Photocatalytic Generation of Germyl Radicals from Digermanes Enabling the Hydro/Deuteriogermylation of Alkenes.

We have developed a visible-light-induced method to photolyze digermanes through single-electron oxidation using a photocatalyst, in contrast to direct excitation, to generate germyl radicals and achieve the hydro/deuteriogermylation of alkenes. This protocol allows the previously elusive incorporation of the small trimethylgermyl group and deuterium, metabolically stable bioisosteres of tert-butyl and hydrogen, respectively, making this approach attractive in not only organic synthesis but also medicinal chemistry.

Shining Visible Light on Reductive Elimination: Acridine-Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Aryl Halides with Carboxylic Acids.

Despite the recent tremendous progress on transition-metal/photoredox dual catalysis in organic synthesis, single transition-metal catalysis under visible-light irradiation, which can utilize light energy more efficiently, is still underdeveloped. Herein, we report the design of photosensitizing phosphinoacridine bidentate ligands for visible-light-induced transition-metal catalysis, expecting that the electron-accepting acridine moiety would create a highly reactive electron-deficient metal center toward reductive elimination via metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT). Using these ligands, we have achieved a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of aryl halides with carboxylic acids under visible-light irradiation. Electronic tuning of the phosphinoacridine ligands not only enabled the use of a variety of aryl halides as the coupling partner, including less reactive aryl chlorides, under blue light irradiation, but also realized the employment of lower-energy green and red light for the cross-coupling. Experimental mechanistic studies have proved that the reductive elimination of aryl esters is induced by photoirradiation of phosphinoacridine-ligated arylpalladium(II) carboxylate complexes. The theoretical calculation suggests that the reductive elimination in the excited state is promoted by decreasing the electron density of the Pd center through photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer, i.e., MLCT, in the transition state owing to the electron-deficient acridine scaffold. This is a very rare example of photoinduced reductive elimination on palladium(II) complexes.

Clinical Outcomes of S-1 Monotherapy and Modified FOLFIRINOX Therapy after Gemcitabine plus Nab-paclitaxel Therapy in Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer.

Objective S-1 and modified FOLFIRINOX (mFFX) were often used as the second-line chemotherapies after failure of gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel (GnP) in unresectable pancreatic cancer (UPC) until nanoliposomal irinotecan plus 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin therapy was approved as an alternative in Japan in 2020. However, the clinical outcomes of S-1 and mFFX after GnP have scarcely been reported. Therefore, we retrospectively studied them. Methods We extracted the clinical data of 86 patients with UPC who received second-line chemotherapy after GnP between 2015 and 2020. Among the patients who had a good organ functions and no massive ascites, 41 patients treated with S-1 and 21 treated with mFFX were enrolled. Results Compared to S-1, mFFX tended to be used for younger patients with a good general condition (median age, 63 vs. 71 years, p<0.01; and performance status 0, 67% vs. 37%, p<0.05). The median progression-free and overall survival were similar between the S-1 (3.7 and 7.2 months, respectively) and mFFX (3.3 and 7.4 months, respectively) groups. The response rate in patients with measurable lesions was 4% (n=1/23) in the S-1 group and 17% (n=2/12) in the mFFX group. The incidence of grade 3 or 4 adverse events was 20% in the S-1 group and 57% (neutrophil count decreased in 43%) in the mFFX group (p<0.01). Conclusion S-1 and mFFX were both acceptable second-line chemotherapies after GnP therapy for UPC, although attention should be paid to myelosuppression during mFFX treatment. Further studies involving nanoliposomal irinotecan plus 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin therapy are necessary to facilitate the selection of the optimal regimen for each patient.

Preparation of pH-Responsive Poly(γ-glutamic acid) Hydrogels by Enzymatic Cross-Linking.

