Development of a fixed list of descriptors for the qualitative behavioral assessment of thoroughbred horses in the racing environment.

Introduction: Horse racing is a major sport practiced worldwide. The environment to which horses are exposed during race meetings can influence their behavior. However, to the best of our knowledge, a method for assessing a horse's response to its surroundings during the pre- and post-race periods has not yet been reported. This study aimed to create a standard list of descriptors for use in a qualitative behavioral assessment (QBA) focused on assessing the emotional expressivity of horses before and after racing events. Materials and methods: Seventy pre- or post-race 30-second videos of horses were randomly selected from our database of 700 videos. A panel of 8 experienced equine sports medicine specialist veterinarians watched a 60 min presentation on QBA. The panel then watched all videos randomly, simultaneously, individually, continuously, and without any verbal interaction, describing the descriptors related to the emotional expressivity of the horse after each video using a method known as free-choice profiling (FCP). Results: The initial selection of descriptors was based on those indicated by more than one evaluator in the same video, or descriptors with more than 20 occurrences. The second selection was performed based on the content validity index (CVR) to select the descriptors retained in the previous step. Another panel of six veterinarians scored each of the descriptors retained for content validity on a visual scale. Interobserver reliability was estimated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and its respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). A natural language processing (NLP) algorithm was used to analyze the behavior (positive or negative polarity) of the descriptors based on the lexicoPT package of R software. Discussion/Conclusion: NLP analysis considered the descriptors "agitated," "troubled," "restless" and "irritated" to have a negative polarity, while "focused," "relaxed" and "peaceful" had a positive polarity. In the principal component analysis (PCA), descriptors in a negative state were associated with each other and inversely associated with descriptors in a positive state. We conclude with a fixed list of descriptors to be used in a QBA to assess emotional and welfare expressivity in racehorses' pre- and post-race environments.

El hiperparatiroidismo secundario es un factor de riesgo asociado con la sobrevida del injerto en pacientes pediátricos con trasplante renal: Un estudio de centro único / Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a risk factor associated with graft survival in pediatric patients with renal transplantation: A single-center study

Introducción: El trasplante renal en pediatría constituye el tratamiento de elección para la enfermedad renal crónica terminal (ERCT) con ventajas ampliamente comprobadas sobre los tratamientos dialíticos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar los factores de riesgo relacionados con la sobrevida global y del injerto en un grupo de pacientes pediátricos con trasplante renal atendidos en un hospital de referencia nacional con observación de factores asociados al hiperparatiroidismo secundario. Métodos: En el presente estudio observacional, retrospectivo, se realizó en el Hospital Metropolitano de Quito - Ecuador desde el primero de enero del 2010 al treinta de junio del 2013. Se registró la mortalidad y la supervivencia del injerto, presencia de hiperparatiroidismo pre trasplante, variables demográficas, clínicas (compatibilidad). Se usa el método de Kaplan Meier para el análisis y se presentan riesgos relativos. Resultados: Ingresaron al estudio 33 pacientes, de edad 12±3.8 años. Donante cadavérico 21 casos (63.6%), donante vivo 12 pacientes 36.4%. 18 hombres (54.5%). La etiología de la ERCT fue indeterminada en 63.6%; nefropatías en 24.2% y uropatías en 12.1%. Rechazo agudo 1 paciente, rechazo tardío 10 pacientes. Las variables con significancia en la sobrevida del injerto fueron: hiperparatiroidismo RR= 6.0 (IC95%= 1.078-45.902) P=0.032. No recibir inmunosupresión completa RR=14.5 (IC95%= 3.807-55.225) P<0.001. La necesidad de diálisis pos trasplante la primera semana y biopsia temprana tuvieron RR=15 (IC95%= 3.9-57.2). Conclusiones: Este estudio demostró que el hiperparatiroidismo secundario es un factor de riesgo negativo para la sobrevida del injerto renal en pacientes pediátricos trasplantados

