conditions.

Prediction of heart failure events based on physiologic sensor data in HINODE defibrillator patients.

AIMS: Hospitalizations are common in patients with heart failure and are associated with high mortality, readmission and economic burden. Detecting early signs of worsening heart failure may enable earlier intervention and reduce hospitalizations. The HeartLogic algorithm is designed to predict worsening heart failure using diagnostic data from multiple device sensors. The main objective of this analysis was to evaluate the sensitivity of the HeartLogic alert calculation in predicting worsening heart failure events (HFEs). We also evaluated the false positive alert rate (FPR) and compared the incidence of HFEs occurring in a HeartLogic alert state to those occurring out of an alert state. METHODS: The HINODE study enrolled 144 patients (81 ICD and 63 CRT-D) with device sensor data transmitted via a remote monitoring system. HeartLogic alerts were then retrospectively simulated using relevant sensor data. Clinicians and patients were blinded to calculated alerts. Reported adverse events with HF symptoms were adjudicated and classified by an independent HFE committee. Sensitivity was defined as the ratio of the number of detected usable HFEs (true positives) to the total number of usable HFEs. A false positive alert was defined as an alert with no usable HFE between the alert onset date and the alert recovery date plus 30 days. The patient follow-up period was categorized as in alert state or out of alert state. The event rate ratio was the HFE rate calculated in alert to out of alert. RESULTS: The patient cohort was 79% male and had an average age of 68 ± 12 years. This analysis yielded 244 years of follow-up data with 73 HFEs from 37 patients. A total of 311 HeartLogic alerts at the nominal threshold (16) occurred across 106 patients providing an alert rate of 1.27 alerts per patient-year. The HFE rate was 8.4 times greater while in alert compared with out of alert (1.09 vs. 0.13 events per patient-year; P < 0.001). At the nominal alert threshold, 80.8% of HFEs were detected by a HeartLogic alert [95% confidence interval (CI): 69.9%-89.1%]. The median time from first true positive alert to an adjudicated clinical HFE was 53 days. The FPR was 1.16 (95% CI: 0.98-1.38) alerts per patient-year. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that signs of worsening HF can be detected successfully with remote patient follow-up. The use of HeartLogic may predict periods of increased risk for HF or clinically significant events, allowing for early intervention and reduction of hospitalization in a vulnerable patient population.

Impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic on the Severity and the Mortality of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Japan　- Analysis From the JROAD-DPC Database.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has impacted on cardiovascular disease. However, it remains unclear whether the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted on disease severity and patients' prognosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Japan. Methods and Results: We retrospectively accumulated data from the Japanese Registry of All Cardiac and Vascular Diseases-Diagnosis Procedure Combination (JROAD-DPC) study (April 2019 to March 2021). Patients were divided into a before COVID-19 pandemic group or a during COVID-19 pandemic group. The proportion of patients who presented with cardiogenic shock (Killip class IV) was compared between groups, in association with 30-day mortality as the primary outcome. Killip class IV AMI significantly increased in the during COVID-19 pandemic group (15.7% vs. 14.5% in the before pandemic group, P<0.0001). The 30-day mortality was higher in the during COVID-19 pandemic group (9.6% vs. 9.2% in the before COVID-19 pandemic group, P=0.049). However, there was no significant difference in the adjusted 30-day mortality in each Killip class between the before and during COVID-19 pandemic groups. Conclusions: During the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan, 30-day mortality of AMI increased, mainly because of the increase of Killip class IV AMI patients. However, irrespective of the COVID-19 pandemic, the adjusted 30-day mortality of each Killip classification group was unchanged.

Neurological prognosis prediction upon arrival at the hospital after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: R-EDByUS score.