pH-responsive hydrogels are important for oral drug release applications, and they are increasingly demanded to reduce the adverse side effects of drug release and improve drug absorption. In this study, a new type of pH-responsive hydrogel comprised of poly(γ-glutamic acid) modified with tyramine (PGA-Tyr) was developed through enzymatic cross-linking in the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The gelation rate, stiffness, swelling behavior, and pore size of the resulting hydrogels were tuned by changing the concentrations of HRP and H2O2 or the degree of substitution (DS) of PGA-Tyr. The pH responsiveness of the hydrogels was evaluated by the swelling ratio in solutions with various pH values, and their pH responsiveness exhibited a good reversibility in pH 2.0 and 7.0 solutions. The degradation rate of the hydrogels in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) was faster than that in simulated gastric fluid (SGF). Moreover, indomethacin (IM), a hydrophobic drug model, was encapsulated in the hydrogels by rapid in situ gelation, and the pH-dependent drug release of IM-loaded hydrogels was achieved in SGF and SIF. Importantly, when IM was entrapped in pluronic F-127 to form drug micelles, the burst release of the IM-micelle-loaded hydrogels with a high DS of PGA-Tyr was remarkably decreased in SGF, and sustained drug release was presented in SIF. Thus, pH-responsive PGA-based hydrogels have tremendous promise for biomedical applications, especially oral drug delivery.

[Tolerability of Definitive Chemoradiotherapy in Elderly Patients with Esophageal Cancer].

Definitive chemoradiotherapy(CRT)for esophageal cancer is the standard treatment and alternative to surgery. However, the tolerability of CRT in elderly patients is not well known. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed 60 patients with esophageal cancer who were treated with CRT(5-FU 700 mg/m2, cisplatin 70 mg/m2, radiation 60 Gy)at our hospital between January 2015 and September 2017. The patients were divided into 2 groups: an elderly group comprising 16 patients aged >75 years and a non-elderly group comprising 44 patients aged <74 years. The relative dose intensity of cisplatin in the elderly group was significantly lower than that in the non-elderly group. Radiotherapy was successfully executed in both groups. More patients in the elderly(25%)than the non-elderly group(7%)developed pneumonitis, and all patients who developed severe pneumonitis in the elderly group died. Application of definitive CRT and irradiation methods in elderly patients with a subpleural reticular shadow should be carefully considered before initiating therapy.

[Acute myeloid leukemia with sudden onset bilateral lower extremity paralysis caused by disseminated mucormycosis following unrelated bone marrow transplantation].

A 63-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. On day10 after reinduction therapy, she became febrile. Computed tomography on day15 revealed right upper lobe consolidation. Because the ß-D glucan and Aspergillus galactomannan antigen tests were negative, we considered pulmonary mucormycosis as a breakthrough infection under voriconazole administration. Liposomal amphotericin B was initiated, and the patient underwent unrelated bone marrow transplantation although not in complete remission. She developed right shoulder pain on day1, and her pneumonia worsened on day3. She reported right lower extremity paralysis on day15, and developed bilateral lower extremity motor and sensory paralysis the next day. T2-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging revealed hyperdense lesions in the spinal cord at Th11. Transverse myelitis was diagnosed, and she underwent antiviral therapy. After engraftment, she died of pneumonia on day24. Postmortem examination revealed disseminated mucormycosis involving the lungs, liver, diaphragm, blood vessels, and dura matter of the spinal cord; it also revealed that the sudden bilateral lower extremity paralysis was caused by disseminated mucormycosis. This case stresses the possibility of mucormycosis, particularly in prolonged neutropenic patients with pain, fever, and focal neurological findings.

Synchronized Collective Proton-Assisted Electron Transfer in Solid State by Hydrogen-Bonding Ru(II)/Ru(III) Mixed-Valence Molecular Crystals.

A proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reaction was widely studied with isolated organic molecules and metal complexes in solution in view of the biological catalytic reaction, while studying this reaction in the crystalline or solid-state phase, which has a novel example, would give insight into the rather internal environment of proteins without solvation and a creation of new molecular materials. We tried to crystallize a hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) coordination polymer with one-dimensional nanoporous channels, formed from redox-active RuIII complexes, [RuIII(Hbim)3] (Hbim- = 2,2'-biimidazolate monoanion). As a result, a synchronized collective PCET phenomenon was observed for the molecular nanoporous crystal by novel solid-state cyclic voltammetry (CV), which could be measured by only setting some crystals on the electrode surface. The nanoporous crystals, {[RuIII(Hbim)3]}n (1), are simultaneously induced to a synchronized collective RuIIRuIII mixed-valence state, {RuIIRuIII}n, with alternating arrays of RuII and RuIII complexes by PCET in a way of the reductive state of {RuIIRuII}n. Further, a new crystal with {RuIIRuIII}n, {[RuII(H2bim)(Hbim)2][RuIII(bim) (Hbim)2][K(MeOBz)6]}n (2), was also prepared, and the solid-state CV revealed the same electrochemical behavior of {RuIIRuIII}n with 1. The single crystal with {RuIIRuIII}n of 2 was unusually a semiconductor with 5.12 × 10-6 S/cm conductivity at 298 K by an impedance method (8.01 × 10-6 S/cm by a direct-current method at 277 K). Thus, an unprecedented electron-hopping conductor driven by a low-barrier proton transfer through a PCET mechanism (Ea = 0.30 eV) was realized in the H-bonding molecular crystal with {RuIIRuIII}n. Such studies on a PCET reaction in the crystalline state is not only worthwhile as a model of essential biological reactions without solvation, but also proposed to a new design of molecular materials to occur an electron transfer by using an intermolecular H-bond.