Introduction: Kidney transplantation in pediatrics is the treatment of choice for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) with widely proven advantages over dialysis treatments. The aim of the present study was to determine the risk factors related to global and graft survival in a group of pediatric kidney transplant patients treated at a national referral hospital with observation of factors associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Methods: In the present observational, retrospective study, it was carried out in the Hospital Metropolitano de Quito - Ecuador from January 1, 2010 to June 30, 2013. Mortality and graft survival, presence of hyperparathyroidism pre transplantation, demographic and clinical variables (compatibility). The Kaplan Meier method is used for analysis and relative risks are presented. Results: 33 patients, aged 12 ± 3.8 years, entered the study. Cadaveric donor 21 cases (63.6%), living donor 12 patients 36.4%. 18 men (54.5%). The etiology of ESRD was indeterminate in 63.6%; nephropathies in 24.2% and uropathies in 12.1%. Acute rejection 1 patient, late rejection 10 patients. Variables with significance in graft survival were: hyperparathyroidism RR = 6.0 (95% CI = 1.078-45.902) P = 0.032. Not receiving complete immunosuppression RR = 14.5 (95% CI = 3.807-55.225) P <0.001. The need for post-transplant dialysis the first week and early biopsy had RR = 15 (95% CI = 3.9-57.2). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that secondary hyperparathyroidism is a negative risk factor for kidney graft survival in pediatric transplant patients.

Efficacy of oral Cynara scolymus and Silybum marianum on toxicity of imidocarb dipropionate in horses.

BACKGROUND: Despite hepatotoxic effects, imidocarb dipropionate is the drug of choice for treatment of equine piroplasmosis. It is important, therefore, to identify adjuvant therapies that may improve the safety of imidocarb dipropionate by reducing the risk of liver damage during its use. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective and hepatoregulatory effects of treatment with Cynara scolymus and Silybum marianum during administration of imidocarb dipropionate. METHODS: Ten healthy horses, seroconverted to Theileria equi by C-ELISA, were treated with 5 mg/kg/day of imidocarb dipropionate for three consecutive days. The study population was divided into two groups. The control group did not receive any complementary treatments. The treated group received a daily oral supplement containing C scolymus and S marianum for 30 days. Physical, haematological and histological examinations of hepatic fragments were performed. RESULTS: All haematological values remained within normal range for the study population. Histological analysis revealed that treated group animals had 62 per cent less lobular inflammation, 55 per cent less pigment accumulation, 65 per cent less steatosis and 57 per cent less portal inflammation than control group animals, with an equivalent percentage of hydropic degeneration. CONCLUSION: C scolymus and S marianum supplements resulted in beneficial hepatoprotective effects in horses treated with imidocarb dipropionate.

Effects of Joint Lavage with Dimethylsulfoxide on LPS-Induced Synovitis in Horses-Clinical and Laboratorial Aspects.

Several studies in human and equine medicine have produced controversial results regarding the role of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as a therapeutic agent. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of joint lavage with different DMSO concentrations on biomarkers of synovial fluid inflammation and cartilage degradation in joints with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced synovitis. Twenty-six tibiotarsal joints of 13 horses were randomly distributed into four groups (lactated Ringer's solution; 5% DMSO in lactated Ringer's; 10% DMSO in lactated Ringer's; and sham). All animals were evaluated for the presence of lameness, and synovial fluid analyses were performed at 0 h, 1 h, 8 h, 24 h, and 48 h (T0, T1, T8, T24, and T48, respectively). The white blood cell counts (WBC), total protein (TP), urea, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), hyaluronic acid (HA), and chondroitin sulfate (CS) concentrations were measured. The WBC counts and PGE2, IL-1ß, IL-6, and TP concentrations increased in all groups at T8 compared to baseline values (p<0.05). At T48, only the 5% DMSO and 10% DMSO groups showed a significant decrease in WBC counts (p<0.05). Furthermore, the 10% DMSO group had lower concentrations of PGE2 and IL-1ß at T48 than at T8 (p<0.05) and presented lower IL-6 levels than the5% DMSO and lactated Ringer's groups at T24. All groups showed an increase in CS concentration after LPS-induced synovitis. Joint lavage with 10% DMSO in lactated Ringer´s has anti-inflammatory but not chondroprotective effects.