AIM: To develop a new scoring model for patients with cardiogenic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) to facilitate neurological prognosis prediction upon hospital arrival by using prehospital resuscitation features alone. METHODS: Between 2005 and 2019, we enrolled 942,891 adult patients with OHCA of presumed cardiac aetiology from the All-Japan Utstein Registry. Scoring models applied prehospital resuscitation features a priori from the variables the American College of Cardiology algorithm including age, duration to return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) or hospital arrival, no bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), unwitnessed arrest, and nonshockable rhythm (R-EDByUS score) to predict unfavorable neurological outcomes defined as Cerebral Performance Category 3, 4, or 5 at 1 month. We created nomograms as a "Regression-based model," and created a "Simplified model" in which points were assigned by category for predicting unfavorable neurological outcomes for both the prehospital ROSC cohort (67,064 patients) and the ongoing CPR cohort (875,827 patients). For internal validation, bootstrap optimism-corrected estimates of predictive performance were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 46,971 (70.0%) and 870,991 (99.4%) patients in the prehospital ROSC and ongoing CPR cohorts, respectively, had unfavorable neurological outcomes. In the prehospital ROSC cohort, the C-statistics of the Regression-based and Simplified models were 0.851 and 0.842, and the bootstrap-validated C-statistics were 0.852 and 0.841, respectively. In the ongoing CPR cohort, the C-statistics of the Regression-based and Simplified models were 0.872 and 0.865, and the bootstrap-validated C-statistics were 0.852 and 0.841, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The R-EDByUS score accurately predicted the neurological prognosis of cardiogenic OHCA upon hospital arrival.

Isolated prosopagnosia caused by damage to the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus: a case report.

Prosopagnosia is a cognitive disorder in which facial recognition is severely impaired despite normal vision and intelligence. Prosopagnosia was first reported in the 1800s, but its cause remains unclear. Although other neurological symptoms are often present, some patients have pure prosopagnosia. The bilateral occipital lobes are believed to be associated with symptoms. Recent brain imaging techniques have identified the right fusiform gyrus (rFG), located at the junction of the right occipital temporal lobe, as the affected region. In this report, we present a case of associative prosopagnosia with no concomitant symptoms in a 76-year-old man. Brain magnetic resonance imaging detected a subcortical hemorrhage in the right temporal lobe. Using tractography based on diffusion tensor imaging, we visualized atrophy of the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF). This is the first time tractography has been used to show a clear association between associative prosopagnosia and ILF damage projecting from the rFG.

Impact of osteoporotic risk in men undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a report from the LAPLACE-TAVI registry.

Low body weight and advanced age are among the best predictors of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool (OST) values are calculated by a simple formula [(body weight in kilograms - age in years) × 0.2] to identify patients at increased risk of osteoporosis. In our recent single-center study, we demonstrated an association between OST and poor outcomes in postmenopausal women after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). We aimed to investigate the impact of osteoporotic risk in men with aortic stenosis who underwent TAVR in a large cohort. In this multi-center study, 1,339 men who underwent TAVR between April 2010 and July 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Women were excluded from the present study. All patients were deemed appropriate for TAVR after a review by a multidisciplinary team. Baseline characteristics of patients were compared by dividing patients into three tertiles, based on the OST value: ≤ - 6.16, - 6.16 to - 4.14, and - 4.14 < for tertiles 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Primary endpoint was all-cause mortality after TAVR. Tertile 1 (patients with the lowest OST values) included older patients with smaller body mass index, lower hemoglobin and albumin levels. In addition, they had greater clinical frailty scale, slower 5-meter walk test, weaker hand grip strength, and more cognitive impairment, indicating increased frailty. They were more severely symptomatic, with lower ejection fractions, smaller aortic valve areas, and more tricuspid regurgitation than were patients in the other two groups. Multivariate analysis revealed that OST tertiles 3 was associated with decreased risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.48-0.90), compared with OST tertile 1 as a reference. For OST tertiles 1, 2, and 3, the estimated 1-year survival rates of all-cause mortality post-TAVR were 83.6% ± 1.9%, 91.1% ± 1.4%, and 93.1% ± 1.3%, respectively, (log-rank, p < 0.001).　In conclusions, in men as same as women, osteoporotic risk assessed by OST values was overlapped with increased frailty. The simple OST formula was useful for predicting all-cause mortality in patients undergoing TAVR in large registry datasets.

Role of Vascular Function in the Prognosis of Heart Failure Patients.