Simultaneous determination of water-soluble vitamins in beverages and dietary supplements by LC-MS/MS.

An LC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 15 water-soluble vitamins that are widely used as additives in beverages and dietary supplements. This combined method involves the following simple pre-treatment procedures: dietary supplement samples were prepared by centrifugation and filtration after an extraction step, whereas beverage samples were diluted prior to injection. Chromatographic analysis in this method utilised a multi-mode ODS column, which provided reverse-phase, anion- and cation-exchange capacities, and therefore improved the retention of highly polar analytes such as water-soluble vitamins. Additionally, the multi-mode ODS column did not require adding ion pair reagents to the mobile phase. We optimised the chromatographic separation of 15 water-soluble vitamins by adjusting the mobile phase pH and the organic solvent. We also conducted an analysis of a NIST Standard Reference Material (SRM 3280 Multi-vitamin/Multi-element tablets) using this method to verify its accuracy. In addition, the method was applied to identify the vitamins in commercial beverages and dietary supplements. By comparing results with the label values and results obtained by official methods, it was concluded that the method could be used for quality control and to compose nutrition labels for vitamin-enriched products.

Fate of mycotoxins during beer brewing and fermentation.

Mycotoxins are frequent contaminants of grains, and breweries need, therefore, to pay close attention to the risk of contamination in beer made from such grains as barley and corn. The fate of 14 types of mycotoxin (aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone) during beer brewing was investigated in this study. Malt artificially spiked with each mycotoxin was put through the mashing, filtration, boiling and fermentation processes involved in brewing. After brewing, the levels of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin, and zearalenone were found to have decreased to less than 20% of their initial concentration. They had been adsorbed mainly to the spent grain and removed from the unhopped wort. Additionally, as zearalenone was known, patulin was metabolized to the less toxic compound during the fermentation process. The risk of carry-over to beer was therefore reduced for half of the mycotoxins studied. However, attention still needs to be paid to the risk of trichothecene contamination.

Degradation of aflatoxin B1 during the fermentation of alcoholic beverages.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a contaminant of grain and fruit and has one of the highest levels of carcinogenicity of any natural toxin. AFB1 and the fungi that produce it can also contaminate the raw materials used for beer and wine manufacture, such as corn and grapes. Therefore, brewers must ensure strict monitoring to reduce the risk of contamination. In this study, the fate of AFB1 during the fermentation process was investigated using laboratory-scale bottom and top beer fermentation and wine fermentation. During fermentation, cool wort beer samples and wine must samples were artificially spiked with AFB1 and the levels of AFB1 remaining after fermentation were analyzed. AFB1 levels were unchanged during both types of fermentation used for beer but were reduced to 30% of their initial concentration in wine. Differential analysis of the spiked and unspiked wine samples showed that the degradation compound was AFB2a, a hydrated derivative of AFB1. Thus, the results showed that the risk of AFB1 carryover was still present for both types of beer fermentation but was reduced in the case of wine fermentation because of hydration.

The fate of mycotoxins during the distillation process of barley shochu, a distilled alcoholic beverage.

Mycotoxins are frequent contaminants of grains and critical risk substances for brewers. Fermented barley mash contaminated artificially with 13 representative mycotoxins was distilled with small-scale apparatuses to elucidate the possibility of mycotoxin transfer from mash to distillates. None of these were detected in the distillates. The distillation process can effectively reduce the contamination risk posed by mycotoxins in distilled alcoholic beverages.