Primary paranasal maxillary hematoma: clinical characteristics, diagnosis and surgical treatment

Background: The equine paranasal sinus have a complex anatomy and large compartiments. For this reason, deseasesthat affect these structures may develop for long periods before the animal show any clinical signs, making it difficult tostablish a definitive diagnosis and institute an adequate treatment. Usually, maxillary hematomas reports come from progression of ethmoidal hematomas, and the descriptions of primary maxillary hematomas are rare. This study aims to reportthe clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of a case of a maxillary hematoma not associated with ethmoidal turbinates.Case: An 8-year-old male horse, Mangalarga Paulista, was referred to the Centro de Apoio ao Ensino e Pesquisa FMVZUSP with history of nasal bleeding for over a year. The animal presented deformity on the right side of the face, with significant volume increase on the maxillary bone region and dull sound at percussion, in addition to great painfull sensibilitywhen palpated. The right nare had no airflow, suggesting complete obstruction of the right nasal cavity. In order to betterevaluate, endoscopic and radiographic exams were performed. At the radiographic exam, in ventrodorsal projection, itwas observed an increase of volume and radiopacity, occupying the right antimer of the nasal cavity, with left nasal septum deviation. In the right dorsoventral oblique projection, it was observed the filling of the rostral and caudal maxillarysinus with the content radiopacity as previously described. At endoscopy exam of the right nasal cavity, it was observeda rounded greenish structure on the middle meatus The diagnosis of maxillary paranasal sinus cist was suggested andsurgical removal, through maxillary sinusotomy was recommended. During the surgical procedure...(AU)

Primary paranasal maxillary hematoma: clinical characteristics, diagnosis and surgical treatment

Background: The equine paranasal sinus have a complex anatomy and large compartiments. For this reason, deseasesthat affect these structures may develop for long periods before the animal show any clinical signs, making it difficult tostablish a definitive diagnosis and institute an adequate treatment. Usually, maxillary hematomas reports come from progression of ethmoidal hematomas, and the descriptions of primary maxillary hematomas are rare. This study aims to reportthe clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of a case of a maxillary hematoma not associated with ethmoidal turbinates.Case: An 8-year-old male horse, Mangalarga Paulista, was referred to the Centro de Apoio ao Ensino e Pesquisa FMVZUSP with history of nasal bleeding for over a year. The animal presented deformity on the right side of the face, with significant volume increase on the maxillary bone region and dull sound at percussion, in addition to great painfull sensibilitywhen palpated. The right nare had no airflow, suggesting complete obstruction of the right nasal cavity. In order to betterevaluate, endoscopic and radiographic exams were performed. At the radiographic exam, in ventrodorsal projection, itwas observed an increase of volume and radiopacity, occupying the right antimer of the nasal cavity, with left nasal septum deviation. In the right dorsoventral oblique projection, it was observed the filling of the rostral and caudal maxillarysinus with the content radiopacity as previously described. At endoscopy exam of the right nasal cavity, it was observeda rounded greenish structure on the middle meatus The diagnosis of maxillary paranasal sinus cist was suggested andsurgical removal, through maxillary sinusotomy was recommended. During the surgical procedure...

Fractura aislada de la cúpula radial vs fractura asociada a otras lesiones del codo: manejo y evaluación funcional

El presente trabajo evalúa 48 casos de pacientes con fractura de la cúpula radial, como lesión aislada o asociada con otras lesiones del codo; el objetivo es buscar la explicación por la que lesiones radiológicamente iguales evolucionan de manera diferente. Se tomó como guía la Clasificación de Mason para fracturas de la cúpula radial, se valoraron parámetros como edad, sexo, causa del accidente, mecanismo, lado afecto, tipo de fractura, lesión asociada, tipo de tratamiento y resultados finales obtenidos. Para valorar la función del codo al término del tratamiento se utilizó la tabla de la Clínica Mayo modificada. Se consideraron como fracturas simples 35 casos con lesión ósea aislada de la cabeza radial; los 13...