Background: Blood vessels have the Windkessel effect and are involved in blood circulation. The breakdown of this mechanism is also involved in the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF); however, the relationship between vascular dysfunction and HF prognosis is not fully understood. Methods: We evaluated 214 patients hospitalized for HF at our institution who underwent a cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), which evaluates vascular function, between January 2012 and July 2018. To investigate factors (including CAVI) associated with major adverse cardiac events (MACE) during 1 year after patients with HF were discharged, we evaluated clinical profiles, blood tests, chest X-P, 12-lead electrocardiography, and transthoracic echocardiographic findings. MACE was defined as cardiovascular death or readmission for HF. Results: The severity of HF between the MACE and non-MACE was not significantly different. Previous HF and chronic kidney disease were significantly more common in the MACE group. CAVI and % mean atrial pressure in the MACE group were statistically higher than those in the non-MACE group. The cardiac shadow as shown by chest X-P and left ventricular size in the MACE group were significantly bigger, and HF preserved ejection fraction (EF) (EF > 50%) was significantly more common in the MACE group. In multivariate analysis, CAVI was an independent predictive factor for the occurrence of MACE (model 1; hazard ratio (HR): 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05-1.68, p = 0.018; model 2; HR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.07-1.60, p = 0.009). Conclusions: Because high CAVI is associated with poor prognosis of HF, these patients require more careful treatment.

Association between defibrillation-to-adrenaline interval and short-term outcomes in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and an initial shockable rhythm.

Aim: The optimal timing of adrenaline administration after defibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and an initial shockable rhythm is unknown. We investigated the association between the defibrillation-to-adrenaline interval and clinical outcomes. Methods: Between 2011 and 2020, we enrolled 1,259,960 patients with OHCA into a nationwide prospective population-based registry in Japan. After applying exclusion criteria, 20,905 patients with an initial shockable rhythm documented at emergency medical services (EMS) arrival who received adrenaline after defibrillation were eligible for this study. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to predict favourable short-term outcomes: prehospital return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), 30-day survival, or a favourable neurological outcome (Cerebral Performance Category 1 or 2) at 30 days. Patients were categorised into 2-minute defibrillation-to-adrenaline intervals up to 18 min, or more than 18 min. Results: At 30 days, 1,618 patients (8%) had a favourable neurological outcome. The defibrillation-to-adrenaline interval in these patients was significantly shorter than in patients with an unfavourable neurological outcome [8 (5-12) vs 11 (7-16) minutes; P < 0.001]. The proportion of patients with prehospital ROSC, 30-day survival, or a favourable neurological outcome at 30 days decreased as the defibrillation-to-adrenaline interval increased (P < 0.001 for trend). Multivariable analysis revealed that a defibrillation-to-adrenaline interval of > 6 min was an independent predictor of worse prehospital ROSC, 30-day survival, or neurological outcome at 30 days when compared with an interval of 4-6 min. Conclusion: A longer defibrillation-to-adrenaline interval was significantly associated with worse short-term outcomes in patients with OHCA and an initial shockable rhythm.

Evaluation of acute thrombus regression effect of edoxaban for deep vein thrombosis in patients with cancer: a single-center prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Although there are reports on the recurrence prevention in the chronic phase using direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients with cancer, acute thrombus regression effect using DOACs has not been assessed. This study aimed to assess the thrombus regression effect of initial treatment using edoxaban for acute lower-extremity DVT in patients with active cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this observational study, among the inpatients with cancer and lower-extremity DVT who underwent initial treatment with edoxaban at our hospital from November 2019 to December 2021, 34 consenting patients were recruited in this study. The quantitative ultrasound thrombus (QUT) score of thrombus volume was calculated at baseline (before administration) and 7-14 days after the start of edoxaban administration, using lower-extremity venous ultrasound to evaluate changes in thrombus volume. The primary and secondary endpoints were the acute thrombus regression effect of edoxaban and the impact of patients' clinical frailty on the thrombus regression effect, respectively. Anticoagulant therapy with edoxaban significantly reduced QUT score (p < 0.001). In addition, regardless of the Clinical Frailty Scale scores, QUT score decreased significantly. CONCLUSION: Initial treatment with edoxaban was effective for lower-extremity DVT in patients with cancer. In addition, the effect was the same independent of the degree of frailty.

Impact of High-Voltage Device Implantation in Elderly Japanese Patients With Heart Failure as Primary Prevention　- Post Hoc Analysis of HINODE.