Fate of pesticides during beer brewing.

The fates of more than 300 pesticide residues were investigated in the course of beer brewing. Ground malt artificially contaminated with pesticides was brewed via steps such as mashing, boiling, and fermentation. Analytical samples were taken from wort, spent grain, and beer produced at certain key points in the brewing process. The samples were extracted and purified with the QuEChERS (Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe) method and were then analyzed by LC-MS/MS using a multiresidue method. In the results, a majority of pesticides showed a reduction in the unhopped wort and were adsorbed onto the spent grain after mashing. In addition, some pesticides diminished during the boiling and fermentation. This suggests that the reduction was caused mainly by adsorption, pyrolysis, and hydrolysis. After the entire process of brewing, the risks of contaminating beer with pesticides were reduced remarkably, and only a few pesticides remained without being removed or resolved.

Fate of pesticides in a distilled spirit of barley shochu during the distillation process.

Moromi (the fermented mash) of "mugi shochu" that had been artificially contaminated with pesticides was distilled to elucidate the fate of pesticides in the distillation process. The pesticides residing in the distillate were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Of the analyzed pesticides (249 compounds), 89% were not detected in the distillate, showing that the distillation process minimized the risk of pesticide contamination.

Sequence selective dual-emission detection of (i, i + 1) bis-phosphorylated peptide using diazastilbene-type Zn(II)-Dpa chemosensor.

This paper describes a new fluorescent chemosensor for phosphorylated peptide, which comprises a rigid trans-4,4'-diazastilbene and two Zn(II)-Dpa (2,2'-dipicolylamine) units; this chemosensor sequence-selectively binds to a (i, i + 1) bis-phosphorylated peptide and displays a dual-emission fluorescence change.

UV-visible and 1H or 13C NMR spectroscopic studies on the specific interaction between lithium ions and the anion from tropolone or 4-isopropyltropolone (hinokitiol) and on the formation of protonated tropolones in acetonitrile or other solvents.

The specific interaction between lithium ions and the tropolonate ion (C(7)H(5)O(2)-: L-) was examined by means of UV-visible and 1H or 13C NMR spectroscopy in acetonitrile and other solvents. On the basis of the electronic spectra, we can propose the formation of not only coordination-type species (Li+(L-)2) and the ion pair (Li+L-) but also a "triple cation" ((Li+)2L-) in acetonitrile and acetone; however, no "triple cation" was found in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), solvents of higher donicities and only ion pair formation between Li+ and L- in methanol of much higher donicity and acceptivity. The 1H NMR chemical shifts of the tropolonate ion with increasing Li+ concentration verified the formation of (Li+)2L- species in CD3CN and acetone-d6, but not in DMF-d6 or CD(3)OD. With increasing concentration of LiClO(4) in CD(3)CN, the 1H NMR signals of 4-isopropyltropolone (HL') in coexistence with an equivalent amount of Et(3)N shifted first toward higher and then toward lower magnetic-fields, which were explained by the formation of (Li+)(Et(3)NH+)L'- and by successive replacement of Et(3)NH+ with a second Li+ to give (Li+)2L'-. In CD(3)CN, the 1,2-C signal in the 13C NMR spectrum of tetrabutylammnium tropolonate (n-Bu(4)NC(7)H(5)O) appeared at an unexpectedly lower magnetic-field (184.4 ppm vs TMS) than that of tropolone (172.7 ppm), while other signals of the tropolonate showed normal shifts toward higher magnetic-fields upon deprotonation from tropolone. Nevertheless, with addition of LiClO(4) at higher concentrations, the higher and lower shifts of magnetic-fields for 1,2-C and other signals, respectively, supported the formation of the (Li+)2L- species, which can cause redissolution of LiL precipitates. All of the data with UV-visible and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that the protonated tropolone (or the dihydroxytropylium ion), H(2)L+, was produced by addition of trifluoromethanesulfonic or methanesulfonic acid to tropolone in acetonitrile. The order of the 5-C and 3,7-C signals in 13C NMR spectra of the tropolonate ions was altered by addition of less than an equivalent amount of H+ to the tropolonate ion in CD(3)CN. Theoretical calculations satisfied the experimental 13C NMR chemical shift values of L-, HL, and H(2)L+ in acetonitrile and were in accordance with the proposed reaction schemes.