Estado nutricional de niños escolares de la parroquia Quimiag (Provincia de Chimborazo)

Se evaluó el estado nutricional de 438 niños escolares pertenecientes a 5 comunidades de la Parroquia Quimiag (Provincia de Chimborazo), utilizando los parámetros peso para la edad, talla para la edad e índice de masa corporal (BMI) o índice de Quetelet (IQ = pesokg/talla2 (m2)). La muestra estuvo contituída por 438 alumnos de los cuales 231 (52,7 por ciento) eran varones y 207 (47.3 por ciento) eran mujeres, con un promedio de edad de 8,2 años. En el análisis se encontró en relación a peso para la edad un porcentaje de niños de peso bajo del 32,4 por ciento; en ralación a talla para la edad un 70.8 por ciento de talla baja y en relación al IQ al 12.55 por ciento eras desnutridos y además aparece un 7.99 por ciento de niños obesos. Los índices de desnutrición en relación al sexo mostraron un comportamiento similar al de la población total: Mujeres peso bajo 30.91 por ciento talla baja 67.63 por ciento, IQ desnutridos 12,07 por ciento obesos 12.56 por ciento; varones Pb 33,76 por ciento Tb 73,59 por ciento, IQ desn 12,98 por ciento obesos 3,89 por ciento. Al analizar el estado nutricinal en relacióna las comunidades y la distancia de estas a la cabecera parroquial, se encontró igualmente un comportamiento similar al de la población total, pero aumenta el índice de desnutrición mientras más distante se encuentra la cabecera parroquial y por ende a los servicios de salud. Se discute sobre la influencia de los factores ambientales y socio-económicos sobre los indicadores de desnutrición, especialmente la talla que indica una desnutrición crónica que puede influir mayormente que los factores genéticos y hereditarios. Además se discute sobre el fenómeno de hemorresis que sufren estos niños al ser víctimas de una desnutrición crónica, ya que su peso se adapta a la talla baja con lo cual dejan de ser desnutridos, lo mismo que se demuestra al valorar el índice de masa corporal, que s un dicador de desnutrición actual. Se recomienda promover la autogestión comunitaria en colaboración para la prestación de servicios de salud en comunidades distantes...

Análisis energético y cineantropométrico de la pelota nacional

Fueron estudiados diez deportistas varones seleccionados de Pichincha de la disciplina de pelota nacional, modalidad cerda. Se realizó pruebas ergométricas consistentes en test de bruce e impulsión vertical (jump test; cuyos resultados fueron comparados con datos de otras disciplinas deportivas y correlacionadas con observaciones de campo, tratando de definir la vía metabólica utilizada por esta actividad deportiva. Se concluye que la pelota nacional es un deporte con gasto energético anaeróbico aláctico. En forma complementaria se analiza los resultados cineantropométricos que arrojan datos concernientes al porcentaje de grasa, peso muscular y exceso de peso equivalenetes a individuos sedentarios...

Irrigacion de la via biliar extrahepatica / Blood supply of the extrahepatic biliary tract

Trabajo de investigacion anatomica, basado en 14 disecciones en cadaveres realizado por el autor en el Hospital San Juan de Dios de la Universidad de Chile Santiago, en 1983, con el proposito de mostrar la irrigacion biliar principal extrahepatica. Se pone en evidencia la existencia de las arterias denominadas "de las 3", "de las 9" y la arteria "retroporta", descritas ya por otros autores, y se describe la arteria "coledociana anterior", presente en el 50% de las disecciones de este estudio, pero no conocida con anterioridad. Finalmente, se plantean algunas hipotesis sobre la probable participacion qu pudiera tener la lesion iatrogenica de la irrigacion de la via biliar con la cirugia de este region, en la patogenesis de algunas de las estenosis benignas de las via biliar extrahepatica.