BACKGROUND: Despite an increased incidence of chronic heart failure (HF) and sudden cardiac death (SCD), the use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is much lower in Japan than in Western countries. The HF Indication and SCD Prevention Trial Japan (HINODE) prospectively assessed the mortality rate, appropriately treated ventricular arrhythmias (VA), and HF in Japanese patients with a higher risk of HF.Methods and Results: HINODE consisted of ICD, CRT-defibrillator (CRT-D), pacing, and non-device treatment cohorts. This subanalysis evaluated the impact of the implantation of high-voltage devices (HVD; ICD and CRT-D) in 171 Japanese patients. We compared all-cause mortality, VA, and HF events between elderly (age >70 years at study enrollment) and non-elderly HVD recipients. The estimated survival rate through 24 months in the HVD cohort was 85.8% (97.5% lower control limit 77.6%). The risk of all-cause mortality was increased for the elderly vs. non-elderly (hazard ratio [HR] 2.82; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-7.91; P=0.039), but did not differ after excluding ICD patients with CRT-D indication (HR 2.32; 95% CI 0.79-6.78; P=0.11). There were no differences in VA and HF event-free rates between elderly and non-elderly HVD recipients (P=0.73 and P=0.55, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Although elderly patients may have a higher risk of mortality in general, the benefit of HVD therapy in this group is comparable to that in non-elderly patients.

Gastrointestinal bleeding in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation: prespecified All Nippon Atrial Fibrillation in the Elderly (ANAFIE) Registry subgroup analysis.

Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding control is critical in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) receiving oral anticoagulants (OAC). This subgroup analysis aimed to clarify the actual state and significance of GI bleeding in elderly non-valvular AF (NVAF) patients. We evaluated the incidence and risk factors of GI bleeding during the 2-year follow-up and examined the GI bleeding impact on mortality. Of the 32,275 patients in the ANAFIE Registry, 1139 patients (3.5%) experienced GI bleeding (incidence rate, 1.92 events per 100 person-years; mean follow-up, 1.88 years); 339 upper and 760 lower GI bleeding events occurred. GI bleeding risk factors included age ≥ 85 years, body mass index ≥ 25.0 kg/m2, prior major bleeding, hyperuricaemia, heart failure, P-glycoprotein inhibitor use, GI disease, and polypharmacy (≥ 5 drugs). No significant differences in GI bleeding risk were found between direct OAC (DOAC) vs warfarin users (adjusted hazard ratios [95% confidence interval], 1.01 [0.88-1.15]). The 1-year post-GI bleeding mortality rate was numerically higher in patients with upper (19.6%) than lower GI bleeding (8.9%). In elderly Japanese NVAF patients, this large-scale study found no significant difference in GI bleeding risk between DOAC vs. warfarin users or 1-year mortality after upper or lower GI bleeding.

Impact of post-procedural peripheral fractional flow reserve after drug-coated balloon angioplasty in femoropopliteal lesions.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine if postprocedural peripheral fractional flow reserve (pFFR) is associated with patency one year after drug-coated balloon (DCB) angioplasty for femoropopliteal (FP) lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five consecutive patients having 49 de novo FP lesions were enrolled in this prospective, observational study conducted from April 2022 to Aug 2023. The pFFR was measured under hyperemic conditions after the administration of 30 mg of papaverine. The relationship between pFFR and restenosis 12 months after the procedure was determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: The one-year follow-up was completed for 47 lesions (95.9 %). Restenosis was detected in 7 lesions (14.9 %). Postprocedural pFFR was significantly higher in the nonrestenosis group compared with the pFFR in the stenosis group (0.95 ± 0.054 vs. 0.88 ± 0.090, p = 0.010). The optimal pFFR cutoff value for predicting restenosis was 0.92 (sensitivity, 0.824; specificity, 0.600). The area under the curve for pFFR was numerically higher than the area under the curve for minimum lumen area (0.73 vs. 0.64, p = 0.22). Rates of freedom from restenosis at one year were significantly higher in the pFFR >0.92 group compared with the pFFR ≤0.92 group (p = 0.0042). CONCLUSION: Postprocedural pFFR was associated with patency at one year after DCB angioplasty for FP lesions.

Electrophysiological evidence of right atrial epicardial connections in a case with recurrent common atrial flutter.

The majority of the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) region consists of discretely arranged muscle bundles separated by connective tissue. Heterogeneity in the anatomic arrangement of the muscle bundles results in differences in the endocardial and epicardial activation patterns. We present a case of recurrent atrial flutter (AFL) despite the presence of a complete endocardial CTI block. We found epicardial-endocardial breakthrough (EEB) sites on the right atrial high septum. In addition, the epicardial excitation confirmed by endocardial activation mapping was detected as far-field potentials. Radiofrequency ablation was performed at the EEB site. No AFL has recurred for 12 months after the present procedure.

Impact of Atrial Fibrillation Triggers on Long-Term Outcomes of a Second Catheter Ablation of Nonparoxysmal Atrial Fibrillation.

Background: Catheter ablation (CA) of atrial fibrillation (AF) triggers, including non-pulmonary vein (PV) foci, contributes to improved procedural outcomes. However, the clinical significance of an AF trigger ablation during second CA procedures for nonparoxysmal AF is unknown. Methods and Results: We enrolled 94 patients with nonparoxysmal AF undergoing a second CA. Intracardiac cardioversion during AF using high-dose isoproterenol was performed to determine the presence or absence of AF triggers. PV re-isolations were performed if PV potentials recurred, and if AF triggers appeared from any non-PV sites, additional ablation was added to those sites. We investigated the incidence of atrial arrhythmia recurrence (AAR) >3 months post-CA. Of the 94 enrolled patients, AF triggers were identified in 65 (69.1%), and of those with AF triggers, successful elimination of the triggers was achieved in 47 patients (72.3%). Multivariate analysis revealed that no observed AF triggers were a significant predictor of AAR (hazard ratio [HR] 1.97, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21-3.46, P=0.019). In a subanalysis of the patients with AF triggers, multivariate analysis showed that unsuccessful trigger ablation was significantly associated with AAR (HR 5.84, 95% CI 2.79-12.22, P<0.01). Conclusions: Having no observed AF triggers during a second CA session significantly increased the risk of AAR, as did unsuccessful CA of AF triggers.

Coronary events in elderly patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a prespecified sub-analysis of the ANAFIE registry.

Real-world data on coronary events (CE) in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) are lacking in the direct oral anticoagulant era. This prespecified sub-analysis of the ANAFIE Registry, a prospective observational study in > 30,000 Japanese patients aged ≥ 75 years with non-valvular AF (NVAF), investigated CE incidence and risk factors. The incidence and risk factors for new-onset CE (a composite of myocardial infarction [MI] and cardiac intervention for coronary heart diseases other than MI), MI, and cardiac intervention for coronary heart diseases other than MI during the 2-year follow-up were assessed. Bleeding events in CE patients were also examined. Among 32,275 patients, the incidence rate per 100 patient-years was 0.48 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.42-0.53) for CE during the 2-year follow-up, 0.20 (0.16-0.23) for MI, and 0.29 (0.25-0.33) for cardiac intervention for coronary heart diseases other than MI; that of stroke/systemic embolism was 1.62 (1.52-1.73). Patients with CE (n = 287) likely had lower creatinine clearance (CrCL) and higher CHADS2 and HAS-BLED scores than patients without CE (n = 31,988). Significant risk factors associated with new-onset CE were male sex, systolic blood pressure of ≥ 130 mmHg, diabetes mellitus (glycated hemoglobin ≥ 6.0%), CE history, antiplatelet agent use, and CrCL < 50 mL/min. Major bleeding incidence was significantly higher in patients with new-onset CE vs without CE (odds ratio [95% CI], 3.35 [2.06-5.43]). In elderly patients with NVAF, CE incidence was lower than stroke/systemic embolism incidence. New-onset CE (vs no CE) was associated with a higher incidence of major bleeding.Trial registration: UMIN000024006.

The impact of statins treatments for plaque characteristics in stable angina pectoris patients with very low and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: an intracoronary optical coherence tomography study.

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels are recommended according to the patient's risk factors based on guidelines. In patients achieving low LDL-C levels, the need for statins is uncertain, and the plaque characteristics of patients not treated with statins are unclear. In addition, the difference in plaque characteristics with and without statins is unclear in similarly high LDL levels. We evaluate the impact of statins on plaque characteristics on optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with very low LDL-C levels and high LDL-C levels. A total of 173 stable angina pectoris patients with 173 lesions undergoing OCT before percutaneous coronary intervention were evaluated. We divided the LDL-C levels into three groups: < 70 mg/dL (n = 48), 70 mg/dL ≤ LDL-C < 100 mg/dL (n = 71), and ≥ 100 mg/dL (n = 54). Among patients with LDL-C < 70 mg/dL, patients not treated with statins showed a significantly higher C-reactive protein level (0.27 ± 0.22 mg/dL vs. 0.15 ± 0.19 mg/dL, p = 0.049), and higher incidence of thin-cap fibroatheromas (TCFAs; 44% [7/16] vs. 13% [4/32], p = 0.021) than those treated with statins. Among patients with LDL-C level ≥ 100 mg/dL, patients treated with statins showed a significantly higher prevalence of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) (38% [6/16] vs. 5% [2/38], p = 0.004), lower incidence of TCFAs (6% [1/16] vs. 39% [15/38], p = 0.013), healed plaques (13% [2/16] vs. 47% [18/38], p = 0.015), and higher incidence of fibrous plaques (75% [12/16] vs. 42% [16/38], p = 0.027) than patients not treated with statins. While patients achieved a low LDL-C, patients not treated with statins had high plaque vulnerability and high systemic inflammation. While patients had a high LDL-C level with a high prevalence of FH, patients treated with statins had stable plaque characteristics.

Expert consensus document on automated diagnosis of the electrocardiogram: The task force on automated diagnosis of the electrocardiogram in Japan part 3: Inappropriate internal processing in the automatic diagnosis of electrocardiograms and its problems.

Computer diagnosis of electrocardiograms is widely used to provide useful information in clinical practice and medical checkups. However, it is common for users to be confused by the inappropriate diagnosis. We illustrate some examples of inappropriate automatic diagnoses and discuss the actual situation of inappropriate automatic processing and its problems.

Impact of Updating the Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Guidelines on Out-of-Hospital Shockable Cardiac Arrest: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Japan.

BACKGROUND: International consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiovascular care science and treatment recommendations (CoSTR) have reported updates on CPR maneuvers every 5 years since 2000. However, few national population-based studies have investigated the comprehensive effectiveness of those updates for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to shockable rhythms. The primary objective of the present study was to determine whether CPR based on CoSTR 2005 or 2010 was associated with improved outcomes in Japan, as compared with CPR based on Guidelines 2000. METHODS AND RESULTS: From the All-Japan Utstein Registry between 2005 and 2015, we included 73 578 adults who had shockable out-of-hospital cardiac arrest witnessed by bystanders or emergency medical service responders. The study outcomes over an 11-year period were compared between 2005 of the Guidelines 2000 era, from 2006 to 2010 of the CoSTR 2005 era, and from 2011 to 2015 of the CoSTR 2010 era. In the bystander-witnessed group, the adjusted odds ratios for favorable neurological outcomes at 30 days after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest by enrollment year increased year by year (1.19 in 2006, and 3.01 in 2015). Similar results were seen in the emergency medical service responder-witnessed group and several subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with CPR maneuvers for shockable out-of-hospital cardiac arrest recommended in the Guidelines 2000, CPR maneuver updates in CoSTR 2005 and 2010 were associated with improved neurologically intact survival year by year in Japan. Increased public awareness and greater dissemination of basic life support may be responsible for the observed improvement in outcomes. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/; Unique identifier: 000009918.

Impact of a national initiative to provide civilian cardiopulmonary resuscitation training courses on the rates of bystander intervention by citizens and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

BACKGROUND: The impact of a national initiative to provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) education to the public on the rates of citizen-initiated CPR and survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) remains uncertain. METHODS: We examined 358,025 cases of citizen-witnessed OHCA with presumed cardiac origin, recorded in the Japanese nationwide registry from 2005 to 2020. We assessed the relationship between the number of individuals certified in CPR courses, citizen interventions, and neurologically favorable survival at one month. RESULTS: The cumulative number of certified citizens has linearly increased from 9,930,327 in 2005 to 34,938,322 in 2020 (incidence rate ratio for annual number = 1.03, p < 0.001), encompassing 32.3% of the Japanese population aged 15 and above. Similarly, the prevalence of citizen-initiated CPR has consistently increased from 40.6% in 2005 to 56.8% in 2020 (P for trend < 0.001). Greater citizen CPR engagement was significantly associated with better outcome in initial shockable rhythm patients [chest compression only: odds ratio (OR) 1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.51; P = 0.029; chest compression with rescue breathing: OR 1.33; 95% CI 1.08-1.62; P = 0.006; defibrillation with chest compression: OR 2.27; 95% CI 1.83-2.83; P < 0.001; defibrillation with chest compression and rescue breathing: OR 2.15; 95% CI 1.70-2.73; P < 0.001 vs. no citizen CPR]. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of citizen-initiated CPR across Japan has consistently and proportionately increased with the rising number of individuals certified in CPR courses. Greater citizen CPR involvement has been linked to neurologically favorable survival, particularly in cases with an initial shockable rhythm.